Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.13ms-2024-2-22
Kakarash I. M. Gardi, Bakhtiar Aziz, E. Baban
Although the High Folded Zone in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq forms part of the Zagros-Taurus Folds and Thrust belt considered one of the potential hydrocarbon provinces, the oil fields within the zone are still lacking in geophysical exploration and scientific research. So, the rationale behind this study is the prospecting and evaluation of one of the Tertiary carbonate reservoirs at the “WN” oil field in the Duhok area by integrating the 3D seismic and well-log data. The methodology covered seismic interpretation, well logs and their relevant petrophysical analysis, attribute computation, and 3D static property modeling. The constructed reservoir maps revealed a double-plunging rollover anticlinal structure trending in the East-West direction parallel to the Taurus Mountain series. A total of nineteen minor reversal faults trending E-W to ENE-WSW dissecting the northern limb of the anticline were manually interpreted. The isopach map shows various thicknesses ranging from 160 to 330 m, averaging 245 m. The property models show the limited values of their parameters as the effective porosity is limited (0.97-23%), the secondary porosity (0.43-11.7%), permeability (0.00-238.8 mD), the water saturation (12.44-99.8%), and the clay volume (0.00-9.8%). The results of this research indicate that the horizon is a promising reservoir characteristic.
{"title":"Determine the Reservoir Characterization, Using Seismic Data, Well Logs, Attribute Interpretation, and Static Modelling in the Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq","authors":"Kakarash I. M. Gardi, Bakhtiar Aziz, E. Baban","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.13ms-2024-2-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.13ms-2024-2-22","url":null,"abstract":"Although the High Folded Zone in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq forms part of the Zagros-Taurus Folds and Thrust belt considered one of the potential hydrocarbon provinces, the oil fields within the zone are still lacking in geophysical exploration and scientific research. So, the rationale behind this study is the prospecting and evaluation of one of the Tertiary carbonate reservoirs at the “WN” oil field in the Duhok area by integrating the 3D seismic and well-log data. The methodology covered seismic interpretation, well logs and their relevant petrophysical analysis, attribute computation, and 3D static property modeling. The constructed reservoir maps revealed a double-plunging rollover anticlinal structure trending in the East-West direction parallel to the Taurus Mountain series. A total of nineteen minor reversal faults trending E-W to ENE-WSW dissecting the northern limb of the anticline were manually interpreted. The isopach map shows various thicknesses ranging from 160 to 330 m, averaging 245 m. The property models show the limited values of their parameters as the effective porosity is limited (0.97-23%), the secondary porosity (0.43-11.7%), permeability (0.00-238.8 mD), the water saturation (12.44-99.8%), and the clay volume (0.00-9.8%). The results of this research indicate that the horizon is a promising reservoir characteristic.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"37 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140409120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.8ms-2024-2-17
Bahia M. Ben Ghawar, M. Zairi, Naji Elkhoja
Rock identification and classification have contributed to the enhancement of drilling oil wells and production reservoir performance. Therefore, understanding the properties of reservoir rocks is a major concern in the petroleum industry. In this context, Young’s modulus and uniaxial compressive strength are major mechanical rock properties essential for defining the engineering classification and modulus ratio of rocks. However, these parameters are used in order to examine the impact of the petrophysical properties on mechanical strength in the Facha member (reservoir) of the Gir Formation in the western central of Sirte Basin, oilfields of central Libya. Dolomite, limestone, dolomitic limestone, and anhydrite are the main lithofacies rock components of this reservoir, as well as of a third member of the Gir Formation (Lower Eocene). Young’s modulus and uniaxial compressive strength were computed from sonic and bulk density well logs data from six wells in four different oil fields. This oil-rich reservoir has an average thickness of 104 m, an average total porosity of 16%, and argillaceous material content (clay) of 4%. According to the engineering classification chart of Deere and Miller, the Facha reservoir rocks have a very low class (E < 27.5 Mpa) to high strength class (B ≈ 110-220 Mpa) and have a medium-to-high modulus ratio (M ≈ 200–500 and H ≈ 500). Generally, the diagenesis process, for instance dolomitization, affected both the strength and the modulus ratio.
