Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.30
Mohammed Qader Rahman, Alaa A. Elewi, Mustafa Mohammed Hameed
Let R be a commutative ring containing a unit, and let be a left R-module. We define a proper sub-module N of an R-module M to be a weakly 2-prime sub-module if whenever , then either or . This concept is an expansion of the idea of a weakly 2-prime ideal, where an ideal P of R is said to be a weakly 2-prime ideal if for all implies or . Several characteristics of sub-modules that are weakly 2-prime are taken into account.
让 R 是一个包含一个单元的交换环，让 是一个左 R 模块。我们将 R 模块 M 的一个适当子模块 N 定义为弱 2-prime 子模块，条件是：无论何时 ，则 或 。 这个概念是弱 2-prime 理想概念的扩展，其中，如果对于所有条件都蕴含 或 ，则 R 的理想 P 称为弱 2-prime 理想。 弱 2-prime 子模块的几个特征被考虑在内。
{"title":"Weakly 2-Prime Sub-Modules","authors":"Mohammed Qader Rahman, Alaa A. Elewi, Mustafa Mohammed Hameed","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.30","url":null,"abstract":" Let R be a commutative ring containing a unit, and let be a left R-module. We define a proper sub-module N of an R-module M to be a weakly 2-prime sub-module if whenever , then either or . This concept is an expansion of the idea of a weakly 2-prime ideal, where an ideal P of R is said to be a weakly 2-prime ideal if for all implies or . Several characteristics of sub-modules that are weakly 2-prime are taken into account.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140411555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.40
Alyaa Mohsin Dhayea, Nidhal K. El Abbadi, Zainab Ghayyib Abdul Hasan
Human skin detection is the process of classifying the image pixels or regions as skin or non-skin. Skin detection has many applications, such as face tracking, skin diseases, nudity recognition, hand gestures, video surveillance, web content filtering, and pornographic content filtering. Skin detection is a challenging problem due to skin color variation, the human race, aging, gender, makeup, complex backgrounds, etc. This paper suggests detecting the skin region in the image and finding the location of the skin based on a convolutional neural network. In this proposal, the proposed CNN will be modified by adding two layers before the first layer of CNN and after the last layer of CNN. The main purpose of these layers is to prepare the input image by using a sliding window, which inputs an indexed small part of the image into the CNN. The network classifies each part as skin or non-skin and then sends the result into the second suggested layer. After processing all the image pixels, the non-skin blocks are mapped to the original image as black regions. The final image contains the skin regions with black in the background. The contribution of the proposed method is the ability to detect the skin from any part of the human body, unlike previous works, which focused on one part of the body. The input image is processed as blocks instead of the entire image as in the previous works, and then in the output, the original image is reconstructed. This method works well with most of the challenges that face the detection of skin, and finally, the designed network facilitates the localization and segmentation of the skin region almost accurately, while the previous networks focused on the classification of the image as skin or non-skin. The accuracy of the detection of skin when testing with images different from the training images was 95.4%.
