Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1c.2ms-2024-3-14
Zahraa Alshammary, Amer Al-Khafaji, Fahad M. Al-Najm
The Abu-Amood (Rafidain) Oilfield considered as one among five main fields of Nasiriya, with multiple oil reservoir units: Mishrif, Mauddud, Zubair, Nahr Umr, Ratawi, and Yamama formations. The current study highlights the findings of identifying and analyzing the petrophysical characterization of the carbonate Yamama reservoir units in the studied oil field in southern Iraq, in order to understand their influence on the reservoir hydrocarbon potential production of the field. A set of wirelines well logs for five wells was investigated for reservoir evaluation and reservoir unit characterization, including gamma-ray, caliper, spontaneous potential, neutron, sonic, density, and resistivity wire logs. The Didger Software utilized for converting the geophysical wireline log images to digital data, which was then transferred to Excel and IP software to determine and interpret the qualitative and quantitative interpretations values, like porosity, permeability, water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation (Sh), and total water volume. According to the gamma-ray vs. neutrons chart, three types of lithology were identified (limestone, argillaceous limestone, and shale). The Yamama Formation is primarily made of limestone, with argillaceous limestone accounting for the majority of the primary mineral components, and the neutron-density relationship chart which also shows a little gas in wells AAm1, 2, 4, and 5. Based on the results of the petrophysical characteristics interpretations of the oilfield wells, the Yamama Formation was include six units: YR-1, YR-2, YR-3, YR-4, YR-5, and YR-6, and separated by five barrier beds. The porosity ratio variety between fair to good (from 0.10 to 0.17%) in reservoir units which are the most significant reservoir units and oil-containing zones due to their good porosity and low water saturation and permeability which variety from very good to moderate in YR-1 unit. The remaining units are considered inefficient reservoir and do not hold hydrocarbons because of low porosity ratio and high-water saturation.
{"title":"Characterization of the Yamama Reservoir in the Abu-Amood Oil Field, Nasiriya, Southern Iraq","authors":"Zahraa Alshammary, Amer Al-Khafaji, Fahad M. Al-Najm","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1c.2ms-2024-3-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.2ms-2024-3-14","url":null,"abstract":"The Abu-Amood (Rafidain) Oilfield considered as one among five main fields of Nasiriya, with multiple oil reservoir units: Mishrif, Mauddud, Zubair, Nahr Umr, Ratawi, and Yamama formations. The current study highlights the findings of identifying and analyzing the petrophysical characterization of the carbonate Yamama reservoir units in the studied oil field in southern Iraq, in order to understand their influence on the reservoir hydrocarbon potential production of the field. A set of wirelines well logs for five wells was investigated for reservoir evaluation and reservoir unit characterization, including gamma-ray, caliper, spontaneous potential, neutron, sonic, density, and resistivity wire logs. The Didger Software utilized for converting the geophysical wireline log images to digital data, which was then transferred to Excel and IP software to determine and interpret the qualitative and quantitative interpretations values, like porosity, permeability, water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation (Sh), and total water volume. According to the gamma-ray vs. neutrons chart, three types of lithology were identified (limestone, argillaceous limestone, and shale). The Yamama Formation is primarily made of limestone, with argillaceous limestone accounting for the majority of the primary mineral components, and the neutron-density relationship chart which also shows a little gas in wells AAm1, 2, 4, and 5. Based on the results of the petrophysical characteristics interpretations of the oilfield wells, the Yamama Formation was include six units: YR-1, YR-2, YR-3, YR-4, YR-5, and YR-6, and separated by five barrier beds. The porosity ratio variety between fair to good (from 0.10 to 0.17%) in reservoir units which are the most significant reservoir units and oil-containing zones due to their good porosity and low water saturation and permeability which variety from very good to moderate in YR-1 unit. The remaining units are considered inefficient reservoir and do not hold hydrocarbons because of low porosity ratio and high-water saturation.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"37 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140358478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1c.5ms-2024-3-17
Rzger Abdulla, Hussein Hussein, Masoud Hamad, Alan Abdulla
Well logs were utilized to investigate petrophysical properties of the Khurmala Formation’s surface outcrops in Shaqlawa Subdistrict and Tawke Oilfield, e.g., lithology, shale volume, porosity, and fracture. The thickness of the formation is about 15 m in the Shaqlawa section and 42 m in the Tawke Oilfield. Porosity logs were used to estimate porosity; where the porosity values reached a maximum of 52% from the sonic log, 48% from the density log, and 35% from the neutron porosity log. The reservoir quality of the Khurmala Formation, as determined through the analysis of thin sections, which were obtained from outcrop samples, is deemed to be of low quality. The determined shale volume within the examined interval exhibits a moderate level of clay constituents, with the highest gamma-ray measurement indicating a shale content of 29% at some locations within the reservoir. This integrated method using various conventional well logs suggests a great probability of petrophysical properties in the Khurmala Formation to be considered as the reservoir.
