Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000351
W. Meil, Anne-Marie Sesti, K. Desai, Alyssa G. Stiver, D. Laporte, J. A. Mills
Objective: Evidence has been accumulating regarding the role of executive deficits in nicotine addiction; however, little is known as to whether executive abilities change as a function of treatment for nicotine dependence. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether executive function improves following short-term tobacco cessation therapy. Methods: College students (N=17) expressing an interest in tobacco cessation therapy involving Motivational Interviewing Therapy with or without the nicotine patch were administered the self-report Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale (FrSBe), the performance-based Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) and the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) prior to treatment and approximately 1.5 months later. A group of non-smoking college students (N=19) was also administered the same measures of executive function across the same time period. Results: Prior to treatment smokers had significantly higher FrSBe Apathy subscale scores compared to nonsmokers. Acute tobacco cessation therapy significantly decreased nicotine dependence as measured by the FTDN. After controlling for pre-treatment scores, a significant difference emerged between tobacco cessation participants and non-smoking controls on post-test FrSBe Disinhibition scores. Post hoc analyses revealed a significant improvement in FrSBe Disinhibition scores among tobacco cessation participants, but no change among nonsmokers. Conclusion: While caution is warranted due to the small sample size of this study, these results suggest selfreport measures of executive function maybe more sensitive to executive deficits among smokers and change following short-term tobacco cessation therapy, particularly measures indicative of an improved ability to inhibit impulses and behavior. These results also highlight the multidimensional nature of executive function.
{"title":"Changes in Executive Function Following Short-Term Tobacco Cessation Therapy in College Students","authors":"W. Meil, Anne-Marie Sesti, K. Desai, Alyssa G. Stiver, D. Laporte, J. A. Mills","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000351","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Evidence has been accumulating regarding the role of executive deficits in nicotine addiction; however, little is known as to whether executive abilities change as a function of treatment for nicotine dependence. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether executive function improves following short-term tobacco cessation therapy. Methods: College students (N=17) expressing an interest in tobacco cessation therapy involving Motivational Interviewing Therapy with or without the nicotine patch were administered the self-report Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale (FrSBe), the performance-based Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) and the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) prior to treatment and approximately 1.5 months later. A group of non-smoking college students (N=19) was also administered the same measures of executive function across the same time period. Results: Prior to treatment smokers had significantly higher FrSBe Apathy subscale scores compared to nonsmokers. Acute tobacco cessation therapy significantly decreased nicotine dependence as measured by the FTDN. After controlling for pre-treatment scores, a significant difference emerged between tobacco cessation participants and non-smoking controls on post-test FrSBe Disinhibition scores. Post hoc analyses revealed a significant improvement in FrSBe Disinhibition scores among tobacco cessation participants, but no change among nonsmokers. Conclusion: While caution is warranted due to the small sample size of this study, these results suggest selfreport measures of executive function maybe more sensitive to executive deficits among smokers and change following short-term tobacco cessation therapy, particularly measures indicative of an improved ability to inhibit impulses and behavior. These results also highlight the multidimensional nature of executive function.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82497747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000350
Renu Singh, Tripti Grover, Ranjan Gupta, A. Ambekar, R. Jain, Arundhati Sharma
Alcohol dependence (AD), associated with high mortality and morbidity is caused due to involvement of both environmental and genetic factors. Behavioral effects of alcohol including cognitive impairment, motor incoordination, tolerance and dependence are likely due to its effect on the multiple brain proteins including neurotransmitters. Dysfunction in these neurotransmitter systems may be at the level of enzymes involved in metabolic degradation, or receptors involved in neurotransmission like dopamine, Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), serotonin etc. Genetic polymorphisms in these neurotransmitter systems are implicated in conferring susceptibility to AD. Aim: To identify association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in COMT (rs4680 and rs2075507) and GABAA receptor genes (rs13172914 and rs211014) with AD. Method: A total of 100 AD patients diagnosed on the basis of DSM IV criteria from the outpatient clinic of the National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC) of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), and 100 healthy individuals from the general population were recruited. A detailed history including pattern of drug use and demographic details with pedigree information was noted. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples was processed for PCR amplification followed by restriction digestion to screen for the presence of polymorphisms. Genotype and allele frequencies were evaluated and correlated with alcohol use parameters including duration of alcohol use, age at onset of alcohol use, quantity of alcohol consumed (gms/day) and WHO ASSIST score and levels of liver function enzymes (SGPT and SGOT). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v21.0. Results: Genetic analysis of the study group revealed COMT rs4680 to be significantly associated with AD (p=0.03), while the other COMT SNP rs2075507 showed an association with increased levels of SGPT in the patients. GABAA receptor gene polymorphisms showed no association with AD. Conclusion: The study suggests a role of COMT gene polymorphism rs4680 in conferring susceptibility to AD.
