Pub Date : 2017-11-26DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000343
A. Collier, Karthigayan Kessavalou, L. Sit, M. Hair, Lyall Cameron, A. Abdeen
Background: Life expectancy in people with severe mental illness is significantly reduced: in part due to increased cardiac risk. Aim: The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and to determine the prevalence of regular screening in these patients. Method: Data was extracted from 48 General Practices in NHS Ayrshire and Arran (n=320,613) in April 2015. Results: There were 3857 patients on anti-psychotic medication (prevalence 1.2%). Female patients and those on first generation medication were older (p<0.001). Monitoring rates ranged from 75% for BP and smoking down to under 50% for lipids. Only 10% of patients monitored were free of a cardiovascular risk factor. Conclusion: Treatment with anti-psychotic medication was associated with clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Screening varied in relation to age and sex of the patient, the anti-psychotic agent prescribed and cardiovascular risk factor.
{"title":"Anti-Psychotic Medication and the Pattern of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Population Based Study (The Ayrshire Diabetes Follow-Up Cohort (ADOC) Study)","authors":"A. Collier, Karthigayan Kessavalou, L. Sit, M. Hair, Lyall Cameron, A. Abdeen","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000343","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Life expectancy in people with severe mental illness is significantly reduced: in part due to increased cardiac risk. Aim: The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and to determine the prevalence of regular screening in these patients. Method: Data was extracted from 48 General Practices in NHS Ayrshire and Arran (n=320,613) in April 2015. Results: There were 3857 patients on anti-psychotic medication (prevalence 1.2%). Female patients and those on first generation medication were older (p<0.001). Monitoring rates ranged from 75% for BP and smoking down to under 50% for lipids. Only 10% of patients monitored were free of a cardiovascular risk factor. Conclusion: Treatment with anti-psychotic medication was associated with clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Screening varied in relation to age and sex of the patient, the anti-psychotic agent prescribed and cardiovascular risk factor.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"162 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77211771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-30DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000348
Ranjan Gupta, Tripti Grover, A. Ambekar, Renu Singh, M. Vaswani, Arundhati Sharma
Background: Heroin dependence (HD) is a complex disorder characterized by disruption in particular circuits of the brain and influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Glutamate pathway plays a role in normal brain functions including learning, memory, and cognition. Disturbances in Glutamate pathways are implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including heroin dependence, and polymorphisms present in these pathway genes are reported to increase the risk of developing heroin dependence. Aim: To identify association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Glutamate pathway genes with heroin dependence and correlate with heroin use parameters. Method: A total of 103 HD patients were recruited as per DSM IV criteria from the Department of Psychiatry, and 100 healthy volunteers from the general population. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples was processed for PCR followed by restriction digestion to screen for presence of GRIN2A polymorphisms in the glutamate pathway. GRIN2A SNPs i.e. rs11866328, rs1071502, rs1375067, rs1530669, rs12325652, rs16966381, rs1104068, rs16966448, rs9927871 and rs1366076 were selected based on the Hap Map project and Tagger program (r2 ≥ 0.8). Genotype and allele frequencies were estimated and the difference between patient and control groups were assessed by chi-square test of significance and the results correlated with duration, age at onset of heroin use, the quantity of heroin consumed and WHO ASSIST score. Statistical analysis was done using Haploview v4.1 and SPSSv21.0. Results: Haplotype analyses revealed three SNPs (rs1071502-rs1366076-rs1104068) with alleles A-T-A to confer risk while the haplotypes A-T-G had a protective effect on HD. Another haplotype (rs1530669-rs9927871) was also found significantly associated with heroin dependence (p=0.039). Conclusion: The study reports for the first time, a possible association of GRIN2A SNPs with age at onset of heroin use, duration and quantity of use, and also suggests an important role in severity of heroin dependence.
