Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.9ms-2024-2-18
Alaa Al-Rikaby, Mohammed Al-Jawad
The seismic survey is based on the reflected wave’s inherent nature from the interface among layers, which depends on the layer's density and velocity. This is called acoustic impedance and is used to resolve the confusion associated with the stratigraphic structure of the Mishrif formations in the Garraf oil field. The seismic section of the Garraf oil field in Thi-Qar Province, south of Iraq, was analyzed and interpreted. Considering the most important petroleum accumulation reservoir in the Garraf oil field, to update the structural images of the Mishrif Formation. A seismic study of the actual amplitude reflections, temporal maps, and three-dimensional depositional models demonstrated that the Mishrif Formation generate hydrocarbon from an individual structural trap in the presence of oil. Numerous abrupt discontinuities were observed in the seismic reflectors of the reservoir units of the Mishrif Formation, suggesting either a reef or a fault. The correct probability can be shown by establishing a historical match between the reservoir model and the actual behavior of the reservoir or by running a 3D vertical seismic profile log (VSP), which is more precise than the seismic survey previously used to explore faults.
{"title":"Unlocking the Mysteries of the Mishrif Formation: Seismic Data Reinterpretation and Structural Analysis for Reservoir Performance Optimization in the Garraf Oil Field, Southern Iraq","authors":"Alaa Al-Rikaby, Mohammed Al-Jawad","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.9ms-2024-2-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.9ms-2024-2-18","url":null,"abstract":"The seismic survey is based on the reflected wave’s inherent nature from the interface among layers, which depends on the layer's density and velocity. This is called acoustic impedance and is used to resolve the confusion associated with the stratigraphic structure of the Mishrif formations in the Garraf oil field. The seismic section of the Garraf oil field in Thi-Qar Province, south of Iraq, was analyzed and interpreted. Considering the most important petroleum accumulation reservoir in the Garraf oil field, to update the structural images of the Mishrif Formation. A seismic study of the actual amplitude reflections, temporal maps, and three-dimensional depositional models demonstrated that the Mishrif Formation generate hydrocarbon from an individual structural trap in the presence of oil. Numerous abrupt discontinuities were observed in the seismic reflectors of the reservoir units of the Mishrif Formation, suggesting either a reef or a fault. The correct probability can be shown by establishing a historical match between the reservoir model and the actual behavior of the reservoir or by running a 3D vertical seismic profile log (VSP), which is more precise than the seismic survey previously used to explore faults.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140415733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.17ms-2024-2-26
Hussian A. Hussian, Kamal Ali
This is the first time that radiological assessment achieved in the Baghdad International Airport (BIA) in Iraq. Twenty-three sites were sampled from upper 5 cm of the surface soil within the BIA to be analyzed for the radioactivity of natural radionuclides Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 and the artificial radionuclide, Cs-137 using gamma spectroscopy based on Hyper pure Germanium detector (HPGe). Ten samples out of the 23 samples were analyzed for U-238, U-235 using the Neutron Activation Analysis method. To determine the percentage of DU [DU (%)] which is calculated from the 235U/238U isotope ratio. The study showed that there is a possibility of slight contamination with depleted uranium in two sites out of the 23 sites that were examined. The average activities of Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 in the study area are within the limits of world averages, while there are evidences that new feeding of Cs-137 in the region, reaches about 19 Bq/kg, from the new global fallout after Chernobyl accident. The measured and calculated absorbed doses in the study area were within international limits and no need for farther monitoring. Annual effective dose equivalent due to resuspension of Ra-226 is estimated to be 1.0E-10Sv, and this value is negligible compared with 1 mSv permissible value for public recommended by ICRP.