岩石识别和分类有助于提高钻探油井和生产储层的性能。因此，了解储油层岩石的特性是石油工业关注的主要问题。在这方面，杨氏模量和单轴抗压强度是主要的岩石力学性质，对于确定岩石的工程分类和模量比至关重要。然而，这些参数被用于研究利比亚中部油田苏尔特盆地中西部 Gir Formation 的 Facha 成员（储层）的岩石物理特性对机械强度的影响。白云岩、石灰岩、白云质石灰岩和无水石膏是该储层以及 Gir Formation（下始新世）第三层的主要岩性成分。杨氏模量和单轴抗压强度是根据四个不同油田的六口油井的声波和体积密度测井数据计算得出的。这一富含石油的储层平均厚度为 104 米，平均总孔隙度为 16%，霰粒物质（粘土）含量为 4%。根据迪尔和米勒（Deere and Miller）的工程分类图，法恰储油层岩石的强度等级从很低（E < 27.5 Mpa）到很高（B ≈ 110-220 Mpa），模量比为中高（M ≈ 200-500 和 H ≈ 500）。一般来说，成岩过程（如白云石化）会影响强度和模量比。
{"title":"Impact of Petrophysical and Mechanical Properties on Engineering Classification of the Facha Reservoir Rocks, Western Sirte Basin, Libya","authors":"Bahia M. Ben Ghawar, M. Zairi, Naji Elkhoja","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.8ms-2024-2-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.8ms-2024-2-17","url":null,"abstract":"Rock identification and classification have contributed to the enhancement of drilling oil wells and production reservoir performance. Therefore, understanding the properties of reservoir rocks is a major concern in the petroleum industry. In this context, Young’s modulus and uniaxial compressive strength are major mechanical rock properties essential for defining the engineering classification and modulus ratio of rocks. However, these parameters are used in order to examine the impact of the petrophysical properties on mechanical strength in the Facha member (reservoir) of the Gir Formation in the western central of Sirte Basin, oilfields of central Libya. Dolomite, limestone, dolomitic limestone, and anhydrite are the main lithofacies rock components of this reservoir, as well as of a third member of the Gir Formation (Lower Eocene). Young’s modulus and uniaxial compressive strength were computed from sonic and bulk density well logs data from six wells in four different oil fields. This oil-rich reservoir has an average thickness of 104 m, an average total porosity of 16%, and argillaceous material content (clay) of 4%. According to the engineering classification chart of Deere and Miller, the Facha reservoir rocks have a very low class (E < 27.5 Mpa) to high strength class (B ≈ 110-220 Mpa) and have a medium-to-high modulus ratio (M ≈ 200–500 and H ≈ 500). Generally, the diagenesis process, for instance dolomitization, affected both the strength and the modulus ratio.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"678 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140417042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.20ms-2024-2-29
A. Cahyadi, M. Marfai, T. Adji, I. Riyanto, Dhandhun Wacano
Small islands have unique characteristics that make them highly vulnerable to environmental damage and disasters. A good understanding of geomorphological characteristics will greatly assist in understanding the potential damage to natural resources that may occur, as well as help in planning better environmental management and assist in more effective disaster mitigation in the future. This study aims to analyze geomorphological characteristics and identify their influence on potential environmental damage and existing geomorphological hazards. The analysis shows that the geomorphological characteristics of Pramuka Cay cause it to have potential environmental damage and geomorphological hazards consisting of high vulnerability to sea level rise, water resource scarcity, seawater intrusion, groundwater pollution, coastal erosion and tsunami.