{"title":"Human Skin Detection and Segmentation Based on Convolutional Neural Networks","authors":"Alyaa Mohsin Dhayea, Nidhal K. El Abbadi, Zainab Ghayyib Abdul Hasan","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.40","url":null,"abstract":" Human skin detection is the process of classifying the image pixels or regions as skin or non-skin. Skin detection has many applications, such as face tracking, skin diseases, nudity recognition, hand gestures, video surveillance, web content filtering, and pornographic content filtering. Skin detection is a challenging problem due to skin color variation, the human race, aging, gender, makeup, complex backgrounds, etc. This paper suggests detecting the skin region in the image and finding the location of the skin based on a convolutional neural network. In this proposal, the proposed CNN will be modified by adding two layers before the first layer of CNN and after the last layer of CNN. The main purpose of these layers is to prepare the input image by using a sliding window, which inputs an indexed small part of the image into the CNN. The network classifies each part as skin or non-skin and then sends the result into the second suggested layer. After processing all the image pixels, the non-skin blocks are mapped to the original image as black regions. The final image contains the skin regions with black in the background. The contribution of the proposed method is the ability to detect the skin from any part of the human body, unlike previous works, which focused on one part of the body. The input image is processed as blocks instead of the entire image as in the previous works, and then in the output, the original image is reconstructed. This method works well with most of the challenges that face the detection of skin, and finally, the designed network facilitates the localization and segmentation of the skin region almost accurately, while the previous networks focused on the classification of the image as skin or non-skin. The accuracy of the detection of skin when testing with images different from the training images was 95.4%.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.1
H. Hasan, Zahraa I. Abudal Kadhum, Jasim M. Ghadhban
In people with a hereditary predisposition, gluten consumption causes celiac disease, a multifactorial autoimmune condition. The ensuing small intestine inflammatory process develops specific antibodies and causes various gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms with varying degrees of severity. Evaluation of the blood iron profile at various histological celiac disease severity in Iraqi patients was the goal of the current study. Seventy-five Iraqi patients with celiac disease, with a mean age of 18.68± 11.13 years, were the study's participants. These people tested positive for celiac antibodies and experienced gastrointestinal symptoms. Based on the disease histological severity, they were divided into two groups: marsh (III a, b, c) group and marsh (0, I) group. For comparison purposes, 46 people who appeared to be in good health and matched in age and gender to the patients utilized in the study were also included. The levels of iron, transferrin, hemoglobin, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, unsaturated iron binding capacity, and the percentage of transferrin that is saturated with iron were all measured. In comparison to the other patient groups under study, celiac patients (marsh III) group, and particularly those of group (marsh III c), showed a substantial drop (p<0.05) in iron, the percentage of transferrin saturating with iron, the levels of each ferritin and of hemoglobin. The total iron binding capacity and the unsaturated iron binding capacity showed a significant elevation (p<0.05) in (marsh III c) patients’ group, meanwhile non-significant differences (p> 0.05) were found in transferrin concentration. Moreover, significant differences (p< 0.05) were obtained in the iron profile between celiac patients who followed strict gluten free diet and those patients with gluten contained diet.
{"title":"Biochemical Markers of Iron Status Among Iraqi Patients at Different Severity Levels of Celiac Disease","authors":"H. Hasan, Zahraa I. Abudal Kadhum, Jasim M. Ghadhban","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.1","url":null,"abstract":" In people with a hereditary predisposition, gluten consumption causes celiac disease, a multifactorial autoimmune condition. The ensuing small intestine inflammatory process develops specific antibodies and causes various gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms with varying degrees of severity. Evaluation of the blood iron profile at various histological celiac disease severity in Iraqi patients was the goal of the current study. Seventy-five Iraqi patients with celiac disease, with a mean age of 18.68± 11.13 years, were the study's participants. These people tested positive for celiac antibodies and experienced gastrointestinal symptoms. Based on the disease histological severity, they were divided into two groups: marsh (III a, b, c) group and marsh (0, I) group. For comparison purposes, 46 people who appeared to be in good health and matched in age and gender to the patients utilized in the study were also included. The levels of iron, transferrin, hemoglobin, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, unsaturated iron binding capacity, and the percentage of transferrin that is saturated with iron were all measured. In comparison to the other patient groups under study, celiac patients (marsh III) group, and particularly those of group (marsh III c), showed a substantial drop (p<0.05) in iron, the percentage of transferrin saturating with iron, the levels of each ferritin and of hemoglobin. The total iron binding capacity and the unsaturated iron binding capacity showed a significant elevation (p<0.05) in (marsh III c) patients’ group, meanwhile non-significant differences (p> 0.05) were found in transferrin concentration. Moreover, significant differences (p< 0.05) were obtained in the iron profile between celiac patients who followed strict gluten free diet and those patients with gluten contained diet.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"2016 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.23
Raghad Almohammed, L. .. Jabar
One of the most effective mathematical concepts for developing a clear picture of topological cluster proximity spaces is the follower points and the takeoff points. These are utilized in current study to construct three sets called the cluster outer set, the cluster disputed set and the cluster brim set denoted by , respectively. These three sets have divided the space into three separate pairs. On the other hand, the most important results, properties, and relationships between the sets were highlighted and studied.