背景:海洛因依赖(HD)是一种复杂的障碍，其特征是大脑特定回路的破坏，并受环境和遗传因素的影响。谷氨酸通路在正常的大脑功能中发挥作用，包括学习、记忆和认知。谷氨酸途径的紊乱与许多精神疾病有关，包括海洛因依赖，据报道，这些途径基因中存在的多态性会增加海洛因依赖的风险。目的:探讨谷氨酸通路基因单核苷酸多态性与海洛因依赖的关系及其与海洛因使用参数的关系。方法:按照DSM IV标准从精神科招募103例HD患者，从普通人群中招募100名健康志愿者。对来自外周血样本的基因组DNA进行PCR处理，然后进行限制性酶切，以筛选谷氨酸途径中GRIN2A多态性的存在。根据Hap Map项目和Tagger程序选择rs11866328、rs1071502、rs1375067、rs1530669、rs12325652、rs16966381、rs1104068、rs16966448、rs9927871和rs1366076四个GRIN2A snp (r2≥0.8)。估计基因型和等位基因频率，并通过卡方显著性检验评估患者与对照组之间的差异，结果与持续时间、开始使用海洛因的年龄、海洛因消费量和WHO ASSIST评分相关。采用Haploview v4.1和SPSSv21.0进行统计分析。结果:单倍型分析显示，与等位基因a - t - a相关的3个snp (rs1071502-rs1366076-rs1104068)具有遗传风险，而与a - t - g相关的单倍型对HD具有保护作用。另一个单倍型rs1530669-rs9927871也被发现与海洛因依赖显著相关(p=0.039)。结论:本研究首次报道了GRIN2A snp可能与海洛因使用年龄、使用时间和使用数量有关，并提示其在海洛因依赖程度中起重要作用。
{"title":"An Association Study on the Glutamate Pathway GRIN2A Gene Polymorphisms with Heroin Dependence","authors":"Ranjan Gupta, Tripti Grover, A. Ambekar, Renu Singh, M. Vaswani, Arundhati Sharma","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000348","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Heroin dependence (HD) is a complex disorder characterized by disruption in particular circuits of the brain and influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Glutamate pathway plays a role in normal brain functions including learning, memory, and cognition. Disturbances in Glutamate pathways are implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including heroin dependence, and polymorphisms present in these pathway genes are reported to increase the risk of developing heroin dependence. Aim: To identify association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Glutamate pathway genes with heroin dependence and correlate with heroin use parameters. Method: A total of 103 HD patients were recruited as per DSM IV criteria from the Department of Psychiatry, and 100 healthy volunteers from the general population. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples was processed for PCR followed by restriction digestion to screen for presence of GRIN2A polymorphisms in the glutamate pathway. GRIN2A SNPs i.e. rs11866328, rs1071502, rs1375067, rs1530669, rs12325652, rs16966381, rs1104068, rs16966448, rs9927871 and rs1366076 were selected based on the Hap Map project and Tagger program (r2 ≥ 0.8). Genotype and allele frequencies were estimated and the difference between patient and control groups were assessed by chi-square test of significance and the results correlated with duration, age at onset of heroin use, the quantity of heroin consumed and WHO ASSIST score. Statistical analysis was done using Haploview v4.1 and SPSSv21.0. Results: Haplotype analyses revealed three SNPs (rs1071502-rs1366076-rs1104068) with alleles A-T-A to confer risk while the haplotypes A-T-G had a protective effect on HD. Another haplotype (rs1530669-rs9927871) was also found significantly associated with heroin dependence (p=0.039). Conclusion: The study reports for the first time, a possible association of GRIN2A SNPs with age at onset of heroin use, duration and quantity of use, and also suggests an important role in severity of heroin dependence.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"53 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74769077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-06DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000347
S. Baker
Background: Quantitative studies of women’s alcohol use suggest that social advantage is associated with increased frequency of alcohol use and disadvantage with increased quantities. Very few studies have examined patterns among mothers; even fewer have explored mothers’ perceptions and understandings of their alcohol use. We examine how mothers describe and make sense of their patterns of alcohol use in the context of advantaged and disadvantaged circumstances. Methods: Four focus groups were conducted with mothers from advantaged (n=9) and disadvantaged (n=9) backgrounds. To facilitate discussion, mothers were invited to comment on a number of images and diary extracts that depicted varying patterns of maternal alcohol use (from abstinence to ‘risky’). The focus groups discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative data was analysed thematically and framed within an interpretivist paradigm. Results: Mothers recalled how their social circumstances influenced their alcohol use. Emerging themes related to where (drinking location) and why (reasons for drinking) individuals drank alcohol, they included: Drinking in the home, drinking outside the home, identity and individuality, portrayal of age and emotional well-being. Conclusion: Our research suggests that social circumstances influence mothers’ drinking locations, and reasons for consuming alcohol. Our qualitative study points to the social patterning of alcohol use and begins to explore the ways alcohol is integrated into the daily lives of women with children. The results have the potential to inform future alcohol intervention strategies in this population group.