酒精依赖(AD)与高死亡率和发病率相关，是由环境和遗传因素共同引起的。酒精对认知障碍、运动不协调、耐受性和依赖性等行为的影响可能是由于酒精对包括神经递质在内的多种脑蛋白的影响。这些神经递质系统的功能障碍可能与参与代谢降解的酶或参与神经传递的受体(如多巴胺、γ -氨基丁酸(GABA)、血清素等)有关。这些神经递质系统的遗传多态性与AD易感性有关。目的:探讨COMT基因(rs4680和rs2075507)和GABAA受体基因(rs13172914和rs211014)的单核苷酸多态性与AD的关系。方法:招募全印度医学科学研究所(AIIMS)国家药物依赖治疗中心(NDDTC)门诊根据DSM IV标准诊断的AD患者100例，以及来自普通人群的健康个体100例。记录了详细的病史，包括药物使用模式和人口统计细节以及家谱信息。来自外周血样本的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增处理，然后进行限制性酶切以筛选多态性的存在。对基因型和等位基因频率进行评估，并将其与酒精使用参数(包括饮酒持续时间、开始饮酒年龄、饮酒量(克/天)、WHO ASSIST评分和肝功能酶(SGPT和SGOT)水平相关联。采用SPSS v21.0进行统计学分析。结果:研究组的遗传分析显示COMT rs4680与AD显著相关(p=0.03)，而另一个COMT SNP rs2075507与患者SGPT水平升高相关。GABAA受体基因多态性与AD无相关性。结论:COMT基因多态性rs4680在AD易感性中的作用。
{"title":"An Association Study of the COMT and GABA Gene Variants with Alcohol Dependence","authors":"Renu Singh, Tripti Grover, Ranjan Gupta, A. Ambekar, R. Jain, Arundhati Sharma","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000350","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol dependence (AD), associated with high mortality and morbidity is caused due to involvement of both environmental and genetic factors. Behavioral effects of alcohol including cognitive impairment, motor incoordination, tolerance and dependence are likely due to its effect on the multiple brain proteins including neurotransmitters. Dysfunction in these neurotransmitter systems may be at the level of enzymes involved in metabolic degradation, or receptors involved in neurotransmission like dopamine, Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), serotonin etc. Genetic polymorphisms in these neurotransmitter systems are implicated in conferring susceptibility to AD. Aim: To identify association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in COMT (rs4680 and rs2075507) and GABAA receptor genes (rs13172914 and rs211014) with AD. Method: A total of 100 AD patients diagnosed on the basis of DSM IV criteria from the outpatient clinic of the National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC) of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), and 100 healthy individuals from the general population were recruited. A detailed history including pattern of drug use and demographic details with pedigree information was noted. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples was processed for PCR amplification followed by restriction digestion to screen for the presence of polymorphisms. Genotype and allele frequencies were evaluated and correlated with alcohol use parameters including duration of alcohol use, age at onset of alcohol use, quantity of alcohol consumed (gms/day) and WHO ASSIST score and levels of liver function enzymes (SGPT and SGOT). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v21.0. Results: Genetic analysis of the study group revealed COMT rs4680 to be significantly associated with AD (p=0.03), while the other COMT SNP rs2075507 showed an association with increased levels of SGPT in the patients. GABAA receptor gene polymorphisms showed no association with AD. Conclusion: The study suggests a role of COMT gene polymorphism rs4680 in conferring susceptibility to AD.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"41 1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77948916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000352
J. Serhan, M. Silverman
Issues: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a relatively rare disease that is associated with a significant amount of morbidity and mortality. Injection drug use associated IE is increasing in incidence, warranting a better understanding of how the drug of choice impacts the development of IE. Many studies have drawn connections between certain drugs injected intravenously and the development of IE but none have rigorously evaluated why a particular drug might predispose persons who inject drugs (PWID) to IE. Approach: The PubMed database was searched using a thorough search strategy. All human studies that reported on the drug(s) injected in patients who developed IE were analyzed and included. Key findings: No specific drug convincingly showed a strong association between its intravenous use and the development of IE, with studies having contradicting findings. The array of findings reported in the reviewed studies are more likely to be due to the frequency of use of particular drugs and their availability in the respective regions of study than the actual physiologic or pharmacologic properties of the drug. Implications: One trend that requires further investigation is the recent surge in opioid injection that has been linked to increased IE hospitalizations in several studies. Conclusion: Future research should aim to better understand how the preparation and/or physical properties of specific drugs may play a role in the development of IE.