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Selective reduction of nitroaromatics containing reducible groups is of great significance and has attracted the attention in chemical synthesis. Here, a low-cost and easy to operate H₂O/CO₂ acidic system combined with non-precious metal iron powder was used to prepare amino aromatics without affecting double or triple bond. Under optimized conditions (1 MPa CO₂, 60°C, 2.5 h), the selectivity of 3-aminostyrene reached 99.4% at 99.2% conversion of 3-nitrostyrene. For the reduction of 4-nitrophenylacetylene (4-NPA) to 4-aminophenylacetylene (4-APA), the conversion of 4-NPA reached 99.5%, and the selectivity to 4-APA could reach 90.5% with 0.2 MPa CO₂ at 60°C in 8 h. The Fe/H₂O/CO₂ system is also effective for the one-pot transformation including the reduction and hydration of 4-NPA to 4-aminoacetophenone with a high conversion (95.4%) and selectivity (97.7%). After the reaction is completed, the acidic system will self-neutralize by the release of CO₂. The non-precious metal-acidic system is green, low-cost, and high selective for the reduction of nitroaromatics without affecting the easy reducible groups and the hydration of alkyne group.

Various benzene and heterocyclic structures could be connected to both 3,3'-positions of H₈-BINOL by Suzuki coupling reactions. The dihedral Angle of H₈-BINOL was reduced by the electron-withdrawing groups on the benzene ring, and the dihedral angle was smaller with stronger electron-absorbing ability. Dicyanovinylenes end-capped H₈-BINOL derivatives R1 have good aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties and bright yellow fluorescence. The single crystal diffraction pattern manifested that R1 molecules exhibited curved ends and could self-assemble into boat-like structures with much smaller dihedral angle of 73.23°. It was attributed to the formation of molecular torsion due to the electron-withdrawing properties of -CN. The morphology characterization of R1 could self-assemble into nanospheres in ethanol solution. The results of fluorescence properties of R1 were shown as follows: 1. In DMSO/H₂O system with different proportions, R1 had AIE effect, which was attributed to the electron-withdrawing effect of propyl dicyanide. The fluorescence is strongest when the water content is 70%. 2. R1 had obvious fluorescence quenching for esomeprazole magnesium and exhibited a low detection limit (LOD = 1.23 × 10^-9 M), which indicated that the novel fluorescent probe had a good guiding effect on the recognition of chiral drug.

Iron gall inks (IGIs) played a central role as a writing medium in Western countries, leaving behind a vast legacy and significant conservation challenges. This study presents a twofold methodological approach to investigate the physicochemical behaviour of IGI-based formulations found in historical Portuguese sources. Fresh and 6-month naturally aged precipitates and supernatant solutions (dried inks) were characterised, and the impact of IGIs on Whatman paper over ageing was studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopies and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Iron(II) sulphates comprised the primary crystalline phase in the precipitates, while the dried inks consisted of distinct Fe(III)-polyphenol (PPh) complexes. Over time, Fe(III) Mössbauer parameters supported complex structural alterations. IGI-induced degradation on aged mockups was attested by Fe(II) oxalate formation until total depletion of the Fe(III)-PPh fraction. pH, ATR-FT-IR and degree of polymerisation analyses suggested that cellulose oxidation is the primary degradation mechanism, and the physical properties and XRD corroborated that the cellulose structure became disordered over ageing. The ink with the higher weight ratio of Fe(II) sulphate:gallnuts (unbalanced) exhibited the most aggressive action on the support. The results confirm that the more unbalanced the ink composition, the more severe its impact, with ink concentration per surface area also being a critical factor in paper decay.

Although graphite is widely used as the primary anode material in commercial lithium-ion batteries, it suffers from inherent limitations in specific capacity, rate capability, and long-term cycling stability. To overcome these challenges, this study successfully introduced fluorinated graphdiyne into graphite anodes via a simple and cost-effective physical mixing approach. These findings indicate that fluorinated graphdiyne modified graphite (F-G) effectively reduce the energy barrier for lithium ions migration, enhance ion diffusion within graphite electrodes, significantly reduce interfacial impedance, and suppress harmful side reactions. As a result, the cycle durability of the battery is improved. This work provides theoretical insights into the regulatory mechanism of modification on the electrochemical performance of graphite anodes, offering a new perspective for the design of high-performance lithium-ion battery materials, with certain scientific and practical significance.