{"title":"Patterns and Perceptions of Maternal Alcohol Use among Women with Pre-School Aged Children: A Qualitative Exploration of Focus Group Data","authors":"S. Baker","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000347","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Quantitative studies of women’s alcohol use suggest that social advantage is associated with increased frequency of alcohol use and disadvantage with increased quantities. Very few studies have examined patterns among mothers; even fewer have explored mothers’ perceptions and understandings of their alcohol use. We examine how mothers describe and make sense of their patterns of alcohol use in the context of advantaged and disadvantaged circumstances. Methods: Four focus groups were conducted with mothers from advantaged (n=9) and disadvantaged (n=9) backgrounds. To facilitate discussion, mothers were invited to comment on a number of images and diary extracts that depicted varying patterns of maternal alcohol use (from abstinence to ‘risky’). The focus groups discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative data was analysed thematically and framed within an interpretivist paradigm. Results: Mothers recalled how their social circumstances influenced their alcohol use. Emerging themes related to where (drinking location) and why (reasons for drinking) individuals drank alcohol, they included: Drinking in the home, drinking outside the home, identity and individuality, portrayal of age and emotional well-being. Conclusion: Our research suggests that social circumstances influence mothers’ drinking locations, and reasons for consuming alcohol. Our qualitative study points to the social patterning of alcohol use and begins to explore the ways alcohol is integrated into the daily lives of women with children. The results have the potential to inform future alcohol intervention strategies in this population group.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87159609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-02DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000338
Robert Gundel, Normand Allen III, S. Osborne, Sahel Shwayhat
Objective: To identify potential risk factors for subjects who leave residential treatment against staff advice (ASA). Methods: We have completed a retrospective chart review of 4095 subjects admitted to a residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment program to identify specific factors that may contribute to the risk of subjects leaving treatment ASA. All data including demographic information, co-occurring symptoms information obtained from standardized questionnaires, and discharge status were stored in an electronic medical record database. Results: Of the 4095 subjects, 3448 (84%) completed the program, 340 (8.3%) left ASA, 154 (3.8%) were discharged for non-compliance with rules, and 153 (3.7%) were transferred to other facilities better suited for a subjects’ needs. The average length of stay (LOS) for subjects that left ASA was 11.5 days compared to those subjects who completed treatment had an average LOS of 29.5 days. The highest to lowest ASA risk by substance type was cannabis, cocaine, heroin, sedatives, opioids and alcohol. Females in heroin and sedative groups had a significantly lower completion rate compared to males (74.9% vs. 81.6% and 63.4% vs. 87.0%). There were no differences in completion rates between males and females in the other substance groups. Questionnaires for symptoms of co-occurring disorder were completed by a subset of subjects admitted to the residential facility from January to December 2016 and used to compare the average LOS and scores for anxiety, depression, craving and insomnia. Scores above threshold levels for anxiety, depression and/or insomnia were identified as risk factors for subjects in the heroin group. Risk factors for leaving treatment early in the alcohol group included scores above threshold for cravings and/or insomnia. Conclusion: Several characteristics were identified as risk factors for leaving treatment ASA. This information is important for use in further development of evidence based treatment strategies that maximize long-term recovery.