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of the Association between Individual Drugs Injected Intravenously and the Development of Infective Endocarditis","authors":"J. Serhan, M. Silverman","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000352","url":null,"abstract":"Issues: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a relatively rare disease that is associated with a significant amount of morbidity and mortality. Injection drug use associated IE is increasing in incidence, warranting a better understanding of how the drug of choice impacts the development of IE. Many studies have drawn connections between certain drugs injected intravenously and the development of IE but none have rigorously evaluated why a particular drug might predispose persons who inject drugs (PWID) to IE. Approach: The PubMed database was searched using a thorough search strategy. All human studies that reported on the drug(s) injected in patients who developed IE were analyzed and included. Key findings: No specific drug convincingly showed a strong association between its intravenous use and the development of IE, with studies having contradicting findings. The array of findings reported in the reviewed studies are more likely to be due to the frequency of use of particular drugs and their availability in the respective regions of study than the actual physiologic or pharmacologic properties of the drug. Implications: One trend that requires further investigation is the recent surge in opioid injection that has been linked to increased IE hospitalizations in several studies. Conclusion: Future research should aim to better understand how the preparation and/or physical properties of specific drugs may play a role in the development of IE.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77543492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000353
M. W. Njoroge
Services for mental and substance use disorders have typically been neglected, and in many countries segregated from mainstream health care with resources allocated not commensurate with the burden. The attention given to mental and substance use disorders cannot be compared to other diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Cancer, and Diabetes among others. Mental and substance use disorders account to about 7.4% of disease burden worldwide. These disorders are responsible for more of the global burden than HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, diabetes, or transport injuries. The increasing number of cases of SUDs globally presents a public health challenge that requires effective evidence based interventions. One of the major challenges is inadequate treatment for SUDs which mostly plague developing countries. It may be difficult to measure the efficacy of treatment as a result of unique patient characteristics that contribute to person’s treatment experience. Care factors such as duration of treatment and length of stay have been studied as having influence on the outcome of treatment. Others include patient and environmental factors. Globally, poor treatment outcomes mostly reported include dropout rates as high as 90%; relapse rates as high as 91% and high after treatment mortality rates. Research findings have identified many evidence-based treatment strategies for managing substance use disorders, nevertheless there is a gap that continues to exist, that of a lack of success of effective interventions to be spread and implemented so as to improve the lives of those affected. Other studies have also reported these differences in the outcomes and effectiveness of treatment of substance use disorders. There is need for enhanced interventional research that aims at providing an overview of conceptual issues relating to factors that influence treatment outcomes and identifying gaps and directions for improving treatment and treatment outcomes. The fundamental objective of enhanced research in substance use treatment is to reduce the increasing prevalence rates of substance use disorders.