{"title":"Cluster Outer Points via Proximity Spaces","authors":"Raghad Almohammed, L. .. Jabar","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.23","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most effective mathematical concepts for developing a clear picture of topological cluster proximity spaces is the follower points and the takeoff points. These are utilized in current study to construct three sets called the cluster outer set, the cluster disputed set and the cluster brim set denoted by , respectively. These three sets have divided the space into three separate pairs. On the other hand, the most important results, properties, and relationships between the sets were highlighted and studied.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"756 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.41
Khaled S. M. Essa, Sawsan I. M. El Saied, A. Wheida, M. El-Nazer
This study investigates instantaneous and continuous sources as point, line, and area sources. Gaussian concentration in the case of the puff model with an instantaneous point source inhomogeneous longitudinal diffusion is investigated. The concentration is calculated using different dispersion parameters to get the proposed normalized concentration of the puff model at ground level around the centerline, which is compared with observed data by the Copenhagen experiment and previous work [1]. Also, the continuous point source is used to get the Gaussian plume model in three dimensions using dispersion parameters to compare with the observed concentration data measured by the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority for Iodine-135 (I135) in an unstable condition.
{"title":"Studying the Effect of the Instantaneous and Continuous Pollutants Sources on the Advection-diffusion Equation and Its Applications","authors":"Khaled S. M. Essa, Sawsan I. M. El Saied, A. Wheida, M. El-Nazer","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.41","url":null,"abstract":" This study investigates instantaneous and continuous sources as point, line, and area sources. Gaussian concentration in the case of the puff model with an instantaneous point source inhomogeneous longitudinal diffusion is investigated. The concentration is calculated using different dispersion parameters to get the proposed normalized concentration of the puff model at ground level around the centerline, which is compared with observed data by the Copenhagen experiment and previous work [1].\u0000Also, the continuous point source is used to get the Gaussian plume model in three dimensions using dispersion parameters to compare with the observed concentration data measured by the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority for Iodine-135 (I135) in an unstable condition.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140410797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.45
Noor Waleed, M. Al-Bakri
The earth's surface comprises different kinds of land cover, water resources, and soil, which create environmental factors for varied animals, plants, and humans. Knowing the significant effects of land cover is crucial for long-term development, climate change modeling, and preserving ecosystems. In this research, the Google Earth Engine platform and freely available Landsat imagery were used to investigate the impact of the expansion and degradation in urbanized areas, watersheds, and vegetative cover on the land surface temperature in Baghdad from 2004 to 2021. Land cover indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index, and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI) were determined to examine the effects of land cover changes. In addition, the land surface temperature was calculated to assess urbanization expansion's impact on Baghdad's climate warming. The results showed a drastic decrease in vegetative cover and green land, on the other hand, a significant expansion in urbanized areas. Hence, from 2004 to 2021, the urbanized areas and open land rose by 37% and 3%, respectively, while the vegetative cover decreased by 41%. The maximum land surface temperature has risen 4° C, and the minimum land surface temperature has risen 2.5°C.
{"title":"Monitoring the Expansion of Unplanned Urbanization and its Impact on Climate Change based on Google Earth Engine Service, a Case Study of Baghdad / Iraq","authors":"Noor Waleed, M. Al-Bakri","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.45","url":null,"abstract":" The earth's surface comprises different kinds of land cover, water resources, and soil, which create environmental factors for varied animals, plants, and humans. Knowing the significant effects of land cover is crucial for long-term development, climate change modeling, and preserving ecosystems. In this research, the Google Earth Engine platform and freely available Landsat imagery were used to investigate the impact of the expansion and degradation in urbanized areas, watersheds, and vegetative cover on the land surface temperature in Baghdad from 2004 to 2021. Land cover indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index, and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI) were determined to examine the effects of land cover changes. In addition, the land surface temperature was calculated to assess urbanization expansion's impact on Baghdad's climate warming. The results showed a drastic decrease in vegetative cover and green land, on the other hand, a significant expansion in urbanized areas. Hence, from 2004 to 2021, the urbanized areas and open land rose by 37% and 3%, respectively, while the vegetative cover decreased by 41%. The maximum land surface temperature has risen 4° C, and the minimum land surface temperature has risen 2.5°C.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"18 35","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140409252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.19
Zainab A. Jaafar, L. Hummady, M. Thawi
The peristaltic flow of Walter's B fluid through an asymmetric channel is analyzed. The constitutive equation for the balance of mass, momentum, trapped phenomena, and velocity distribution is modeled. Consideration of low Reynolds number and long wavelength assumption are used in the flow analysis to get an exact solution by using the perturbation method. The impact of impotent parameters on stream function and axial velocity has been gained. The set of figures is graphically analyzed of these parameters.