{"title":"Natural and Artificial Radionuclides Distribution in Surface Soil in Baghdad International Airport Region","authors":"Hussian A. Hussian, Kamal Ali","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.17ms-2024-2-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.17ms-2024-2-26","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first time that radiological assessment achieved in the Baghdad International Airport (BIA) in Iraq. Twenty-three sites were sampled from upper 5 cm of the surface soil within the BIA to be analyzed for the radioactivity of natural radionuclides Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 and the artificial radionuclide, Cs-137 using gamma spectroscopy based on Hyper pure Germanium detector (HPGe). Ten samples out of the 23 samples were analyzed for U-238, U-235 using the Neutron Activation Analysis method. To determine the percentage of DU [DU (%)] which is calculated from the 235U/238U isotope ratio. The study showed that there is a possibility of slight contamination with depleted uranium in two sites out of the 23 sites that were examined. The average activities of Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 in the study area are within the limits of world averages, while there are evidences that new feeding of Cs-137 in the region, reaches about 19 Bq/kg, from the new global fallout after Chernobyl accident. The measured and calculated absorbed doses in the study area were within international limits and no need for farther monitoring. Annual effective dose equivalent due to resuspension of Ra-226 is estimated to be 1.0E-10Sv, and this value is negligible compared with 1 mSv permissible value for public recommended by ICRP.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140413467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.5ms-2024-2-14
M. El Basri, Hasnaa Harmouzi, Lahcen El Basri, Mohamed Mastere, Ibrahim Ouchen, Bouchta El Fellah, Brahim Benzougagh
Indirect geophysical methods are increasingly associated with direct underground methods in investigating the subsurface to address environmental and geotechnical problems and reduce the cost of underground studies. These methods make it possible to explore large areas with acceptable precision, time, and cost. The present study combines the electrical resistivity method with the California Bearing Ratio for exploring an area located west of the Nouakchott port in Mauritania. The study aims firstly to verify that the thickness of the backfill layer must be less than 2 m throughout the entire study area and secondly to map areas with low California Bearing Ratio values (<80%) indicating substandard backfill compaction using 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography imaging survey and regression. The measured Electrical Resistivity values exhibit a good nonlinear regression with California Bearing Ratio, following Archie's equation. A map of California Bearing Ratio variation was derived from the Electrical Resistivity values, indicating the distribution and variation of soil strength in the study area. The results revealed that the backfill layer did not meet the standards, with approximately 35% of the total area having a California Bearing Ratio value below 80%. The areas with poor compaction requiring treatment were primarily located in the southern sector, followed by the middle and eastern sectors.
{"title":"CBR Mapping Prediction from 2D Resistivity Imaging Using Regression Following Archie’s Formula","authors":"M. El Basri, Hasnaa Harmouzi, Lahcen El Basri, Mohamed Mastere, Ibrahim Ouchen, Bouchta El Fellah, Brahim Benzougagh","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.5ms-2024-2-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.5ms-2024-2-14","url":null,"abstract":"Indirect geophysical methods are increasingly associated with direct underground methods in investigating the subsurface to address environmental and geotechnical problems and reduce the cost of underground studies. These methods make it possible to explore large areas with acceptable precision, time, and cost. The present study combines the electrical resistivity method with the California Bearing Ratio for exploring an area located west of the Nouakchott port in Mauritania. The study aims firstly to verify that the thickness of the backfill layer must be less than 2 m throughout the entire study area and secondly to map areas with low California Bearing Ratio values (<80%) indicating substandard backfill compaction using 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography imaging survey and regression. The measured Electrical Resistivity values exhibit a good nonlinear regression with California Bearing Ratio, following Archie's equation. A map of California Bearing Ratio variation was derived from the Electrical Resistivity values, indicating the distribution and variation of soil strength in the study area. The results revealed that the backfill layer did not meet the standards, with approximately 35% of the total area having a California Bearing Ratio value below 80%. The areas with poor compaction requiring treatment were primarily located in the southern sector, followed by the middle and eastern sectors.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"2014 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.15ms-2024-2-24
Haider Al-Amar
The Dammam Formation, 250-meter-thick geological formation in the Bahr Al-Najaf Depression that is part of the Salman Platform, comprises re-crystallized limestone mixed with nummulite near the base. It was deposited in a shallow marine environment and extends from Al-Qaim to Samawa along the Euphrates River. The formation is part of the secondary Salman Zone of the main outstanding Stable Shelf. The engineering evaluation of the Dammam Formation in Bahr Al-Najaf depression was determined by ten samples which were chosen to represent the study area. The study includes both field and laboratory components. On the field side, data on the study region and samples were obtained. Physical, engineering, chemical, and mineralogy tests were carried out in laboratories. The total density ranges from 1.848 to 2.664 gm/cm3, the porosity value ranges from 5–20 %, while the water absorption of limestone rocks values 1-7.7 %. Engineering tests were performed, including uniaxial compressive strength, which ranges between 59 and 177 Mpa. The rocks of the Dammam Formation are suitable for the manufacture of Portland cement according to global standards, as supported by chemical analysis.