{"title":"Review on Treatment of Substance Use Disorders","authors":"M. W. Njoroge","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000353","url":null,"abstract":"Services for mental and substance use disorders have typically been neglected, and in many countries segregated from mainstream health care with resources allocated not commensurate with the burden. The attention given to mental and substance use disorders cannot be compared to other diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Cancer, and Diabetes among others. Mental and substance use disorders account to about 7.4% of disease burden worldwide. These disorders are responsible for more of the global burden than HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, diabetes, or transport injuries. The increasing number of cases of SUDs globally presents a public health challenge that requires effective evidence based interventions. One of the major challenges is inadequate treatment for SUDs which mostly plague developing countries. It may be difficult to measure the efficacy of treatment as a result of unique patient characteristics that contribute to person’s treatment experience. Care factors such as duration of treatment and length of stay have been studied as having influence on the outcome of treatment. Others include patient and environmental factors. Globally, poor treatment outcomes mostly reported include dropout rates as high as 90%; relapse rates as high as 91% and high after treatment mortality rates. Research findings have identified many evidence-based treatment strategies for managing substance use disorders, nevertheless there is a gap that continues to exist, that of a lack of success of effective interventions to be spread and implemented so as to improve the lives of those affected. Other studies have also reported these differences in the outcomes and effectiveness of treatment of substance use disorders. There is need for enhanced interventional research that aims at providing an overview of conceptual issues relating to factors that influence treatment outcomes and identifying gaps and directions for improving treatment and treatment outcomes. The fundamental objective of enhanced research in substance use treatment is to reduce the increasing prevalence rates of substance use disorders.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86532173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.S11-011
Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt, N. S. Miller
This review is based on literature search to determine the risks and benefits of marijuana as a medical agent and the role for marijuana in mainstream medicine. “Marijuana" is the natural form of cannabis derived from the Cannabis sativa plant and refers specifically to the dried leaves and flowering tops or "herbal cannabis”. Other terms for marijuana are cannabis or hemp. Current clinical studies do not focus on the natural form of marijuana, but evaluate synthetical forms of THC instead. Marijuana is a schedule I substance by federal law with high potential of addiction and no medical benefit which limits research studies and forbids clinical use. However, the synthetically form THC cannot be compared with the natural form of marijuana and vice versa. Unlike most medications on the market, marijuana does not have only one or two active agents. Natural forms of marijuana are derived from the plant, Cannabis sativa, and consist of over 400 compounds including flavonoids and terpenoids and more than 60 cannabinoids other than delta-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Many of these compounds are not understood and their effects and adverse effects unknown.
{"title":"Marijuana-Is It a Medicine?","authors":"Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt, N. S. Miller","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.S11-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S11-011","url":null,"abstract":"This review is based on literature search to determine the risks and benefits of marijuana as a medical agent and the role for marijuana in mainstream medicine. “Marijuana\" is the natural form of cannabis derived from the Cannabis sativa plant and refers specifically to the dried leaves and flowering tops or \"herbal cannabis”. Other terms for marijuana are cannabis or hemp. Current clinical studies do not focus on the natural form of marijuana, but evaluate synthetical forms of THC instead. Marijuana is a schedule I substance by federal law with high potential of addiction and no medical benefit which limits research studies and forbids clinical use. However, the synthetically form THC cannot be compared with the natural form of marijuana and vice versa. Unlike most medications on the market, marijuana does not have only one or two active agents. Natural forms of marijuana are derived from the plant, Cannabis sativa, and consist of over 400 compounds including flavonoids and terpenoids and more than 60 cannabinoids other than delta-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Many of these compounds are not understood and their effects and adverse effects unknown.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88398415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000341
K. Sexton-Radek
The case of a 47 year old male that was assessed for readiness for a spinal cord stimulator trial procedure is presented to illustrate alternatives to narcotic medication treatment for chronic pain. An overview of the assessments administered is given. Twelve weeks of cognitive behavioral treatment is summarized. Summary comments highlighting the advantage of consideration of alternatives to narcotic prescriptions for chronic pain treatment are made.