目的:确定不听从工作人员建议而离开住院治疗的受试者的潜在危险因素。方法:我们完成了一项对4095名住院药物使用障碍(SUD)治疗项目的受试者的回顾性图表回顾，以确定可能导致受试者退出ASA治疗风险的具体因素。所有数据，包括人口统计信息、从标准化问卷中获得的共同症状信息和出院状况，均存储在电子病历数据库中。结果:在4095名受试者中，3448人(84%)完成了项目，340人(8.3%)离开了ASA, 154人(3.8%)因不遵守规定而出院，153人(3.7%)被转移到更适合受试者需要的其他机构。离开ASA的受试者的平均停留时间(LOS)为11.5天，而完成治疗的受试者的平均停留时间为29.5天。按物质类型划分，ASA风险最高至最低的是大麻、可卡因、海洛因、镇静剂、阿片类药物和酒精。海洛因组和镇静剂组的女性完成率明显低于男性(74.9% vs. 81.6%， 63.4% vs. 87.0%)。在其他物质组中，男性和女性的完成率没有差异。2016年1月至12月入院的一部分受试者完成了共发生障碍症状的问卷调查，并用于比较平均LOS和焦虑、抑郁、渴望和失眠的得分。焦虑、抑郁和/或失眠的得分高于阈值水平被确定为海洛因组受试者的危险因素。在酒精组中，过早退出治疗的危险因素包括渴望和/或失眠得分高于阈值。结论:几个特征被确定为退出治疗ASA的危险因素。这一信息对于进一步发展以证据为基础的治疗策略，最大限度地提高长期恢复是很重要的。
{"title":"Risk Factors for Early Discharge from a Residential Addiction TreatmentProgram","authors":"Robert Gundel, Normand Allen III, S. Osborne, Sahel Shwayhat","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000338","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To identify potential risk factors for subjects who leave residential treatment against staff advice (ASA). Methods: We have completed a retrospective chart review of 4095 subjects admitted to a residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment program to identify specific factors that may contribute to the risk of subjects leaving treatment ASA. All data including demographic information, co-occurring symptoms information obtained from standardized questionnaires, and discharge status were stored in an electronic medical record database. Results: Of the 4095 subjects, 3448 (84%) completed the program, 340 (8.3%) left ASA, 154 (3.8%) were discharged for non-compliance with rules, and 153 (3.7%) were transferred to other facilities better suited for a subjects’ needs. The average length of stay (LOS) for subjects that left ASA was 11.5 days compared to those subjects who completed treatment had an average LOS of 29.5 days. The highest to lowest ASA risk by substance type was cannabis, cocaine, heroin, sedatives, opioids and alcohol. Females in heroin and sedative groups had a significantly lower completion rate compared to males (74.9% vs. 81.6% and 63.4% vs. 87.0%). There were no differences in completion rates between males and females in the other substance groups. Questionnaires for symptoms of co-occurring disorder were completed by a subset of subjects admitted to the residential facility from January to December 2016 and used to compare the average LOS and scores for anxiety, depression, craving and insomnia. Scores above threshold levels for anxiety, depression and/or insomnia were identified as risk factors for subjects in the heroin group. Risk factors for leaving treatment early in the alcohol group included scores above threshold for cravings and/or insomnia. Conclusion: Several characteristics were identified as risk factors for leaving treatment ASA. This information is important for use in further development of evidence based treatment strategies that maximize long-term recovery.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"33 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85587265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-31DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000339
A. L. King, Eduardo Guedes, J. Neto, Flávia Leite Guimarães, A. Nardi
Inroduction: The new technologies-computer, internet, cell phone (CIC)-and the daily interactivity of the individuals, have produced significant changes in the clinical, cognitive-behavioral, social, professional and environmental aspects which need to be analyzed constantly. The nomophobia [1] has to do with the dependence on technology. Are the symptoms of anxiety, distress and discomfort, among others that the pathological dependent technologies tend to feel when they can't be connected. Objective: Our focus intends to define the psychopathological and social demographic profile of the daily abusive users of the CIC, as well as to point out the difference between pathological dependent individuals of the CIC. Methods: A descriptive and quantitative study taken into effect for 18 months, using specific instruments, evaluated 113 volunteers showing an abusive daily use of CIC, there being 72 individuals with an associated disorder and 41 individuals of the control group showing no disorders. For both groups, we offered orientation for a conscious use of the technologies as well as medical and psychological treatments. Results: we were able to trace the profile of the men and women of the “Disorder Group”, in relation to the abusive use of the CIC technologies. The most abusive daily users of these technologies were the women (69%) ranging from 18 to 29 years of age. The psychopathologic profile revealed that within the mental disorders researched, the generalized anxiety disorder (85%), following it, panic (51%), agoraphobia (49%), depression (43%), social phobia (15%, obsessive compulsive disorder (13%), post-traumatic stress (6%) and anorexia (1%). Conclusion: We can conclude that there is a relationship between the psychiatric disorders with the abusive use of technologies.