{"title":"Reservoir Characterization of the Paleogene Khurmala Formation in Tawke and Shaqlawa Areas, Kurdistan Region of Iraq","authors":"Rzger Abdulla, Hussein Hussein, Masoud Hamad, Alan Abdulla","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1c.5ms-2024-3-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.5ms-2024-3-17","url":null,"abstract":"Well logs were utilized to investigate petrophysical properties of the Khurmala Formation’s surface outcrops in Shaqlawa Subdistrict and Tawke Oilfield, e.g., lithology, shale volume, porosity, and fracture. The thickness of the formation is about 15 m in the Shaqlawa section and 42 m in the Tawke Oilfield. Porosity logs were used to estimate porosity; where the porosity values reached a maximum of 52% from the sonic log, 48% from the density log, and 35% from the neutron porosity log. The reservoir quality of the Khurmala Formation, as determined through the analysis of thin sections, which were obtained from outcrop samples, is deemed to be of low quality. The determined shale volume within the examined interval exhibits a moderate level of clay constituents, with the highest gamma-ray measurement indicating a shale content of 29% at some locations within the reservoir. This integrated method using various conventional well logs suggests a great probability of petrophysical properties in the Khurmala Formation to be considered as the reservoir.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"21 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140358699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1c.13ms-2024-3-25
Noor Ali, Enaam Abdullah
The study of the distribution of major oxides and heavy metals in some plants collecting and analyzing eighteen plant samples of vegetables including carrot, onion, eggplant, cucumber, and okra obtained from Abu Ghraib land located about 20 km west of Baghdad, Iraq. Eighteen plant samples of vegetables,.Heavy metals can have a severe impact if released into the environment, even in trace quantities. These can enter the food chain from aquatic and agricultural ecosystems and indirectly threaten human health.. Trace elements and oxides of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Th, U, V, and Zn were measured in plant samples using an X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument (XRF). TEs analyses of vegetables were performed in the Iraqi German Laboratory in the Department of Geology, University of Baghdad. The results of XRF indicated that the highest Mean ± SD concentrations of As, Cr, Mo, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn were 5.24 ± 1.846, 229.436 ± 53.598, 12.97 ± 3.95, 69.128 ± 60.577, 87.14 ± 56.711, 18.826 ± 7.572, 0.5 ± 0, 88.506 ± 5.902 and 236.25 ± 227.55 ppm in carrot. Eggplant exhibited the highest concentration of Mn and U, which was 56.923 ± 39.584 and 1.76 ± 1.81 ppm, respectively. However, the total hazard quotient (THQ) of the investigated elements indicated that their levels have no potential to cause a risk to consumers’ health, except Cr (THQ >1), which was higher in all plant samples. This study suggests the safety of vegetables (carrot, onion, eggplant, cucumber, and okra) harvested from farms in Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad, and their low risk of inducing serious health events and raises a concern of the elevated levels of Cr, which necessitate innovative methods to decrease its risk.
