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A plasma-assisted strategy was developed for the synthesis of tetrazole derivatives using carbon-based nanocatalysts derived from biomass. Coconut coir was employed as a renewable carbon source to prepare a porous catalyst support, which was subsequently functionalized via N₂/H₂ nonthermal plasma treatment to introduce amino and carboxylic acid groups. The incorporation of TiO₂ and CuO nanoparticles further enhanced the catalytic performance by increasing surface acidity and electron density. The resulting catalysts efficiently promoted a multicomponent reaction between acetoacetanilide, aromatic aldehyde derivatives, and 5-aminotetrazole, affording tetrazole products in high yields (up to 96%) under mild conditions in an ethanol-water mixture. This approach provides a sustainable, recyclable, and efficient route for tetrazole synthesis, highlighting the synergistic effect of plasma activation and biomass-derived nanostructures.

Polydiacetylenes (PDAs) are well known for their ene-yne backbone and its unique color changing property from blue to red. The color changing property has made them attractive for chemo sensing, bio sensing, and other various sensing application. However, viewing PDAs solely as passive colorimetric sensors overlooks their broader functional potential. This article focuses on the growing list of "beyond sensing" applications in which PDAs serve a an active, functional role. The increasing application in biomedical technologies, covering smart drug-delivery systems, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, and tissue-engineering scaffolds has been addressed. PDAs potential in catalysis, such as photocatalytic pollutant degradation and greener synthetic methods, is also discussed. In addition to photocatalytic activity and healthcare application, PDAs showed capabilities in advanced optical, electronic, and photonic materials, ranging from nonlinear optical components to circularly polarized light emitters. This article is focused on redefining PDAs as versatile materials, emphasizing design strategies, structure-property correlations and essential mechanisms to handle issues in healthcare, environmental sustainability, and materials science, rather than merely as sensors.

Threefold symmetric ester derivatives of tris(biphenylyl)triazine T2T were made via coupling of tribromo-triphenyltriazines with boronic acids. With ester substituents only on the outer benzene rings, isotropic glasses were obtained, and ester groups on the inner benzenes were found to be essential for the formation hexagonal columnar mesophases and mesomorphic glasses. Methyl esters form mesomorphic and isotropic glasses with high T_g, whereas ethyl esters have a much lower T_g. At T_g, the column lattice contracts on cooling and becomes fairly resistant to shrinkage on further cooling, whereas the stacking distance within the columns is unaffected by the glass transition. Thus, the glass transition affects the plane of the periodic column lattice of the structure, but not the stacking along the columns. The T₁ energies are close to that of the parent arene T2T, a known host for phosphorescent emitters. Delayed fluorescence is observed at low temperature, that is, without thermal activation, which indicates radiative triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-DF). This TTA-DF is prominent in the derivatives that form mesomorphic glasses and weak in those that do not. Thus, a direct correlation between liquid-crystalline stacking and fluorescence by TTA is observed.

Conducting polymers (CPs) are widely recognized for their exceptional electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, making them a preferable choice for flexible electronics, energy storage, and optoelectronic applications. The incorporation of biopolymers such as nanocellulose into CPs is an important strategy for future green technologies such as bioelectronics, energy storage and smart textiles. However, nanoscale organization of CPs and nanocellulose still needs to be addressed for their use in these devices. In this study, we performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to understand the interaction and organization of CP poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) on crystalline cellulose surface (CCS). First, we calculated the interaction of a single chain of PEDOT on various CCSs using the potential of mean force (PMF). We took two types of CCSs, namely, native CCS (CCS_Native) and TEMPO-oxidized CCS (CCS_TEMPO) and studied the interaction of PEDOT with different planes of CCS, namely hydrophobic (100) and hydrophilic (010). Next, to gain understanding of the microscopic structure of PEDOT:PSS onto the CCS, we performed bulk molecular dynamic simulations of PEDOT:PSS on CCS. The simulations provide insights that uncover key structural features of PEDOT:PSS such as PEDOT chain organization, and interfacial interactions with the CCS. By bridging atomistic insights with microscopic properties, this work paves the way for designing next-generation composites, combining the sustainable versatility of CCSs with the high-performance characteristics of PEDOT:PSS, tailored for organic electronic devices.