{"title":"Geoengineering Evaluation of Dammam Formation Rocks-Bahr Al-Najaf Depression-Middle of Iraq","authors":"Haider Al-Amar","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.15ms-2024-2-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.15ms-2024-2-24","url":null,"abstract":"The Dammam Formation, 250-meter-thick geological formation in the Bahr Al-Najaf Depression that is part of the Salman Platform, comprises re-crystallized limestone mixed with nummulite near the base. It was deposited in a shallow marine environment and extends from Al-Qaim to Samawa along the Euphrates River. The formation is part of the secondary Salman Zone of the main outstanding Stable Shelf. The engineering evaluation of the Dammam Formation in Bahr Al-Najaf depression was determined by ten samples which were chosen to represent the study area. The study includes both field and laboratory components. On the field side, data on the study region and samples were obtained. Physical, engineering, chemical, and mineralogy tests were carried out in laboratories. The total density ranges from 1.848 to 2.664 gm/cm3, the porosity value ranges from 5–20 %, while the water absorption of limestone rocks values 1-7.7 %. Engineering tests were performed, including uniaxial compressive strength, which ranges between 59 and 177 Mpa. The rocks of the Dammam Formation are suitable for the manufacture of Portland cement according to global standards, as supported by chemical analysis.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"1978 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.11ms-2024-2-20
Doaa Mahdi, Ayad Alrazzaq
Friction angle (𝜑) and Cohesion (𝑐) are the most important factors to depict rock's shear strength. The friction angle (φ) expresses a unit of rock's capacity to endure shear stress. For the optimization of drilling operations, monitoring of the reservoir, and production of hydrocarbons, the prediction of friction angle is essential. From laboratory measurements or wireline logging data, this parameter can be empirically predicted. The main goal of this study is to develop a new correlation for predicting friction angle for carbonate formations from well logs using the typically accessible well log data (i.e. neutron porosity, gamma ray, bulk density, and sonic logs) and core data. A total of 5197 well log data points were collected from carbonate formation with depth interval of (1920 m to 2711 m) from Rumaila oil field. For all 5197 data points neutron porosity, and gamma ray logs were recorded as a function of depth, and the corresponding shale volume and total porosity were estimated. In addition to these well log data, 20 data core points with 9 different values of friction angle were collected. The developed correlation's estimated friction angle has been contrasted with measured ones. The results show that the new correlation is able to predict the friction angle of carbonate rocks with high accuracy (i.e. R coefficient of the new correlation was 90% and average absolute error of 1.6%).Thus, we conclude that the new correltion can be used to estimate the friction angle for carbonate formation. The new correlation helps in providing continues profile for friction angle with depth and leads to reduce the cost of estimating the rock strength.
{"title":"Friction Angle Prediction of Carbonate Rocks: A Case Study, Rumaila Oil Field","authors":"Doaa Mahdi, Ayad Alrazzaq","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.11ms-2024-2-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.11ms-2024-2-20","url":null,"abstract":"Friction angle (𝜑) and Cohesion (𝑐) are the most important factors to depict rock's shear strength. The friction angle (φ) expresses a unit of rock's capacity to endure shear stress. For the optimization of drilling operations, monitoring of the reservoir, and production of hydrocarbons, the prediction of friction angle is essential. From laboratory measurements or wireline logging data, this parameter can be empirically predicted. The main goal of this study is to develop a new correlation for predicting friction angle for carbonate formations from well logs using the typically accessible well log data (i.e. neutron porosity, gamma ray, bulk density, and sonic logs) and core data. A total of 5197 well log data points were collected from carbonate formation with depth interval of (1920 m to 2711 m) from Rumaila oil field. For all 5197 data points neutron porosity, and gamma ray logs were recorded as a function of depth, and the corresponding shale volume and total porosity were estimated. In addition to these well log data, 20 data core points with 9 different values of friction angle were collected. The developed correlation's estimated friction angle has been contrasted with measured ones. The results show that the new correlation is able to predict the friction angle of carbonate rocks with high accuracy (i.e. R coefficient of the new correlation was 90% and average absolute error of 1.6%).Thus, we conclude that the new correltion can be used to estimate the friction angle for carbonate formation. The new correlation helps in providing continues profile for friction angle with depth and leads to reduce the cost of estimating the rock strength.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"23 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140408873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.18ms-2024-2-27