{"title":"Accumulation, Bioavailability, and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Some Plants Obtained from Abu-Ghraib Land, Baghdad, Iraq","authors":"Noor Ali, Enaam Abdullah","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1c.13ms-2024-3-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.13ms-2024-3-25","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the distribution of major oxides and heavy metals in some plants collecting and analyzing eighteen plant samples of vegetables including carrot, onion, eggplant, cucumber, and okra obtained from Abu Ghraib land located about 20 km west of Baghdad, Iraq. Eighteen plant samples of vegetables,.Heavy metals can have a severe impact if released into the environment, even in trace quantities. These can enter the food chain from aquatic and agricultural ecosystems and indirectly threaten human health.. Trace elements and oxides of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Th, U, V, and Zn were measured in plant samples using an X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument (XRF). TEs analyses of vegetables were performed in the Iraqi German Laboratory in the Department of Geology, University of Baghdad. The results of XRF indicated that the highest Mean ± SD concentrations of As, Cr, Mo, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn were 5.24 ± 1.846, 229.436 ± 53.598, 12.97 ± 3.95, 69.128 ± 60.577, 87.14 ± 56.711, 18.826 ± 7.572, 0.5 ± 0, 88.506 ± 5.902 and 236.25 ± 227.55 ppm in carrot. Eggplant exhibited the highest concentration of Mn and U, which was 56.923 ± 39.584 and 1.76 ± 1.81 ppm, respectively. However, the total hazard quotient (THQ) of the investigated elements indicated that their levels have no potential to cause a risk to consumers’ health, except Cr (THQ >1), which was higher in all plant samples. This study suggests the safety of vegetables (carrot, onion, eggplant, cucumber, and okra) harvested from farms in Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad, and their low risk of inducing serious health events and raises a concern of the elevated levels of Cr, which necessitate innovative methods to decrease its risk.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"39 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140357663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1c.7ms-2024-3-19
Alaa Al-Rikaby, Mohammed Al-Jawad
Carbonate reservoirs have been a primary focus for academics and oil and gas companies for many years. However, the complex nature of these rocks has always posed challenges. This is particularly true in the study area, which is located in the unstable Mesopotamian Basin, where multiple oil fields produce hydrocarbons from NW-SE-trending anticlines along the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. The primary goal of reservoir simulation is to forecast reservoir performance and apply different techniques to improve hydrocarbon recovery under different conditions. The study area faces a problem of discrepancy in the bubble pressure at the same reservoir unit, which is attributed to the faults in the Mishrif reservoir. A study was conducted to investigate the causes of this phenomenon. The proposed method for verification involves simulating history matching using the Petrel platform after building two geological models on the probability of the fault and the reef; as a result of seismic survey interpretation. Field data for gas production of the reservoir and Pressure-Volume-Temperature analyses, especially the wells (well pad F), were used to determine the causes of the discrepancy. The current study found that the calculated and observed data match more consistently in the case of the fault rather than in the case of the reef, indicating the presence of fault in the area near the well pad F. This caused compartmentalization, leading to the discrepancy in the bubble pressure. This study could significantly improve regional exploration, especially in Iraq.