{"title":"Geomorphology of Pramuka Cay, Kepulauan Seribu Regency, Jakarta, Indonesia","authors":"A. Cahyadi, M. Marfai, T. Adji, I. Riyanto, Dhandhun Wacano","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.20ms-2024-2-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.20ms-2024-2-29","url":null,"abstract":"Small islands have unique characteristics that make them highly vulnerable to environmental damage and disasters. A good understanding of geomorphological characteristics will greatly assist in understanding the potential damage to natural resources that may occur, as well as help in planning better environmental management and assist in more effective disaster mitigation in the future. This study aims to analyze geomorphological characteristics and identify their influence on potential environmental damage and existing geomorphological hazards. The analysis shows that the geomorphological characteristics of Pramuka Cay cause it to have potential environmental damage and geomorphological hazards consisting of high vulnerability to sea level rise, water resource scarcity, seawater intrusion, groundwater pollution, coastal erosion and tsunami.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140410802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.1ms-2024-2-10
Nabaz R. H. Aziz
The provenance and tectonic setting of clastic sediments present in the Miocene Red Bed Series located in northeastern Iraq were analyzed. The analysis is based on the composition of detrital chrome spinel and represents the first examination of this topic. The detrital chrome spinel exhibits Cr # (Cr/(Cr + Al)) values ranging from 0.54 to 0.77 and Mg # (Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)) values ranging from 0.37 to 0.69. This indicates a potential incorporation of ultramafic sources, possibly including peridotites (namely Harzburgite and Lherzolite precursors), within the supra-subduction zone. The analysis of modified Cr-spinels extracted from the Red Beds indicates that the source rocks underwent a process of metamorphism and that the Cr-spinel particles were surrounded by a magnetite rim. The Cr-spinel compositions of the examined samples are situated tectonically in the fore-arc setting of peridotite protoliths, except for a small number of samples that exhibit boninite affinity. The observed resemblance in the Cr-spinel number content between the examined specimens and the Zagros Ophiolite peridotites suggests that the Red Beds may have originated from the Cretaceous Mawat Ophiolite Complex. The deposition of Paleocene Walash-Naopurdan rocks indicates that the lower allochthon served as a source during this process. The tectonic context of the Red Bed Series suggests that the allochthonous terranes in the Mawat region were transported and obducted onto the northeastern Arabian passive margin in the early Miocene period. The deposition of the Red Bed Series occurred concurrently with the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Miocene.
{"title":"Detrital Chromian Spinel Geochemistry from Miocene Red Bed Sandstones of Northeastern Iraq: Implication for Provenance and Tectonic Setting","authors":"Nabaz R. H. Aziz","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.1ms-2024-2-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.1ms-2024-2-10","url":null,"abstract":"The provenance and tectonic setting of clastic sediments present in the Miocene Red Bed Series located in northeastern Iraq were analyzed. The analysis is based on the composition of detrital chrome spinel and represents the first examination of this topic. The detrital chrome spinel exhibits Cr # (Cr/(Cr + Al)) values ranging from 0.54 to 0.77 and Mg # (Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)) values ranging from 0.37 to 0.69. This indicates a potential incorporation of ultramafic sources, possibly including peridotites (namely Harzburgite and Lherzolite precursors), within the supra-subduction zone. The analysis of modified Cr-spinels extracted from the Red Beds indicates that the source rocks underwent a process of metamorphism and that the Cr-spinel particles were surrounded by a magnetite rim. The Cr-spinel compositions of the examined samples are situated tectonically in the fore-arc setting of peridotite protoliths, except for a small number of samples that exhibit boninite affinity. The observed resemblance in the Cr-spinel number content between the examined specimens and the Zagros Ophiolite peridotites suggests that the Red Beds may have originated from the Cretaceous Mawat Ophiolite Complex. The deposition of Paleocene Walash-Naopurdan rocks indicates that the lower allochthon served as a source during this process. The tectonic context of the Red Bed Series suggests that the allochthonous terranes in the Mawat region were transported and obducted onto the northeastern Arabian passive margin in the early Miocene period. The deposition of the Red Bed Series occurred concurrently with the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Miocene.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140412461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.2ms-2024-2-11
Nazar Z. Al-Salmani, Osama Mohammad, Abdulhameed Alhadaithy, Mahmood H. D. Al-Kubaisi