{"title":"Nomophobia: Clinical and Demographic Profile of Social Network ExcessiveUsers","authors":"A. L. King, Eduardo Guedes, J. Neto, Flávia Leite Guimarães, A. Nardi","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000339","url":null,"abstract":"Inroduction: The new technologies-computer, internet, cell phone (CIC)-and the daily interactivity of the individuals, have produced significant changes in the clinical, cognitive-behavioral, social, professional and environmental aspects which need to be analyzed constantly. The nomophobia [1] has to do with the dependence on technology. Are the symptoms of anxiety, distress and discomfort, among others that the pathological dependent technologies tend to feel when they can't be connected. Objective: Our focus intends to define the psychopathological and social demographic profile of the daily abusive users of the CIC, as well as to point out the difference between pathological dependent individuals of the CIC. Methods: A descriptive and quantitative study taken into effect for 18 months, using specific instruments, evaluated 113 volunteers showing an abusive daily use of CIC, there being 72 individuals with an associated disorder and 41 individuals of the control group showing no disorders. For both groups, we offered orientation for a conscious use of the technologies as well as medical and psychological treatments. Results: we were able to trace the profile of the men and women of the “Disorder Group”, in relation to the abusive use of the CIC technologies. The most abusive daily users of these technologies were the women (69%) ranging from 18 to 29 years of age. The psychopathologic profile revealed that within the mental disorders researched, the generalized anxiety disorder (85%), following it, panic (51%), agoraphobia (49%), depression (43%), social phobia (15%, obsessive compulsive disorder (13%), post-traumatic stress (6%) and anorexia (1%). Conclusion: We can conclude that there is a relationship between the psychiatric disorders with the abusive use of technologies.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"415 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76818520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-31DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000340
T. Soron, Pathan Mohammad Asraful Siddike, H. Ahmed, Chaman Afrooz Chowdhury
Substance use related disorders are major concerns for Bangladesh due to the increasing burden on family, society and nation. Various family and social factors contribute to the development of these disorders. However, the relevant factors were yet to be explored in the Bangladesh from multiple sites study. This study aimed to attempt find out the Social and Family determinants of substance abuse. It was a cross sectional study where one hundred and one substance users were interviewed from two tertiary level hospitals in the Dhaka. Peer pressure and parental disputes were significant contributing factors for substance dependence and discussion about the adverse effect of the substance abuse in family had protective role. The study findings will help in planning the preventive program substance dependence.
{"title":"Social and Family Determinants of Substance Abuse among the Patients of Two Hospitals in Bangladesh","authors":"T. Soron, Pathan Mohammad Asraful Siddike, H. Ahmed, Chaman Afrooz Chowdhury","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000340","url":null,"abstract":"Substance use related disorders are major concerns for Bangladesh due to the increasing burden on family, society and nation. Various family and social factors contribute to the development of these disorders. However, the relevant factors were yet to be explored in the Bangladesh from multiple sites study. This study aimed to attempt find out the Social and Family determinants of substance abuse. It was a cross sectional study where one hundred and one substance users were interviewed from two tertiary level hospitals in the Dhaka. Peer pressure and parental disputes were significant contributing factors for substance dependence and discussion about the adverse effect of the substance abuse in family had protective role. The study findings will help in planning the preventive program substance dependence.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83284904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-26DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000337
M. Rane, R. Manchanda
The nucleus accumbens (NAc), the major subdivision of the ventral striatum plays an important role in the reward pathway. GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons (MSNs) are the principal cell type of NAc. These neurons receive excitatory synaptic inputs over the numerous spines which are present on their complex dendritic arbours. Alterations in spine density and morphology can affect the integrative properties of MSNs. We developed a biophysically realistic, spiny model of MSN. We found that inclusion of spines in an existing aspiny model changed passive as well as active properties of the cell. The spiny model was tuned to match its properties with that of the earlier aspiny model. We found that a total of 192 inputs from middle and distal dendrites were required to generate a characteristic bimodal behaviour of the membrane potential. Using this model, we investigated the effect of loss of spines on the excitability of the cell. We found that with no spine loss, when only the number of activated inputs was reduced by 15%, spike frequency of the cell reduced to zero, rendering the cell completely inexcitable. However, spine loss of 15% along with 15% reduction in activated synaptic inputs decreased the spike frequency to 1.1 Hz. Our results suggest that when spines are lost along with synaptic inputs, excitability of the cell is not abolished completely, although this might happen when only synaptic inputs are lost. Instead, in such a case the excitability can be increased by slightly enhancing the input connections.