多年来，碳酸盐岩储层一直是学术界和油气公司关注的重点。然而，这些岩石的复杂性质一直是个难题。研究区域位于不稳定的美索不达米亚盆地，多个油田沿扎格罗斯褶皱-推力带从西北-东南走向的反斜中生产碳氢化合物，情况尤其如此。储层模拟的主要目标是预测储层性能，并在不同条件下应用不同技术提高油气采收率。研究区域面临着同一储层单元气泡压力不一致的问题，这归因于 Mishrif 储层中的断层。研究人员对造成这一现象的原因进行了调查。提出的验证方法包括：根据地震勘探解释结果，在建立断层和暗礁概率两个地质模型后，使用 Petrel 平台模拟历史匹配。利用储层产气的现场数据和压力-体积-温度分析，特别是油井（F 井台），来确定造成差异的原因。目前的研究发现，在断层的情况下，计算数据与观测数据的吻合程度比在礁石的情况下更一致，这表明 F 井台附近区域存在断层。这项研究可以极大地改进区域勘探，尤其是在伊拉克。
{"title":"Investigating the Bubble Point Pressure Discrepancy by History Matching for Mishrif Reservoir, Southern Iraqi Oil Field","authors":"Alaa Al-Rikaby, Mohammed Al-Jawad","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1c.7ms-2024-3-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.7ms-2024-3-19","url":null,"abstract":"Carbonate reservoirs have been a primary focus for academics and oil and gas companies for many years. However, the complex nature of these rocks has always posed challenges. This is particularly true in the study area, which is located in the unstable Mesopotamian Basin, where multiple oil fields produce hydrocarbons from NW-SE-trending anticlines along the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. The primary goal of reservoir simulation is to forecast reservoir performance and apply different techniques to improve hydrocarbon recovery under different conditions. The study area faces a problem of discrepancy in the bubble pressure at the same reservoir unit, which is attributed to the faults in the Mishrif reservoir. A study was conducted to investigate the causes of this phenomenon. The proposed method for verification involves simulating history matching using the Petrel platform after building two geological models on the probability of the fault and the reef; as a result of seismic survey interpretation. Field data for gas production of the reservoir and Pressure-Volume-Temperature analyses, especially the wells (well pad F), were used to determine the causes of the discrepancy. The current study found that the calculated and observed data match more consistently in the case of the fault rather than in the case of the reef, indicating the presence of fault in the area near the well pad F. This caused compartmentalization, leading to the discrepancy in the bubble pressure. This study could significantly improve regional exploration, especially in Iraq.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140359426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1c.15ms-2024-3-27
Mohamed Ahmed, S. Araffa, Tarek Hamed, T. Rabeh, A. Helaly, Karam Farag
Nine Magnetotelluric stations and 198 Land-Magnetic points were conducted within reclamation regions at the western and southwestern areas of the New Sphinx City, Egypt. The main target is to explore the deep groundwater aquifer (Nubian Aquifer), and its reserves. This was interpreted with integrated data available from thirteen water wells within the studied area. Their depths range from 160 to 773 m. We noticed that the wells don’t reach the Nubian Aquifer and the groundwater in the area comes from the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous, the Upper Cretaceous-Eocene Limestone, and the Oligo-Miocene aquifers, which contain brackish/saline water. The groundwater table ranges between 128-170 m from the topographic-controlled ground surface. Structurally, the area is dissected by two major thrust faults trending in the NE-SW direction, while there is one major normal fault trending in the NW-SE direction. The results showed that the basement relief ranges between -2250 to -4650 m below mean sea level. The Nubian Aquifer extends through the central region within the area according to the results of Nine Magnetotelluric data. It is bounded by the two inverted faults within the Kattaniya inverted basin which is gradually thinning in the southward direction to disappear completely at the Gindi basin. It is partitioned into two units; the upper one was found at an average depth range between -1760 to -2245 m with an average thickness of about 485 m, while the lower unit depth ranges between -2800 to -3825 m with an average thickness of about 1025 m.