分析了 Walter's B 流体通过非对称通道的蠕动流动。模拟了质量、动量、滞留现象和速度分布平衡的构成方程。在流动分析中，考虑了低雷诺数和长波长假设，使用扰动法得到了精确解。研究获得了无效参数对流函数和轴向速度的影响。对这些参数进行了图形分析。
{"title":"Effects of Rotation and Inclined Magnetic Field on Walters' B Fluid in a Porous Medium using perturbation method or technique.","authors":"Zainab A. Jaafar, L. Hummady, M. Thawi","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.19","url":null,"abstract":" The peristaltic flow of Walter's B fluid through an asymmetric channel is analyzed. The constitutive equation for the balance of mass, momentum, trapped phenomena, and velocity distribution is modeled. Consideration of low Reynolds number and long wavelength assumption are used in the flow analysis to get an exact solution by using the perturbation method. The impact of impotent parameters on stream function and axial velocity has been gained. The set of figures is graphically analyzed of these parameters.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"8 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140409692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.20
Suad Abdulaali Neamah, Ahmad Erfanian
Suppose that G is a finite group and S is a non-empty subset of G such that e∉S and S^(-1)⊆S. Suppose that Cay(G,S) is the Cayley graph whose vertices are all elements of G and two vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if xy^(-1)∈S. In this paper,we introduce the generalized Cayley graph denoted by Cay_m (G,S) that is a graph with vertex set consists of all column matrices X_m which all components are in G and two vertices X_m and Y_m are adjacent if and only if X_m [(Y_m )^(-1) ]^t∈M(S), where 〖Y_m〗^(-1) is a column matrix that each entry is the inverse of similar entry of Y_m and M(S) is m×m matrix with all entries in S , [Y^(-1) ]^t is the transpose of Y^(-1) and m≥1. We aim to determine the structure of Cay_m (G,S) when G is the dihedral group of order 2n and | S |= 3 for every m≥2, n≥3.
假设 G 是一个有限群，S 是 G 的一个非空子集，且 e∉S 和 S^(-1)⊆S.假设 Cay(G,S) 是 Cayley 图，其顶点是 G 的所有元素，且当且仅当 xy^(-1)∈S 时，两个顶点 x 和 y 相邻。本文引入广义 Cayley 图，用 Cay_m (G,S) 表示，即顶点集由所有列矩阵 X_m 组成的图，所有分量都在 G 中，且当且仅当 X_m [(Y_m )^(-1) ]^t∈M(S) 时，两个顶点 X_m 和 Y_m 相邻、其中，〖Y_m〗^(-1) 是列矩阵，每个条目都是 Y_m 类似条目的逆，M(S) 是 m×m 矩阵，所有条目都在 S 中，[Y^(-1) ]^t是 Y^(-1) 的转置，m≥1。我们的目标是确定当 G 是阶数为 2n 的二面角群且 | S |= 3 时，每 m≥2, n≥3 时 Cay_m (G,S) 的结构。
{"title":"The Structure of the Generalized Cayley Graph Cay_m (〖 D〗_2n,S) of Valency Three","authors":"Suad Abdulaali Neamah, Ahmad Erfanian","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.20","url":null,"abstract":" Suppose that G is a finite group and S is a non-empty subset of G such that e∉S and S^(-1)⊆S. Suppose that Cay(G,S) is the Cayley graph whose vertices are all elements of G and two vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if xy^(-1)∈S. In this paper,we introduce the generalized Cayley graph denoted by Cay_m (G,S) that is a graph with vertex set consists of all column matrices X_m which all components are in G and two vertices X_m and Y_m are adjacent if and only if X_m [(Y_m )^(-1) ]^t∈M(S), where 〖Y_m〗^(-1) is a column matrix that each entry is the inverse of similar entry of Y_m and M(S) is m×m matrix with all entries in S , [Y^(-1) ]^t is the transpose of Y^(-1) and m≥1. We aim to determine the structure of Cay_m (G,S) when G is the dihedral group of order 2n and | S |= 3 for every m≥2, n≥3.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"1982 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.3
Fayq Hsan Jabbar, Fadhil Muhi Mohammed