{"title":"Chronic Pain Pre-Surgical Assessments and Follow-Up Case Study","authors":"K. Sexton-Radek","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000341","url":null,"abstract":"The case of a 47 year old male that was assessed for readiness for a spinal cord stimulator trial procedure is presented to illustrate alternatives to narcotic medication treatment for chronic pain. An overview of the assessments administered is given. Twelve weeks of cognitive behavioral treatment is summarized. Summary comments highlighting the advantage of consideration of alternatives to narcotic prescriptions for chronic pain treatment are made.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88646745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000349
Laith Rabadi, M. Ajlouni, Saleem Masannat, Shaimaa Bataineh, Ghaith Batarseh, Ahmad Yessin, Katreen Haddad, M. Nazer, Saba Al Hmoud, G. Rabadi
This study examined the effects and the connection between Internet addiction and developing depression, stress, anxiety, and psychological symptoms among university students. Participants were 4388 university students from JUST University in Jordan. In this study, the English version of Davis's OCS and the DASS; to isolate and identify aspects of emotional disturbance, were used. By measuring correlation analysis, internet addiction was found completely associated with depression, stress, and anxiety. The analysis of the study results suggests that the association of the two conditions is multifaceted, and shows the effect of Internet addiction in developing other psychological symptoms. All the studies agreed that Internet addiction or the depression increases the risk of both complications whether they were mental disorders or addictive disorders. In view of the negative implications of the co-morbidity of depression and Internet addiction, the suggestion that all clinically relevant cases of depression related to addition on websites and other types of social media networks found in the community should be treated seems logical. However, new studies seem mandatory to document the safety of antidepressant use and the efficacy of treatment of depression in cases of co-morbidity.
{"title":"The Relationship between Depression and Internet Addiction among University Students in Jordan","authors":"Laith Rabadi, M. Ajlouni, Saleem Masannat, Shaimaa Bataineh, Ghaith Batarseh, Ahmad Yessin, Katreen Haddad, M. Nazer, Saba Al Hmoud, G. Rabadi","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000349","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the effects and the connection between Internet addiction and developing depression, stress, anxiety, and psychological symptoms among university students. Participants were 4388 university students from JUST University in Jordan. In this study, the English version of Davis's OCS and the DASS; to isolate and identify aspects of emotional disturbance, were used. By measuring correlation analysis, internet addiction was found completely associated with depression, stress, and anxiety. The analysis of the study results suggests that the association of the two conditions is multifaceted, and shows the effect of Internet addiction in developing other psychological symptoms. All the studies agreed that Internet addiction or the depression increases the risk of both complications whether they were mental disorders or addictive disorders. In view of the negative implications of the co-morbidity of depression and Internet addiction, the suggestion that all clinically relevant cases of depression related to addition on websites and other types of social media networks found in the community should be treated seems logical. However, new studies seem mandatory to document the safety of antidepressant use and the efficacy of treatment of depression in cases of co-morbidity.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82293306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000345
Uche R. Oluoha, C. Duru, Chukwuma C. Okafor, K. Diwe, A. Iwu, C. Aguocha, I. Ohale, E. Nwaigbo
Background: Psychoactive substance use among undergraduate students is a major public health problem globally and over 29 million people worldwide suffer from drug use disorders. Methodology: This study was carried out in February 2017 and the study design was an institution based descriptive cross-sectional type. The study population comprised undergraduate students in selected tertiary institutions of the state. A multistage sampling technique was used in the selection of study subjects. Data was collected using a pretested, semi-structured and self-administered questionnaire and analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 20. The level of statistical significance was set at p-value of ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 22.2 ± 3.8 years. The prevalence of the life time and current use of stimulants were 45.3% and 29.1% respectively and tobacco was the commonest stimulant used both in the past (50.3%) and currently (48.0%). Peer group influence was the commonest reason for initiating use of psychoactive substances. Factors significantly associated with current use of stimulants among the students were; gender (p<0.0001), level of study (p=0.012), accommodation statues (p<0.0001) and status of parents union (p=0.007). Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of psychoactive substance use among the respondents thus appropriate preventive measures should be adopted to minimise this menace.