伏隔核(NAc)是腹侧纹状体的主要分支，在奖赏通路中起重要作用。GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons (MSNs)是NAc的主要细胞类型。这些神经元通过位于其复杂树突上的众多棘接受兴奋性突触输入。脊柱密度和形态的改变可以影响msn的综合特性。我们开发了一种生物物理上真实的、刺状的MSN模型。我们发现，在现有的棘刺模型中包含的棘改变了细胞的被动和主动特性。对spiny模型进行了调整，使其属性与早期的aspiny模型相匹配。我们发现，共192个输入从中间和远端树突需要产生膜电位的特征双峰行为。利用该模型，我们研究了脊髓丢失对细胞兴奋性的影响。我们发现，在没有脊椎损失的情况下，当激活输入的数量减少15%时，细胞的尖峰频率减少到零，使细胞完全不可兴奋。然而，15%的脊柱丢失和15%的激活突触输入减少将峰值频率降低到1.1 Hz。我们的研究结果表明，当脊髓和突触输入一起消失时，细胞的兴奋性并没有完全消失，尽管这可能发生在仅突触输入消失时。相反，在这种情况下，可以通过稍微增强输入连接来增加兴奋性。
{"title":"Effect of Spine Density on Excitability in Accumbal Medium Spiny Neurons-A Computational Approach","authors":"M. Rane, R. Manchanda","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000337","url":null,"abstract":"The nucleus accumbens (NAc), the major subdivision of the ventral striatum plays an important role in the reward pathway. GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons (MSNs) are the principal cell type of NAc. These neurons receive excitatory synaptic inputs over the numerous spines which are present on their complex dendritic arbours. Alterations in spine density and morphology can affect the integrative properties of MSNs. We developed a biophysically realistic, spiny model of MSN. We found that inclusion of spines in an existing aspiny model changed passive as well as active properties of the cell. The spiny model was tuned to match its properties with that of the earlier aspiny model. We found that a total of 192 inputs from middle and distal dendrites were required to generate a characteristic bimodal behaviour of the membrane potential. Using this model, we investigated the effect of loss of spines on the excitability of the cell. We found that with no spine loss, when only the number of activated inputs was reduced by 15%, spike frequency of the cell reduced to zero, rendering the cell completely inexcitable. However, spine loss of 15% along with 15% reduction in activated synaptic inputs decreased the spike frequency to 1.1 Hz. Our results suggest that when spines are lost along with synaptic inputs, excitability of the cell is not abolished completely, although this might happen when only synaptic inputs are lost. Instead, in such a case the excitability can be increased by slightly enhancing the input connections.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"161 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83585369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-14DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000332
I. Carlier, W. V. Eeden
Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) concerns the repeated measurement of the progress of a patient’s treatment during the course of therapy. ROM is receiving mounting attention as an important quality tool, and because of increased emphasis on health care accountability and cost containment. ROM seems especially relevant for complicated chronic patients that require a long-term treatment. Although addictive patients often have these clinical characteristics, ROM is relatively less investigated within addiction treatment. The present article summarizes recent state-of-the-art information concerning the use of ROM in mental health care and particularly in addiction treatment. First, some basics about ROM in general are described. Next, evidence for the effectiveness of ROM in mental health care and addiction treatment is reviewed. Finally, some clinical & research recommendations are suggested for the use of ROM in addiction treatment.