{"title":"Groundwater Inspection and Aquifer Assessment Using Magnetotellurics and Magnetic Data at the Reclamation Area Around New Sphinx City, Egypt","authors":"Mohamed Ahmed, S. Araffa, Tarek Hamed, T. Rabeh, A. Helaly, Karam Farag","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1c.15ms-2024-3-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.15ms-2024-3-27","url":null,"abstract":"Nine Magnetotelluric stations and 198 Land-Magnetic points were conducted within reclamation regions at the western and southwestern areas of the New Sphinx City, Egypt. The main target is to explore the deep groundwater aquifer (Nubian Aquifer), and its reserves. This was interpreted with integrated data available from thirteen water wells within the studied area. Their depths range from 160 to 773 m. We noticed that the wells don’t reach the Nubian Aquifer and the groundwater in the area comes from the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous, the Upper Cretaceous-Eocene Limestone, and the Oligo-Miocene aquifers, which contain brackish/saline water. The groundwater table ranges between 128-170 m from the topographic-controlled ground surface. Structurally, the area is dissected by two major thrust faults trending in the NE-SW direction, while there is one major normal fault trending in the NW-SE direction. The results showed that the basement relief ranges between -2250 to -4650 m below mean sea level. The Nubian Aquifer extends through the central region within the area according to the results of Nine Magnetotelluric data. It is bounded by the two inverted faults within the Kattaniya inverted basin which is gradually thinning in the southward direction to disappear completely at the Gindi basin. It is partitioned into two units; the upper one was found at an average depth range between -1760 to -2245 m with an average thickness of about 485 m, while the lower unit depth ranges between -2800 to -3825 m with an average thickness of about 1025 m.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"116 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1c.18ms-2024-3-30
H. Al-Hayali, O. Al-Tamimi, D. Hamamin
Groundwater is considered one of the main sources of providing water for agricultural, domestic, and industrial activities within the Kirkuk province. The current article aims to assess the groundwater impound and estimate the hydraulic properties of the main aquifers within the Shwan sub-basin. Pumping test was conducted in 6 water wells with the aid of the principal observation wells drilled in the Bai-Hassan formation and Quaternary deposit. Based on the sketches of the drilling wells and according to the results of the hydraulic characteristics the aquifer types lie under the confined to semi-confined conditions. The saturation thickness varies between 35–82 m. The values of hydraulic conductivity ranged between 12–28 m/d the Transitivity is in the range of 570 m2/d–1032 m2/day, and the storage coefficient ranged between 3 x 10-4 – 9 x 10-4. The flow net map was created by measuring the depths of the groundwater from 55 wells drilled inside the area of interest. The depths to the water table range from 7.5 –108 m below the ground surface and the static water level varies from 235–750 m a.s.l. The groundwater flow map shows that the water in the area heads mainly from the eastern towards the western direction, then drains to the Lesser Zab River.
地下水被认为是基尔库克省农业、家庭和工业活动用水的主要来源之一。本文旨在评估地下水蓄积情况，并估算什万子盆地内主要含水层的水力特性。借助在 Bai-Hassan 地层和第四纪沉积层钻探的主要观察井，对 6 口水井进行了抽水试验。根据钻井草图和水力特征结果，含水层类型属于封闭到半封闭条件。饱和厚度介于 35-82 米之间。水力传导系数介于 12-28 米/天之间，渗透率介于 570 平方米/天-1032 平方米/天之间，储存系数介于 3 x 10-4-9 x 10-4 之间。流网图是通过测量相关区域内 55 口钻井的地下水深度绘制的。地下水流图显示，该地区的水主要从东部流向西部，然后排入小扎卜河。
{"title":"Hydrogeological Assessment of the Aquifers in Shwan Sub-Basin, Kirkuk, Iraq","authors":"H. Al-Hayali, O. Al-Tamimi, D. Hamamin","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1c.18ms-2024-3-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.18ms-2024-3-30","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is considered one of the main sources of providing water for agricultural, domestic, and industrial activities within the Kirkuk province. The current article aims to assess the groundwater impound and estimate the hydraulic properties of the main aquifers within the Shwan sub-basin. Pumping test was conducted in 6 water wells with the aid of the principal observation wells drilled in the Bai-Hassan formation and Quaternary deposit. Based on the sketches of the drilling wells and according to the results of the hydraulic characteristics the aquifer types lie under the confined to semi-confined conditions. The saturation thickness varies between 35–82 m. The values of hydraulic conductivity ranged between 12–28 m/d the Transitivity is in the range of 570 m2/d–1032 m2/day, and the storage coefficient ranged between 3 x 10-4 – 9 x 10-4. The flow net map was created by measuring the depths of the groundwater from 55 wells drilled inside the area of interest. The depths to the water table range from 7.5 –108 m below the ground surface and the static water level varies from 235–750 m a.s.l. The groundwater flow map shows that the water in the area heads mainly from the eastern towards the western direction, then drains to the Lesser Zab River.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"41 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140357784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1c.17ms-2024-3-29