The production of hydrogen fuel via water electrolysis has emerged as one of the energy conversion technique to alleviate the global energy scarcity. The search for non-noble metal based active electrocatalyst to accelerate water electrolysis process has become one of the challenging task. Here, a suitable and facile one-step solvothermal method has been followed for the growth of Cd based pristine metal organic frameworks (MOFs) onto nickel foam (NF). The binder-free three-dimensional (3D) Cd (II)-BPFA-MOF/NF electrode exhibits an excellent performance toward urea-assisted water splitting. The electrocatalyst Cd (II)-BPFA-MOF/NF showed an overpotential of 148 and 420 mV at benchmark current density of 10 mA cm^-2 in 1 M KOH medium for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. At the same time, Cd (II)-BPFA-MOF/NF exhibit only 1.59 V for urea oxidation reaction (UOR) at benchmark current density in 1 M KOH and 0.33 M urea medium. The Cd (II)-BPFA-MOF/NF || Cd (II)-BPFA-MOF/NF bifunctional electrodes demands only 1.54 V potential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm^-2 toward urea-assisted overall water splitting reaction (UOWS) with remerkable long-term stability. Therefore, this work represents application of a waste to wealth approach toward Cd-based sustainable electrocatalyst for renewable hydrogen production.

Supramolecular hydrogels derived from the self-assembly of low molecular weight gelators, especially those derived from amino acids and peptides, are gaining increasing attention in drug delivery because of their stimuli responsive behavior. This study explores the influence of surfactant-based nanoparticles-CTAB (cationic), SDS (anionic), and TX100 (nonionic), at various concentrations such as below, at, and above their respective critical micelle concentrations (CMC), as internal stimuli in modulating the self-assembly, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and functional behavior of Fmoc-Phe hydrogels for the control release of chemotherapeutic drug daunorubicin utilized in skin cancer treatment. CTAB micelles accelerate gelation and enhance fibrillar density, mechanical strength, and thermal stability by neutralizing the anionic carboxylate groups of Fmoc-Phe. In contrast, SDS impedes gelation and disrupts fibrillar networks due to electrostatic repulsion, especially at concentrations above CMC. TX100, through hydrophobic interactions, subtly alters fibril morphology without significantly disturbing hydrogen bonding. Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses reveal distinct interaction mechanisms for each surfactant, which subsequently alters the release profiles. These findings demonstrate that surfactant nanoparticles offer a tunable strategy to control the physicochemical and functional properties of Fmoc-Phe hydrogels, positioning them as promising candidates for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and injectable therapies.

Hybrid nanopores composed of a solid-state nanopore and a DNA origami nanopore are excellent candidates for highly molecular-selective nanopore sensors owing to the high designability and functionalization potential of DNA origami structures. Although the detection of macromolecules, including ssDNAs and proteins, has been demonstrated using hybrid nanopores, their applicability for small-molecule detection has not yet been revealed. The critical issue hindering the application of the hybrid nanopore is the limited understanding of the behavior of DNA origami nanoplates trapped on a solid-state nanopore under high applied potentials. Here, we developed a hybrid nanopore constructed by electrophoretically trapping an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) aptamer-modified DNA origami nanopore onto a nanopipette. This hybrid nanopore generates open/close signals through the binding and dissociation of ATP to the aptamer modified on the central aperture of the DNA origami nanopore. Ion current measurements revealed four distinct kinds of ion current signals in the presence and absence of ATP. Moreover, the ratio of open/close signals in the presence of ATP increased threefold compared with the ATP-free condition or ATP analogs, including cytidine triphosphate, demonstrating specific ATP detection using the hybrid nanopore. We believe that these results provide fundamental insight into the development of versatile hybrid nanopore sensors.

Naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers have potential to be used as ambivalent materials for single-material organic solar cells (SMOSCs). Herein, we systematically explored NDI-fused-thiophene D-A copolymers by varying the donor $\pi$ -conjugation length by changing the number of fused- thiophene rings. Increase in $\pi$ -conjugation length of donor-fused thiophene rings significantly decreases the bandgap, from 1.95 to 1.64 eV due to the upshift of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, from -5.84 to -5.54 eV. The calculation of electron and hole reorganization energies indicates that increasing the fused-thiophene ring in donor unit may lead to a balanced electron-hole mobility promoting ambipolar transport and also enhances optical properties and photovoltaic performance. The morphological study indicates that increasing the $\pi$ conjugation of donor moieties leads to improved flexibility in the copolymers accompanied by an initial decrease in crystallinity followed by an increase in crystallinity for NDI-4fTh. Consequently, NDI-4fTh exhibits enhanced charge transport properties and, thus, better performance for organic solar cells. Overall, this study highlights the structure-property relationship relevant to next-generation organic photovoltaic devices through careful tuning of the $\pi$ -conjugation length of the donor moieties in NDI-basedcopolymers.

Herein, we have successfully implemented two dinuclear copper complexes based on N, O donor ligands as efficient and selective catalysts for the arylation of N-heterocycles using aryl iodides, aryl bromides, and even less reactive aryl chlorides under relatively mild conditions. This is a dinuclear approach where metal-metal cooperation through a bridging ligand can enhance the catalytic process more efficiently than traditional mononuclear complexes. The structural characterization of a dinuclear copper complex of the form Cu₂L¹ ₄, 1 based on N, O donor 8-hydroxyquinoline (HL¹), reveals the formation of interesting isomeric structures. The complex 1 shows better catalytic activity toward N-arylation compared to the bis-chelating Schiff base N, O donor 2,2^'-[naphthalene-1,5-diylbis(nitrilo-methanylyl-idene)]diphenol (H₂L²)-coordinated dinuclear copper complex ClCu(μ-L²)CuCl, 2. The current protocol is effective for the arylation of imidazole, pyrazole, benzimidazole, 1,2,4-triazole, pyrrole, and indole, with tolerance of common functional groups. The N-arylation reaction catalyzed by 1 has been successfully scaled up to Gram scale without significantly reducing the product yield. A mechanistic route for this N-arylation reaction has been proposed by considering various control experimental and spectroscopic results.

The continued reliance on chemical fungicides such as hexaconazole raises concerns regarding solubility, persistence, and resistance, highlighting the need for safer delivery systems. In this study, chitosan-hexaconazole nanoparticles (CHEN) were developed as a nanocarrier-based fungicide delivery system and evaluated at a tenfold production scale. A modified ionic gelation method that eliminated centrifugation achieved a yield of 83.10% compared with 76.0% in earlier work, while maintaining loading content at 15.44%. Dynamic light scattering confirmed a unimodal particle size of 28.2 nm, with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric, and X-ray fluorescence analyses verifying reproducibility and elemental composition. Brunauer-emmett-teller (BET) analysis revealed a type IV mesoporous structure (26.01 m²/g surface area, 30.91 nm pore diameter), supporting controlled release. In vitro studies showed biphasic, pH-responsive release best fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. Cumulative release was highest at pH 4 (70.20%) and pH 9 (73.10%) but limited at pH 7 (45.98%). Korsmeyer-Peppas modeling indicated Fickian diffusion at pH 7 (n = 0.308), while non-Fickian transport dominated at pH 4 (n = 0.659) and pH 9 (n = 0.625). Colloidal stability was maintained for 6 months before aggregation reduced release predictability. Overall, CHEN demonstrates scalability, pH-responsive behavior, and sustained release potential, making it a strong candidate for sustainable fungicide delivery.