{"title":"Routine Outcome Monitoring in Mental Health Care and Particularly inAddiction Treatment: Evidence-Based Clinical and Research Recommendations","authors":"I. Carlier, W. V. Eeden","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000332","url":null,"abstract":"Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) concerns the repeated measurement of the progress of a patient’s treatment during the course of therapy. ROM is receiving mounting attention as an important quality tool, and because of increased emphasis on health care accountability and cost containment. ROM seems especially relevant for complicated chronic patients that require a long-term treatment. Although addictive patients often have these clinical characteristics, ROM is relatively less investigated within addiction treatment. The present article summarizes recent state-of-the-art information concerning the use of ROM in mental health care and particularly in addiction treatment. First, some basics about ROM in general are described. Next, evidence for the effectiveness of ROM in mental health care and addiction treatment is reviewed. Finally, some clinical & research recommendations are suggested for the use of ROM in addiction treatment.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87970304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-14DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000333
Manjinder Singh, K. Thapar, J. Kaur, Pankaj Kumar, Prabhjot Saini
Homeless children are those who live alone on the street. UNICEF estimated that India has 18 million homeless children which is the largest population in the world. Use of psychoactive substance is particularly high in street children as seen in 40-70% of street children across various Indian cities are substance abusers. The study was conducted at District Ludhiana, Punjab. 60 Homeless children of age group 6-18 years were selected by snowball sampling. WHO Assist V 3.0 and a structured questionnaire were used to collect data. Findings reveals that 55 (91.7%) of the homeless children were psychoactive substance abusers with 14.95 ± 02.50 years as mean age of initiation of the substance abuse. Major factors to initiate substance abuse were enjoyment and peer pressure. Age (p=0.02), Male gender (p=0.43), Illiteracy (p=43) were associated with substance abuse among homeless children.
{"title":"Study on Prevalence and It's Contributing Factors of Psychoactive Substance Abuse among Homeless Children","authors":"Manjinder Singh, K. Thapar, J. Kaur, Pankaj Kumar, Prabhjot Saini","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000333","url":null,"abstract":"Homeless children are those who live alone on the street. UNICEF estimated that India has 18 million homeless children which is the largest population in the world. Use of psychoactive substance is particularly high in street children as seen in 40-70% of street children across various Indian cities are substance abusers. The study was conducted at District Ludhiana, Punjab. 60 Homeless children of age group 6-18 years were selected by snowball sampling. WHO Assist V 3.0 and a structured questionnaire were used to collect data. Findings reveals that 55 (91.7%) of the homeless children were psychoactive substance abusers with 14.95 ± 02.50 years as mean age of initiation of the substance abuse. Major factors to initiate substance abuse were enjoyment and peer pressure. Age (p=0.02), Male gender (p=0.43), Illiteracy (p=43) were associated with substance abuse among homeless children.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"54 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78332950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-12DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000335
Tohid Babayi, G. Riazi
Objective: Alcohol consumption, because of damaging effects on various tissues including nerves system, causes a major problem in human societies. Nowadays, Usages of the non-pharmacological and non-invasive agents is common. Sound waves which are classified in non-invasive agent, beside on stimulation the auditory cells, also impact on non- auditory cells. It has been reported that the frequency of 528 HZ is related to the note MI and it shown some strange effects such as increasing the ability of DNA repair. Materials and methods: In this paper, with MTT, LDH and ROS assays, it was evaluated the effect of ethanol on astrocytes primary cell culture which exposed to this frequency. Results: The current results show that in IC50 of ethanol, the frequency of 528 Hz increased cells viability about 20% and the level of ROS production has been reduced up to 100%. Conclusion: Therefore, the use of these sound waves can be useful to reduce the toxic effects of ethanol on astrocytes cells culture.
{"title":"The Effects of 528 Hz Sound Wave to Reduce Cell Death in Human Astrocyte Primary Cell Culture Treated with Ethanol","authors":"Tohid Babayi, G. Riazi","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000335","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Alcohol consumption, because of damaging effects on various tissues including nerves system, causes a major problem in human societies. Nowadays, Usages of the non-pharmacological and non-invasive agents is common. Sound waves which are classified in non-invasive agent, beside on stimulation the auditory cells, also impact on non- auditory cells. It has been reported that the frequency of 528 HZ is related to the note MI and it shown some strange effects such as increasing the ability of DNA repair. \u0000Materials and methods: In this paper, with MTT, LDH and ROS assays, it was evaluated the effect of ethanol on astrocytes primary cell culture which exposed to this frequency. \u0000Results: The current results show that in IC50 of ethanol, the frequency of 528 Hz increased cells viability about 20% and the level of ROS production has been reduced up to 100%. \u0000Conclusion: Therefore, the use of these sound waves can be useful to reduce the toxic effects of ethanol on astrocytes cells culture.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73707238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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