K. Al-Aarajy, Maitham Sultan, Z. Hassan
Freshwater found underground in the tiny spaces (pores) of soil and rocks is known as groundwater. Groundwater is a valuable resource that considerably contributes to the yearly supplies. To preserve water quality and oversee groundwater systems, evaluation of the potential zone of groundwater recharge is crucial. Using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, groundwater potential zones are identified. This study proposes to use satellite imagery and the software program (ArcGIS) to find a groundwater potential zone in Babylon City, Iraq. A groundwater map has been created using various data, namely slope, drainage density, lineament density, land use/land cover, geology type, soil type, and rainfall map. All these data are collected using a weighted overlay tool. Five categories were created based on the groundwater results: very poor, poor, moderate, good, and exceptional. The 'good' class covers about 32% of the study area. The current study shows that excellent groundwater class exists in Al-Hindiyah Dam, Al-Muhaweel, Al-Midhatiyah, Al-Kifil, and Al-Mashrua’a. The excellent groundwater class in Al-Shommali covers approximately 198.0054 km2. Certain areas like Al-Musaib Center, Al-Hilla Center, Al-Hashimiyah, and Abi Garaq don't have much groundwater. The moderate and excellent classes cover around 19% of the study area. The main conclusion is that Remote Sensing and GIS have gained recognition as a practical approach to mapping groundwater potential zones due to their ability to integrate diverse spatial data.
{"title":"Determination of the Groundwater Potential Zones in Babylon Using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques","authors":"K. Al-Aarajy, Maitham Sultan, Z. Hassan","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1c.17ms-2024-3-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.17ms-2024-3-29","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater found underground in the tiny spaces (pores) of soil and rocks is known as groundwater. Groundwater is a valuable resource that considerably contributes to the yearly supplies. To preserve water quality and oversee groundwater systems, evaluation of the potential zone of groundwater recharge is crucial. Using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, groundwater potential zones are identified. This study proposes to use satellite imagery and the software program (ArcGIS) to find a groundwater potential zone in Babylon City, Iraq. A groundwater map has been created using various data, namely slope, drainage density, lineament density, land use/land cover, geology type, soil type, and rainfall map. All these data are collected using a weighted overlay tool. Five categories were created based on the groundwater results: very poor, poor, moderate, good, and exceptional. The 'good' class covers about 32% of the study area. The current study shows that excellent groundwater class exists in Al-Hindiyah Dam, Al-Muhaweel, Al-Midhatiyah, Al-Kifil, and Al-Mashrua’a. The excellent groundwater class in Al-Shommali covers approximately 198.0054 km2. Certain areas like Al-Musaib Center, Al-Hilla Center, Al-Hashimiyah, and Abi Garaq don't have much groundwater. The moderate and excellent classes cover around 19% of the study area. The main conclusion is that Remote Sensing and GIS have gained recognition as a practical approach to mapping groundwater potential zones due to their ability to integrate diverse spatial data.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140359600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1c.6ms-2024-3-18
Yahya J. Tawfeeq, Mahmood Al-Mufarji, Qahtan Abdul Aziz
Changes to certain geophysical characteristics, such as sonic transit time with depth, indicate the pressure system of over-pressured zones. In this study, well-log data is used to investigate the distribution of formation overpressures in the tertiary reservoirs of one Iraqi oil field. Three wells located within the tertiary carbonate reservoir of one Iraqi oil field are of interest in this study. To assess the reservoirs, a petrophysics log analysis was carried out. The reservoir's intervals are the area of interest. The sonic velocity data was used to create a normal compaction trend line, and the overpressure zones were identified by observing the reversals in the normal compaction trend line. The pore pressure, fracture pressure, and gradients were calculated using the Eaton method. The method relies on the correlation between the normal transit time found on the normal compaction trend and the observed transit time from the log reading. The sonic log determines the bulk density and matches the density derived from the density log. Abnormal pressures were identified primarily within the area of interest, especially with unit B in Well 1. In Well 2, the abnormal pressures were recognized in zones above the area of interest. Abnormal pressures in Well 3 were identified primarily within all areas of interest. The importance of this work is to help predict overpressure zones in the research area before drilling or workover.