Mahmood H. D. Al-Kubaisi
This study aims to calculate the water balance of the Kubaisa Basin in the Western Iraqi Desert using the SWAT model. The study is based on simulating water discharges and the factors affecting them over several years (1990-2023). The geographical, climatic, and hydrological data were collected to run the model. The research results indicate that water distribution in the Kubaisa Basin was estimated during the studied period, including the quantities of surface water, groundwater, and discharges. Climatic results for the Kubaisa Basin indicated an increase in the trend line for total rainfall, temperature, humidity as a relative, and solar radiation, while the trend line retreated for wind speed for the same period. The results of the hydrological components of the basin, which were shown by the SWAT model, namely rainfall (RN-P), surface runoff (SR-Q), flow as lateral (LT-Q), flow as groundwater (GW-F), evapotranspiration as actual (ET), evapotranspiration as potential (PET), water-yield (WLD), and water that permeates past (percolates) the root zone (PEC) which are considered the main elements of the water balance, had values of 79.72mm, 3.10mm, 0.02182mm, 0.0028mm, 76.47mm, 1742.16mm, 3.12mm, and 0.00mm, respectively. This research makes important contributions to the understanding and management of water resources in the Kubaisa Basin and the Western Iraqi Desert regions and can be a basis for future research in the field of improving water sustainability in these regions.
{"title":"Calculating the Water Balance for Kubaisa Basin by Simulating the SWAT Model, Western Iraqi Desert","authors":"Mahmood H. D. Al-Kubaisi","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.18ms-2024-2-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.18ms-2024-2-27","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to calculate the water balance of the Kubaisa Basin in the Western Iraqi Desert using the SWAT model. The study is based on simulating water discharges and the factors affecting them over several years (1990-2023). The geographical, climatic, and hydrological data were collected to run the model. The research results indicate that water distribution in the Kubaisa Basin was estimated during the studied period, including the quantities of surface water, groundwater, and discharges. Climatic results for the Kubaisa Basin indicated an increase in the trend line for total rainfall, temperature, humidity as a relative, and solar radiation, while the trend line retreated for wind speed for the same period. The results of the hydrological components of the basin, which were shown by the SWAT model, namely rainfall (RN-P), surface runoff (SR-Q), flow as lateral (LT-Q), flow as groundwater (GW-F), evapotranspiration as actual (ET), evapotranspiration as potential (PET), water-yield (WLD), and water that permeates past (percolates) the root zone (PEC) which are considered the main elements of the water balance, had values of 79.72mm, 3.10mm, 0.02182mm, 0.0028mm, 76.47mm, 1742.16mm, 3.12mm, and 0.00mm, respectively. This research makes important contributions to the understanding and management of water resources in the Kubaisa Basin and the Western Iraqi Desert regions and can be a basis for future research in the field of improving water sustainability in these regions.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"12 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140409910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.3ms-2024-2-12
Mohammed A. Al-Haj, I. Asaad, Noor Al-Taee, Sardar M. Balaky
The Gulneri Formation (Early-Middle Turonian) Deep-water depositional model was constructed using detailed microfacies analysis from the northern Iraqi wells of Kirkuk (K-116) and Bai Hassan (BH-81) as well as the Dokan outcropped area. In the outcropped section, the formation consists of 2 m of thin friable marly limestone with high organic matter and thin-bedded black shale in addition to boulder and gravel-like limestone masses in the lower part. In the K-116 and BH-81 wells, the formation is 4.3 m and 9 m thick, respectively. It is composed mainly of black bituminous, pyritic calcareous shale, and shaley limestone with scattered glauconites. Petrographic studies of seventeen thin sections of the Gulneri rocks reveal that the pelagic/deep marine faunas are the dominant skeletal grain in the micritic groundmass. Three main microfacies were recognized in the studied rocks of the Gulneri Formation, namely lime mudstone, lime wackestone, and lime packstone. However, the latter is absent in the Dokan section. According to their environmental interpretation, these microfacies were grouped into two facies associations (basinal deep water and deep shelf). Based on the results of petrographic and microfacies analyses, it is concluded that the Gulneri Formation was deposited in a basinal deep marine environment with quiet and reducing conditions in the Dokan section and a basinal deep marine environment in the K-116 and BH-81 wells which changed at intervals to a shallower deep shelf setting toward the upper part with semi reducing conditions. The euxinic deep basin that formed at the beginning of the Kurdistan foreland basin's formation was quite anoxic and deeper from the northeast to the relatively shallower basin with semi-reduced conditions towards the southwest. This is how the depositional model of the Gulneri Formation in northern Iraq changed.