This study deals with the petrography and heavy mineral analysis of the Injana sandstone at Al-Habbaniyah City. Thirteen samples are collected from the Injana Formation. A petrographic study is achieved on ten samples while all samples are analyzed for heavy minerals. The petrographic analysis showed that the common components of the Injana sandstone are rock fragments, especially sedimentary fragments. Quartz grains (monocrystalline and polycrystalline) and feldspars (k-feldspar and plagioclase), bounded by matrix and carbonate cement. The suggested provenance for the Injana Formation is mainly sedimentary and igneous sources and the less dominant metamorphic source. These sandstones are considered to be mineralogically submature-immature and classified as litharenites. Heavy minerals analysis showed two sets of minerals including opaque and transparent minerals, the opaque minerals are significant components of the heavy mineral assemblages, then chlorite, epidotes, amphiboles, garnet, pyroxenes (ortho and clino), zircon, tourmaline, biotite, muscovite, rutile, and others. This assemblage implies that the dense minerals are typically found in basic igneous and metamorphic rocks, with less frequent occurrences in acidic igneous and reworked sediments. According to QLF and QmFLt classifications, the tectonic provenance of the Injana sandstone is described as recycled orogen. The MF-MT-GM classification showed that the sandstone of Injana is derived primarily from active continental margins. The result of maturity MI and ZTR revealed low values of maturity, the MI value ranges between 0.6 to 1.5 with an average of 0.9 and ZTR Maturity ranges between 0.7% and 9% with an average of 3.9%, these low values of maturity indicate sub-mature to immature sandstone.
{"title":"Petrography and Heavy Minerals as Tools for Provenance Identification of the Injana Sandstone (Upper Miocene), Al-Habbaniyah City, Anbar Governorate, Iraq","authors":"Nazar Z. Al-Salmani, Osama Mohammad, Abdulhameed Alhadaithy, Mahmood H. D. Al-Kubaisi","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.2ms-2024-2-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.2ms-2024-2-11","url":null,"abstract":"This study deals with the petrography and heavy mineral analysis of the Injana sandstone at Al-Habbaniyah City. Thirteen samples are collected from the Injana Formation. A petrographic study is achieved on ten samples while all samples are analyzed for heavy minerals. The petrographic analysis showed that the common components of the Injana sandstone are rock fragments, especially sedimentary fragments. Quartz grains (monocrystalline and polycrystalline) and feldspars (k-feldspar and plagioclase), bounded by matrix and carbonate cement. The suggested provenance for the Injana Formation is mainly sedimentary and igneous sources and the less dominant metamorphic source. These sandstones are considered to be mineralogically submature-immature and classified as litharenites. Heavy minerals analysis showed two sets of minerals including opaque and transparent minerals, the opaque minerals are significant components of the heavy mineral assemblages, then chlorite, epidotes, amphiboles, garnet, pyroxenes (ortho and clino), zircon, tourmaline, biotite, muscovite, rutile, and others. This assemblage implies that the dense minerals are typically found in basic igneous and metamorphic rocks, with less frequent occurrences in acidic igneous and reworked sediments. According to QLF and QmFLt classifications, the tectonic provenance of the Injana sandstone is described as recycled orogen. The MF-MT-GM classification showed that the sandstone of Injana is derived primarily from active continental margins. The result of maturity MI and ZTR revealed low values of maturity, the MI value ranges between 0.6 to 1.5 with an average of 0.9 and ZTR Maturity ranges between 0.7% and 9% with an average of 3.9%, these low values of maturity indicate sub-mature to immature sandstone.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140413117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.12ms-2024-2-21
Hamid A. A. Alsultan, Maha Manhi, Shahad Abas, Amer Al-Khafaj
One of the oil field's main reservoirs is the Mishrif Formation, which is found in the Nasiriyah oilfield in the southern part of Iraq (Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian). It was one of the three oil wells selected for this study. To extract various petrophysical parameters for open wells indicated by gamma ray, density, neutron, self-potential, acoustic, and resistance, a variety of well logs were analyzed. The qualitative interpretation of the logs allowed for the identification of different types of rocks, the boundaries and thicknesses of the strata, the depths of the formation, and the zones that contained water and hydrocarbons. The quantitative interpretation, which assesses the reservoir's attributes by computing its porosity, the quantity and distribution of the shales, the levels of water and oil saturation, and other elements, that are necessary to evaluate the reservoir’s units in the research wells. The features of the study wells and the used logs were reported, to make clear how these features were distributed among the sample wells. The collected petrophysical characteristics were handled and shown as charts. There are two types of units within the Mishrif Formation: reservoir-containing CR-I, MA, CR-II, and MB. In most wells, reservoir units are made up of hard, low-porous rocks that are positioned between highly porous reservoir units. For a few wells, the MA unit had low residual and mobile hydrocarbon percentages, whereas the MB unit had large percentages, while the hard rocks had significant percentages of water saturation.