背景:大学生使用精神活性物质是全球的一个主要公共卫生问题，全世界有超过2900万人患有药物使用障碍。方法:本研究于2017年2月进行，研究设计为基于机构的描述性横断面型。研究对象包括在该州选定的高等教育院校就读的本科生。研究对象的选择采用了多阶段抽样技术。采用预测、半结构化和自我管理的问卷收集数据，并使用IBM SPSS version 20进行分析。p值≤0.05，差异有统计学意义。结果:患者平均年龄22.2±3.8岁。终生兴奋剂使用率和目前兴奋剂使用率分别为45.3%和29.1%，烟草是过去(50.3%)和现在(48.0%)使用最多的兴奋剂。同伴群体影响是开始使用精神活性物质的最常见原因。与学生目前使用兴奋剂显著相关的因素有;性别(p<0.0001)、学习水平(p=0.012)、住宿状况(p<0.0001)和父母婚姻状况(p=0.007)。结论:本研究表明，受访者中精神活性物质的使用率很高，因此应采取适当的预防措施，以尽量减少这种威胁。
{"title":"Socio-Demographic Determinants of Psychoactive Substance Use among Students of Tertiary Institutions in Imo State, Nigeria","authors":"Uche R. Oluoha, C. Duru, Chukwuma C. Okafor, K. Diwe, A. Iwu, C. Aguocha, I. Ohale, E. Nwaigbo","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000345","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Psychoactive substance use among undergraduate students is a major public health problem globally and over 29 million people worldwide suffer from drug use disorders. Methodology: This study was carried out in February 2017 and the study design was an institution based descriptive cross-sectional type. The study population comprised undergraduate students in selected tertiary institutions of the state. A multistage sampling technique was used in the selection of study subjects. Data was collected using a pretested, semi-structured and self-administered questionnaire and analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 20. The level of statistical significance was set at p-value of ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 22.2 ± 3.8 years. The prevalence of the life time and current use of stimulants were 45.3% and 29.1% respectively and tobacco was the commonest stimulant used both in the past (50.3%) and currently (48.0%). Peer group influence was the commonest reason for initiating use of psychoactive substances. Factors significantly associated with current use of stimulants among the students were; gender (p<0.0001), level of study (p=0.012), accommodation statues (p<0.0001) and status of parents union (p=0.007). Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of psychoactive substance use among the respondents thus appropriate preventive measures should be adopted to minimise this menace.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80030202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.S11-012
Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt, N. S. Miller
The following review of literature regarding the pharmacology of marijuana is intended to demonstrate its mental and physical pharmacological effects. "Marijuana" refers specifically to the dried leaves and flowering tops or "herbal cannabis”, the natural form of cannabis as derived from the plant Cannabis sativa. Another term for marijuana is the word cannabis or hemp.
{"title":"Pharmacology of Marijuana","authors":"Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt, N. S. Miller","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.S11-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S11-012","url":null,"abstract":"The following review of literature regarding the pharmacology of marijuana is intended to demonstrate its mental and physical pharmacological effects. \"Marijuana\" refers specifically to the dried leaves and flowering tops or \"herbal cannabis”, the natural form of cannabis as derived from the plant Cannabis sativa. Another term for marijuana is the word cannabis or hemp.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75576447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-31DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000302
F. Micanti, G. Pecoraro, Raimondo Costabile, G. Loiarro, D. Galletta
Introduction: DSM-5 included Binge Eating Disorder (BED) in Eating Disorders indicating binge as psychopathological marker. Impulsivity formed by neuroanatomical and psychosocial factors contributes to binge. Obesity mental dimensions: impulsivity, body image, mood and anxiety participate to eating behaviours. They can be distinguished in gorging, snacking, grazing and binge. Impulsivity is generally investigated in obese subjects without making differences among them. This study's aim is to highlight the differences between obese BED and non-BED candidates to bariatric surgery assessing: quantity and quality of impulsivity among eating behaviors; different facets of impulsivity; weight regain after bariatric surgery as consequence of impulsivity disorder. Methods: 1355 obese subjects underwent psychiatric assessment before bariatric surgery. 984 were selected and enrolled in this study, divided into two groups based on eating behavior: binge eating and gorging/snacking considered as sample of low psychopathology. Every patient underwent psychiatric evaluation. It consists of: psychiatric examination, eating behavior structured interview, impulsivity psych diagnosis: BIS-11, BES and EDI-2. Barratt inner factors: cognitive, motor and non-planning factors were also considered associated with EDI-2 subscales indicating impulsivity. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson Chi square test, Ancova and TTest. Significance was set at p<0.001. Results: Data analysis shows a global increase of impulsivity in obese BED versus non BED. Inner impulsivity facets indicate that binge is characterised by increase of CF and MF higher than NPF related to increase of EDI-2 subscales: I, IR, IA, Bu. Conclusion: This study shows that BED obese subjects suffer from a global impulsivity disorder. The alterations of its inner factors associated to EDI-2 subscales: interoceptive awareness, insecurity and insufficient impulse regulation stress emotional regulation disorder and the inability to control food-intake. This lack of control determines poor compliance after bariatric surgery and weight regain.