{"title":"Depositional Model of Early-Middle Turonian Deep Water Gulneri Formation, in Selected Outcrop and Subsurface Sections in Northern Iraq","authors":"Mohammed A. Al-Haj, I. Asaad, Noor Al-Taee, Sardar M. Balaky","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.3ms-2024-2-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.3ms-2024-2-12","url":null,"abstract":"The Gulneri Formation (Early-Middle Turonian) Deep-water depositional model was constructed using detailed microfacies analysis from the northern Iraqi wells of Kirkuk (K-116) and Bai Hassan (BH-81) as well as the Dokan outcropped area. In the outcropped section, the formation consists of 2 m of thin friable marly limestone with high organic matter and thin-bedded black shale in addition to boulder and gravel-like limestone masses in the lower part. In the K-116 and BH-81 wells, the formation is 4.3 m and 9 m thick, respectively. It is composed mainly of black bituminous, pyritic calcareous shale, and shaley limestone with scattered glauconites. Petrographic studies of seventeen thin sections of the Gulneri rocks reveal that the pelagic/deep marine faunas are the dominant skeletal grain in the micritic groundmass. Three main microfacies were recognized in the studied rocks of the Gulneri Formation, namely lime mudstone, lime wackestone, and lime packstone. However, the latter is absent in the Dokan section. According to their environmental interpretation, these microfacies were grouped into two facies associations (basinal deep water and deep shelf). Based on the results of petrographic and microfacies analyses, it is concluded that the Gulneri Formation was deposited in a basinal deep marine environment with quiet and reducing conditions in the Dokan section and a basinal deep marine environment in the K-116 and BH-81 wells which changed at intervals to a shallower deep shelf setting toward the upper part with semi reducing conditions. The euxinic deep basin that formed at the beginning of the Kurdistan foreland basin's formation was quite anoxic and deeper from the northeast to the relatively shallower basin with semi-reduced conditions towards the southwest. This is how the depositional model of the Gulneri Formation in northern Iraq changed.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140414450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.14ms-2024-2-23
Mohammed Al-Mahdawi, Salah Hussain
Al-Mansuriya gas field is regarded as one of Iraq's most important gas fields because of its good economic gas reserves. The major gas reserves of the Mansuriya field are situated in the Jeribe Formation. The present study aims to determine the petrophysical properties of the Jeribe Formation in the Mansuriya gas field by using the interpretation of different well logs for the open wells MN-1, MN-2, MN-3, and MN-4. The Jeribe Formation was divided into several reservoir units depending on the final results of CPI computer processing interpretation using the Interactive Petrophysics program (Techlog). According to the results of the CPI, the Jeribe Formation in the Mansuriya gas field was divided into seven units, which are J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, and J7. Matrix definition (MID) and density-neutron cross plots indicate that the lithology of the Jeribe Formation consists of a large proportion of dolomite and limestone and a little anhydrite, also in the direction of the gas evident in the Jeribe Formation. The Gamma-ray log showed that the volume of the shale is very small in the Jeribe Formation, and the formation may be clean of shale content. The reason for this small reading is the presence of some radioactive materials in the rocks of formation. Through the readings of the RHOB and NPHI logs and the results of cutoff boundaries, we can conclude that units J1 and J6 represent non-reservoir units and can be considered a cap rock for the reservoir units, and the units J2, J3, J4, and J5 are the main reservoir units for Jeribe Formation according to CPI results and the results of high porosity in these units, as they are characterized by the porosity of up to 24% and water saturation of 40 to 60%, which makes them reservoirs of high quality. The Mn-4 well showed different results from the rest of the wells, and none of its units can be considered a reservoir due to the large water saturation volume.