某些地球物理特征的变化，如声波穿越时间随深度的变化，显示了超压区的压力系统。本研究利用井记录数据调查了伊拉克一个油田三级储层中地层超压的分布情况。本研究关注的是位于一个伊拉克油田三级碳酸盐岩储层内的三口油井。为了评估储油层，进行了岩石物理测井分析。储油层的间隔是研究的重点区域。利用声速数据绘制了一条正常压实趋势线，并通过观察正常压实趋势线的反转来确定超压区。孔隙压力、裂缝压力和梯度采用伊顿法计算。该方法依赖于在正常压实趋势上发现的正常运移时间与测井读数中观察到的运移时间之间的相关性。声波测井记录确定了体积密度，并与密度测井记录得出的密度相匹配。异常压力主要出现在相关区域，尤其是 1 号井的 B 单元。在 2 号井中，异常压力出现在相关区域上方的区域。3 号井的异常压力主要出现在所有相关区域。这项工作的重要性在于有助于在钻井或修井之前预测研究区域的超压区。
{"title":"Predicating of Formation Pore Pressures in Tertiary Reservoirs Using Geophysical Wireline Log Data","authors":"Yahya J. Tawfeeq, Mahmood Al-Mufarji, Qahtan Abdul Aziz","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1c.6ms-2024-3-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.6ms-2024-3-18","url":null,"abstract":"Changes to certain geophysical characteristics, such as sonic transit time with depth, indicate the pressure system of over-pressured zones. In this study, well-log data is used to investigate the distribution of formation overpressures in the tertiary reservoirs of one Iraqi oil field. Three wells located within the tertiary carbonate reservoir of one Iraqi oil field are of interest in this study. To assess the reservoirs, a petrophysics log analysis was carried out. The reservoir's intervals are the area of interest. The sonic velocity data was used to create a normal compaction trend line, and the overpressure zones were identified by observing the reversals in the normal compaction trend line. The pore pressure, fracture pressure, and gradients were calculated using the Eaton method. The method relies on the correlation between the normal transit time found on the normal compaction trend and the observed transit time from the log reading. The sonic log determines the bulk density and matches the density derived from the density log. Abnormal pressures were identified primarily within the area of interest, especially with unit B in Well 1. In Well 2, the abnormal pressures were recognized in zones above the area of interest. Abnormal pressures in Well 3 were identified primarily within all areas of interest. The importance of this work is to help predict overpressure zones in the research area before drilling or workover.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"38 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140358051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1c.14ms-2024-3-26
Hayder Majeed, A. Al-Banna
The upward continuation was used to obtain central Iraq's residual gravity and RTP magnetic maps at elevations 2, 12, 16, and 22 km. These maps are processed by the Total Horizontal Derivative (THD) technique to detect the main lineaments that represent the boundary of subsurface sources or faults. The obtained lineaments trends represented on the rose diagram and the main trends in the study area were found. The lineaments (faults) orders from the main trend descending, from gravity data, are N55W, N45W, N35W, N-S, and N65W, respectively, for the four considered upward elevations. The length of the faults obtained from gravity data ranges from 40-250km, while the length of faults obtained from magnetic data ranges from 20-100km. The lineament from the main trend descending, from magnetic data, are NS, N55W, N35W, N45W, N45E, N35E, N65W and N55E, respectively. The lineaments obtained from magnetic data indicate that the main trend in shallow sources is NW-SE, while for deep sources; the main trend is N-S. The NW-SE fault trends obtained from gravity data are related to the Najd faults system, while the N-S fault trends are related to the Nabitah system. Generally, it is indicated from the analysis of lineaments of gravity and magnetic data that the NW-SE is the main trend of shallow structures in most areas of central Iraq.