The consumption of synthetic, non-biodegradable polymer plastics has drawn attention to growing environmental concerns, prompting the development of other materials, particularly bio-based materials. Biopolymer-based biocomposite materials are plasticized to improve their ductility. In this study, five distinct weight ratios of biopolymers (PA/EOO), 90 wt.%, 80 wt.%, 70 wt.%, 60 wt.%, and 50 wt.% were employed as plasticizers for poly-lactic acid (PA) in a fluid molding process. The mechanical, thermal stability, and morphological characteristics of the blends were each examined using a viscometer measurement (R.V.), tensile properties (TP), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). All composite materials (PA/EOO) mixtures show notable improvements in mechanical properties and excellent thermal stability when compared to pure PA. The maximum PA/EOO elongation at break was around 213 % when the PA/EOO mix was 80 wt %. Attractive morphological results from composite materials (PA/EOO) blends showed that EOO was compatible with PA and that the resulting composite material (PA/EOO) was thought to be an ecologically beneficial mixture because it contained vegetable oil.
合成的、不可生物降解的聚合物塑料的消费引起了人们对环境问题的日益关注，促使人们开发其他材料，特别是生物基材料。以生物聚合物为基础的生物复合材料通过塑化来提高其延展性。在本研究中，采用了五种不同重量比的生物聚合物（PA/EOO）（90 wt.%、80 wt.%、70 wt.%、60 wt.%和 50 wt.%）作为聚乳酸（PA）在流体成型工艺中的增塑剂。使用粘度计测量（R.V.）、拉伸性能（TP）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和热重分析仪（TGA）分别检测了混合物的机械、热稳定性和形态特征。与纯 PA 相比，所有复合材料（PA/EOO）混合物的机械性能和热稳定性都有明显改善。当 PA/EOO 混合物的重量百分比为 80 时，PA/EOO 的最大断裂伸长率约为 213%。复合材料（PA/EOO）混合物诱人的形态学结果表明，EOO 与 PA 具有相容性，而且由于所产生的复合材料（PA/EOO）含有植物油，因此被认为是一种有益于生态的混合物。
{"title":"Epoxidized Olive Oil as a Sustainable Plasticizer to Polylactic Acid","authors":"Fayq Hsan Jabbar, Fadhil Muhi Mohammed","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The consumption of synthetic, non-biodegradable polymer plastics has drawn attention to growing environmental concerns, prompting the development of other materials, particularly bio-based materials. Biopolymer-based biocomposite materials are plasticized to improve their ductility. In this study, five distinct weight ratios of biopolymers (PA/EOO), 90 wt.%, 80 wt.%, 70 wt.%, 60 wt.%, and 50 wt.% were employed as plasticizers for poly-lactic acid (PA) in a fluid molding process. The mechanical, thermal stability, and morphological characteristics of the blends were each examined using a viscometer measurement (R.V.), tensile properties (TP), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). All composite materials (PA/EOO) mixtures show notable improvements in mechanical properties and excellent thermal stability when compared to pure PA. The maximum PA/EOO elongation at break was around 213 % when the PA/EOO mix was 80 wt %. Attractive morphological results from composite materials (PA/EOO) blends showed that EOO was compatible with PA and that the resulting composite material (PA/EOO) was thought to be an ecologically beneficial mixture because it contained vegetable oil.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"23 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140412590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.22
N. S. K. Aljboori, Hiba H. Abdullah, Nooruldeen A. Noori
The analysis of observed data at different time points is prominent to single problems when the scientist studied random sampling data over time restricts the applicability of many traditional statistical methods that require random sampling. The analysis of this data is usually mentioned to the stochastic process, in a special case, if it relates to time, then it is called time series [1]. The aim of our study is to focus on the case of observations that are made at certain times of the year, specifically in the autumn season, in equal periods of time, and we estimate the effect of interference on wheat prices n order to obtain the best predictive model and the best order of this model for the overall effect on the price of wheat for the coming years.
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