The study investigates the stacking interactions between borazine-borazine, boroxine-boroxine, and borazine-boroxine complexes and their substituted derivatives, obtained by replacing all the hydrogen atoms with the electron-withdrawing -F and the electron-donating -CH₃ groups. The strength of these interactions is rationalized using a composite density functional theory method, r²SCAN-3c. It is found that the staggered conformation is more stable than the eclipsed conformation in all of the cases studied. Noncovalent interaction (NCI) plots and quantum theory of atoms in molecules analysis were carried out to confirm the presence of NCIs in the complexes. Analysis through the symmetry-adapted perturbation theory approach indicates that dispersion is the most significant contributor to the stabilization of the stacking interactions. However, the observation of small, negative charge transfer (CT) energy values demonstrates stabilization due to CT upon complexation; the magnitude of stabilization increases with both -F and -CH₃ substitutions, and the staggered configuration in each case exhibits higher CT than the eclipsed one.

Colloidal crystal engineering with DNA has made significant progress in the bottom-up fabrication of long-range ordered three-dimensional superlattice materials with unique optical, catalytic, and biological properties using DNA-functionalized nanoparticles, known as programmable atom equivalents (PAEs), as fundamental building blocks. However, escaping metastable states during the self-assembly of PAEs in far-from-equilibrium systems remains an intractable challenge in this field. As an entropy-modulating strategy, thermal annealing is a widely adopted conventional approach for regulating PAE crystallization. Recently, several alternative or complementary PAE assembly strategies have emerged, particularly catalytic-assembly approaches based on toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement, which enable programmable and efficient synthesis of PAE superlattice structures under mild isothermal conditions. This concept paper reviews and discusses key developments in programmable isothermal regulation strategies, focusing on their operating mechanisms, advances in dynamic functionalities, and representative applications, with the goal of inspiring future research in related fields.

A formal total synthesis of 5/5/5/6 caged-like daphnenoid A was accomplished. The strategy involves a Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction to construct a precursor for the key intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction (IMDA). Notably, the IMDA indicated opposite chemoselectivity when the configuration of stereocenter (C7) changed. Several intermediates we synthesized showed stronger anti-inflammation activities compared to daphnenoid A.

Materials with synergistic design of water-swelling and self-healing properties significantly enhance durability and environmental adaptability by integrating these two functionalities. This review summarizes key technologies in this field, including microencapsulation, dynamic network response, and multinetwork collaborative design. Water-swellable materials achieve remarkable volume expansion through their unique three-dimensional crosslinked network structure and hydrophilic groups, which enable efficient water absorption and retention. Self-healing materials, conversely, rely on dynamic covalent bonds or noncovalent interactions to restore structural integrity. The synergistic design leverages water-swellable properties to trigger or enhance self-healing mechanisms while maintaining material stability via dynamic chemical networks. Such materials exhibit enormous application potential in construction, electronics, marine engineering, and other fields. Future research ought to focus on forging a more harmonious balance between mechanical functionality and healing efficacy, as well as developing sustainable biobased materials to expand practical applications.

Electrolyte solutions are vital to energy storage devices, significantly influencing their capacity, safety, and cost efficiency. Lithium salts based on multidentate anions have shown remarkable potential in energy storage, particularly when dissolved in acetonitrile. These solutions exhibit exceptionally high ionic conductivities, even for concentrations above the standard 1 mol L⁻¹ solutions. To directly probe bulk solvent and solvation shell dynamics in lithium salt solutions, the ultrafast optical Kerr effect (OKE) method is utilized. We investigate the microscopic dynamics of LiTFSI (lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide) solutions at various concentrations in acetonitrile. The measured data, combined with a global analysis method, reveal that the solvent remains highly dynamic and nearly bulk-like, even at high concentrations where a significantly reduced number of solvent molecules are available to solvate the cations in solution. These findings support recent explanations as to why acetonitrile-based electrolyte solutions exhibit higher conductivity compared to, for instance, other nonaqueous electrolyte solutions. In electrolytes based on acetonitrile, a greater proportion of free solvent molecules results in lower overall viscosity. An abundance of uncoordinated solvent molecules facilitates higher ion conduction, compared with the more limited ion mobility observed in other LiTFSI electrolyte systems.

A significant amount of abandoned plastics has caused serious harm to the environment and ecosystems. The urgent demand for carbon-neutral technology has driven the effective recycling of plastic waste. Various chemical approaches have been extensively explored for plastic waste management, with recycling strategies aimed at selectively producing high-value products garnering increasing attention. Notwithstanding considerable progress, each treatment method possesses certain constraints. Multi-step cascade coupling offers a viable strategy for efficient plastic recycling, affording enhanced selectivity towards desired products. This review provides a systematic review of the reaction mechanisms and representative studies of pyrolysis, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis for various types of plastics. A strategy centred on the design of specific intermediate molecules enables a polymer conversion pathway where depolymerisation into monomers, oligomers or other intermediates is followed by their selective transformation into high-value chemicals. Uniting established methods like thermal degradation and solvolysis with emerging fields—including photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and biotransformation—this review proposes a coherent framework for the rational design of multi-stage or cascade plastic recycling processes. This approach paves the way for the efficient transformation of abandoned plastics into valuable chemicals.