{"title":"The Main Lineament Trends of Central Iraq, Depending on the THD of Residual Gravity and Magnetic Maps Obtained from Four Upward Continuation Levels","authors":"Hayder Majeed, A. Al-Banna","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1c.14ms-2024-3-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.14ms-2024-3-26","url":null,"abstract":"The upward continuation was used to obtain central Iraq's residual gravity and RTP magnetic maps at elevations 2, 12, 16, and 22 km. These maps are processed by the Total Horizontal Derivative (THD) technique to detect the main lineaments that represent the boundary of subsurface sources or faults. The obtained lineaments trends represented on the rose diagram and the main trends in the study area were found. The lineaments (faults) orders from the main trend descending, from gravity data, are N55W, N45W, N35W, N-S, and N65W, respectively, for the four considered upward elevations. The length of the faults obtained from gravity data ranges from 40-250km, while the length of faults obtained from magnetic data ranges from 20-100km. The lineament from the main trend descending, from magnetic data, are NS, N55W, N35W, N45W, N45E, N35E, N65W and N55E, respectively. The lineaments obtained from magnetic data indicate that the main trend in shallow sources is NW-SE, while for deep sources; the main trend is N-S. The NW-SE fault trends obtained from gravity data are related to the Najd faults system, while the N-S fault trends are related to the Nabitah system. Generally, it is indicated from the analysis of lineaments of gravity and magnetic data that the NW-SE is the main trend of shallow structures in most areas of central Iraq.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1c.19ms-2024-3-31
Ismail Ismail, Abbas Ali, Safaa Jassim
This study was based on a review of a group of geomorphological features and characteristics within the Kirkuk anticline in the Low Folded Zone within the Unstable Shelf of Iraq. As well as identifying the role of the chemistry of the rocks that form the geological formations in the studied area and explaining the role of chemical weathering processes in shaping the geomorphological units. Each of these geomorphological units includes several landforms with different lithologies. These shapes were produced as a result of weathering, erosion, and sedimentation processes associated with structural, compositional, rock, and climatic factors. Literature. The exposed rocks in the sedimentation basin, from which different formations are formed, showed variation in their resistance to chemical and physical weathering processes. It has been noted that the chemical weathering of gypsum rocks is of the type of incipient weathering and that of limestone is of the type of incipient to moderate weathering. For the sandstones, they are of the moderate weathering type, while it is noted that the chemical weathering of the claystone and marl is of the extreme weathering type. This demonstrates the important role played by the type of rocks and their chemical composition in highlighting the role of various geomorphological processes in determining the nature of land units and forming the geomorphological features, in addition to the influence of various geological processes and the presence of structural units such as joints, fractures, and faults, as well as the influence of slope and various climatic factors.
{"title":"Some Geomorphological Implications of Chemical Weathering in Sequences of Sedimentary Rocks in the Kirkuk Structure","authors":"Ismail Ismail, Abbas Ali, Safaa Jassim","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1c.19ms-2024-3-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.19ms-2024-3-31","url":null,"abstract":"This study was based on a review of a group of geomorphological features and characteristics within the Kirkuk anticline in the Low Folded Zone within the Unstable Shelf of Iraq. As well as identifying the role of the chemistry of the rocks that form the geological formations in the studied area and explaining the role of chemical weathering processes in shaping the geomorphological units. Each of these geomorphological units includes several landforms with different lithologies. These shapes were produced as a result of weathering, erosion, and sedimentation processes associated with structural, compositional, rock, and climatic factors. Literature. The exposed rocks in the sedimentation basin, from which different formations are formed, showed variation in their resistance to chemical and physical weathering processes. It has been noted that the chemical weathering of gypsum rocks is of the type of incipient weathering and that of limestone is of the type of incipient to moderate weathering. For the sandstones, they are of the moderate weathering type, while it is noted that the chemical weathering of the claystone and marl is of the extreme weathering type. This demonstrates the important role played by the type of rocks and their chemical composition in highlighting the role of various geomorphological processes in determining the nature of land units and forming the geomorphological features, in addition to the influence of various geological processes and the presence of structural units such as joints, fractures, and faults, as well as the influence of slope and various climatic factors.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"27 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140358969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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