{"title":"Petrophysical Properties Evaluation Using Well Logging of Jeribe Formation in Mansuriya Gas Field Diyala Governorate, Eastern Iraq","authors":"Mohammed Al-Mahdawi, Salah Hussain","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.14ms-2024-2-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.14ms-2024-2-23","url":null,"abstract":"Al-Mansuriya gas field is regarded as one of Iraq's most important gas fields because of its good economic gas reserves. The major gas reserves of the Mansuriya field are situated in the Jeribe Formation. The present study aims to determine the petrophysical properties of the Jeribe Formation in the Mansuriya gas field by using the interpretation of different well logs for the open wells MN-1, MN-2, MN-3, and MN-4. The Jeribe Formation was divided into several reservoir units depending on the final results of CPI computer processing interpretation using the Interactive Petrophysics program (Techlog). According to the results of the CPI, the Jeribe Formation in the Mansuriya gas field was divided into seven units, which are J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, and J7. Matrix definition (MID) and density-neutron cross plots indicate that the lithology of the Jeribe Formation consists of a large proportion of dolomite and limestone and a little anhydrite, also in the direction of the gas evident in the Jeribe Formation. The Gamma-ray log showed that the volume of the shale is very small in the Jeribe Formation, and the formation may be clean of shale content. The reason for this small reading is the presence of some radioactive materials in the rocks of formation. Through the readings of the RHOB and NPHI logs and the results of cutoff boundaries, we can conclude that units J1 and J6 represent non-reservoir units and can be considered a cap rock for the reservoir units, and the units J2, J3, J4, and J5 are the main reservoir units for Jeribe Formation according to CPI results and the results of high porosity in these units, as they are characterized by the porosity of up to 24% and water saturation of 40 to 60%, which makes them reservoirs of high quality. The Mn-4 well showed different results from the rest of the wells, and none of its units can be considered a reservoir due to the large water saturation volume.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140412774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.4ms-2024-2-13
A. Al-Banna, Hayder Majeed, Salar Al- Karadagh, Salah Shalash
A regional seismic section was constructed from fourteen local seismic lines from different surveys crossing the central part of Iraq from west to east. The seismic lines’ surveys were performed during the period 1974–1990. The length of the regional seismic section is 662.5 km. The considered seismic lines are unified to the sea level datum. The quality of seismic lines is relatively poor in the western part of the regional seismic section, but it is of good quality in the central and eastern parts. Seven reflectors were identified along the regional seismic section, corresponding to ages from the Ordovician to the Miocene. The formations are Khabour (Mid-Ordovician), Akkas (Upper Silurian), Kurra Chine (Upper Triassic), Najmah (Upper Jurassic), Mauddud (Mid-Cretaceous), Shiranish (Upper Cretaceous) and Fatha (Lower Fars) (Mid-Miocene). The Two-way times for these seismic reflectors from the west to the east are 1691 – 4000 ms, 750-4000 ms, 0-4000 ms, 208-4000 ms, 206 -3310 ms, 205 -2700 ms, and 216-2500 ms for the seven formations; starting from the oldest formation (Khabour Formation to the youngest one (Fath Formation ), respectively. The top depth values of the considered formations were defined from west to east for each formation (0-4.189) km, (0.456-4.880) km, (0.708-5.936) km, (0.802-8.5) km, (0-8.977) km, (0.5-9) km, and (1.8-9) km from the oldest to the youngest formation, respectively. The horizon generally dips towards the east. Two sedimentary basins were identified, the first in the western part of Iraq within the Paleozoic formation, while the eastern basin was within the Cenozoic and Mesozoic formations. These two basins are separated by an uplift at the central part of the regional seismic section. This uplift region was confirmed by gravity and magnetic high anomaly. Many faults were detected along the regional seismic profile. Most of these faults extend from the deeper to the shallower formations.