简介:DSM-5将暴食症(BED)纳入饮食失调，表明暴食症是一种精神病理标志。由神经解剖学和社会心理因素形成的冲动性有助于暴食。肥胖心理维度:冲动、身体形象、情绪和焦虑参与饮食行为。他们可以通过狼吞虎咽、吃零食、吃草和暴食来区分。冲动性通常在肥胖受试者中进行调查，而不区分他们之间的差异。本研究的目的是强调肥胖BED和非BED候选人在减肥手术评估中的差异:饮食行为中冲动的数量和质量;冲动的不同方面;冲动性障碍导致的减肥手术后体重恢复。方法:1355名肥胖患者在减肥手术前接受精神病学评估。984人被选入本研究，根据饮食行为分为两组:暴饮暴食和狼吞虎咽/吃零食被认为是低精神病理样本。每位患者都接受了精神病学评估。包括:精神病学检查、饮食行为结构化访谈、冲动性心理诊断:BIS-11、BES、edi2。Barratt内部因素:认知、运动和非计划因素也被认为与指示冲动性的EDI-2分量表相关。统计学分析采用Pearson卡方检验、Ancova和TTest。显著性设为p<0.001。结果:数据分析显示，与非BED患者相比，肥胖BED患者的冲动性在全球范围内有所增加。内在冲动方面表明，暴食的特点是CF和MF的增加高于NPF，这与EDI-2亚量表的增加有关:I, IR, IA, Bu。结论:本研究表明BED型肥胖患者存在一种全身性冲动障碍。与EDI-2量表相关的内在因素的改变:内感受性意识、不安全感和冲动调节不足、应激情绪调节障碍和无法控制食物摄入。这种缺乏控制决定了减肥手术和体重恢复后的依从性差。
{"title":"An Explorative Analysis of Binge Eating Disorder Impulsivity among Obese Candidates to Bariatric Surgery","authors":"F. Micanti, G. Pecoraro, Raimondo Costabile, G. Loiarro, D. Galletta","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000302","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: DSM-5 included Binge Eating Disorder (BED) in Eating Disorders indicating binge as psychopathological marker. Impulsivity formed by neuroanatomical and psychosocial factors contributes to binge. Obesity mental dimensions: impulsivity, body image, mood and anxiety participate to eating behaviours. They can be distinguished in gorging, snacking, grazing and binge. Impulsivity is generally investigated in obese subjects without making differences among them. This study's aim is to highlight the differences between obese BED and non-BED candidates to bariatric surgery assessing: quantity and quality of impulsivity among eating behaviors; different facets of impulsivity; weight regain after bariatric surgery as consequence of impulsivity disorder. \u0000Methods: 1355 obese subjects underwent psychiatric assessment before bariatric surgery. 984 were selected and enrolled in this study, divided into two groups based on eating behavior: binge eating and gorging/snacking considered as sample of low psychopathology. Every patient underwent psychiatric evaluation. It consists of: psychiatric examination, eating behavior structured interview, impulsivity psych diagnosis: BIS-11, BES and EDI-2. Barratt inner factors: cognitive, motor and non-planning factors were also considered associated with EDI-2 subscales indicating impulsivity. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson Chi square test, Ancova and TTest. Significance was set at p<0.001. \u0000Results: Data analysis shows a global increase of impulsivity in obese BED versus non BED. Inner impulsivity facets indicate that binge is characterised by increase of CF and MF higher than NPF related to increase of EDI-2 subscales: I, IR, IA, Bu. \u0000Conclusion: This study shows that BED obese subjects suffer from a global impulsivity disorder. The alterations of its inner factors associated to EDI-2 subscales: interoceptive awareness, insecurity and insufficient impulse regulation stress emotional regulation disorder and the inability to control food-intake. This lack of control determines poor compliance after bariatric surgery and weight regain.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"60 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74395419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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