{"title":"Construction of Regional Seismic Section Along Central Part of Iraq and its Geological Importance","authors":"A. Al-Banna, Hayder Majeed, Salar Al- Karadagh, Salah Shalash","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.4ms-2024-2-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.4ms-2024-2-13","url":null,"abstract":"A regional seismic section was constructed from fourteen local seismic lines from different surveys crossing the central part of Iraq from west to east. The seismic lines’ surveys were performed during the period 1974–1990. The length of the regional seismic section is 662.5 km. The considered seismic lines are unified to the sea level datum. The quality of seismic lines is relatively poor in the western part of the regional seismic section, but it is of good quality in the central and eastern parts. Seven reflectors were identified along the regional seismic section, corresponding to ages from the Ordovician to the Miocene. The formations are Khabour (Mid-Ordovician), Akkas (Upper Silurian), Kurra Chine (Upper Triassic), Najmah (Upper Jurassic), Mauddud (Mid-Cretaceous), Shiranish (Upper Cretaceous) and Fatha (Lower Fars) (Mid-Miocene). The Two-way times for these seismic reflectors from the west to the east are 1691 – 4000 ms, 750-4000 ms, 0-4000 ms, 208-4000 ms, 206 -3310 ms, 205 -2700 ms, and 216-2500 ms for the seven formations; starting from the oldest formation (Khabour Formation to the youngest one (Fath Formation ), respectively. The top depth values of the considered formations were defined from west to east for each formation (0-4.189) km, (0.456-4.880) km, (0.708-5.936) km, (0.802-8.5) km, (0-8.977) km, (0.5-9) km, and (1.8-9) km from the oldest to the youngest formation, respectively. The horizon generally dips towards the east. Two sedimentary basins were identified, the first in the western part of Iraq within the Paleozoic formation, while the eastern basin was within the Cenozoic and Mesozoic formations. These two basins are separated by an uplift at the central part of the regional seismic section. This uplift region was confirmed by gravity and magnetic high anomaly. Many faults were detected along the regional seismic profile. Most of these faults extend from the deeper to the shallower formations.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140413142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.7ms-2024-2-16
Amine Akoudad, Hicham El Asmi, Mostafa El Qandil, Ahmed Zian, Ahmed Senhaji, Sabah Zandar, Ibrahim Darkik, Anass Marzouki, K. Bargach
Constructing roads in geologically unstable regions such as northern Morocco poses a major challenge. The Tizi Ouadrene sector, located in the Rif External Nappe of the Rif Belt, exemplifies a significant complexity in this issue, with a risk of landslides threatening the road embankments in this area. This study aims to characterize the frequent Cretaceous shales in the study area and analyze the landslides that have occurred on the road embankments cut into these shales. It examines the role of lithology, geometry, tectonics, human activity, and water in these landslides. The geological structure of slopes and their geometric configuration are crucial factors in determining the occurrence, distribution, and other characteristics of these landslides. Defects are controlled by the relative position of sedimentary and tectonic discontinuities, as well as the relative abundance of indurated shales compared to crushed ones. Crushed shales are susceptible to rotational slides, while the indurated ones are prone to planar and wedge sliding. The latter are mainly associated with bedding planes, particularly those oriented N65-80 with slopes facing south and SSE, as well as NW-SE and NE-SW-trending fractures. Hydrological, tectonic, and anthropogenic factors also contribute to the instability.
{"title":"The Role of Geological and Geotechnical Factors in Shale Slope Instability: Case of Landslides on Road Embankments, Tizi Ouadrene Sector - Rif Extern, Morocco","authors":"Amine Akoudad, Hicham El Asmi, Mostafa El Qandil, Ahmed Zian, Ahmed Senhaji, Sabah Zandar, Ibrahim Darkik, Anass Marzouki, K. Bargach","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.7ms-2024-2-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.7ms-2024-2-16","url":null,"abstract":"Constructing roads in geologically unstable regions such as northern Morocco poses a major challenge. The Tizi Ouadrene sector, located in the Rif External Nappe of the Rif Belt, exemplifies a significant complexity in this issue, with a risk of landslides threatening the road embankments in this area. This study aims to characterize the frequent Cretaceous shales in the study area and analyze the landslides that have occurred on the road embankments cut into these shales. It examines the role of lithology, geometry, tectonics, human activity, and water in these landslides. The geological structure of slopes and their geometric configuration are crucial factors in determining the occurrence, distribution, and other characteristics of these landslides. Defects are controlled by the relative position of sedimentary and tectonic discontinuities, as well as the relative abundance of indurated shales compared to crushed ones. Crushed shales are susceptible to rotational slides, while the indurated ones are prone to planar and wedge sliding. The latter are mainly associated with bedding planes, particularly those oriented N65-80 with slopes facing south and SSE, as well as NW-SE and NE-SW-trending fractures. Hydrological, tectonic, and anthropogenic factors also contribute to the instability.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"7 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140413302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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