{"title":"Quantitative Interpretation of the Petrophysical Properties of Selected Wells for the Mishrif Formation in Nasiriyah Oilfield, Southern Part of Iraq","authors":"Hamid A. A. Alsultan, Maha Manhi, Shahad Abas, Amer Al-Khafaj","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.12ms-2024-2-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.12ms-2024-2-21","url":null,"abstract":"One of the oil field's main reservoirs is the Mishrif Formation, which is found in the Nasiriyah oilfield in the southern part of Iraq (Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian). It was one of the three oil wells selected for this study. To extract various petrophysical parameters for open wells indicated by gamma ray, density, neutron, self-potential, acoustic, and resistance, a variety of well logs were analyzed. The qualitative interpretation of the logs allowed for the identification of different types of rocks, the boundaries and thicknesses of the strata, the depths of the formation, and the zones that contained water and hydrocarbons. The quantitative interpretation, which assesses the reservoir's attributes by computing its porosity, the quantity and distribution of the shales, the levels of water and oil saturation, and other elements, that are necessary to evaluate the reservoir’s units in the research wells. The features of the study wells and the used logs were reported, to make clear how these features were distributed among the sample wells. The collected petrophysical characteristics were handled and shown as charts. There are two types of units within the Mishrif Formation: reservoir-containing CR-I, MA, CR-II, and MB. In most wells, reservoir units are made up of hard, low-porous rocks that are positioned between highly porous reservoir units. For a few wells, the MA unit had low residual and mobile hydrocarbon percentages, whereas the MB unit had large percentages, while the hard rocks had significant percentages of water saturation.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.16ms-2024-2-25
Raad Eissa
In brownfield sites, two proposed shallow horizontal targets were numerically modelled to mimic variable underground conditions; these targets were sequenced vertically in a different manner. Synthetic 2D electrical resistivity datasets were generated using the RES2DMOD and then inverted by using RES2DINVx64. These targets have different lengths, one with a higher and the second with a lower resistivity value relative to the background resistivity. The effectiveness of dipole-dipole, Wenner, and Wenner-Schlumberger configurations was tested by conducting a qualitative comparison. The inverted resistivity images suggest that the target sequence has a significant effect on the configuration detectability. The high resistivity target was conveniently recognized when it overlies a low resistivity target. Dipole-dipole configuration showed optimum results in recognizing complicated underground conditions.
{"title":"The Practicality of Resistivity Method for Recognizing Vertically Distributed Anomalies Using Simulated Models","authors":"Raad Eissa","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.16ms-2024-2-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.16ms-2024-2-25","url":null,"abstract":"In brownfield sites, two proposed shallow horizontal targets were numerically modelled to mimic variable underground conditions; these targets were sequenced vertically in a different manner. Synthetic 2D electrical resistivity datasets were generated using the RES2DMOD and then inverted by using RES2DINVx64. These targets have different lengths, one with a higher and the second with a lower resistivity value relative to the background resistivity. The effectiveness of dipole-dipole, Wenner, and Wenner-Schlumberger configurations was tested by conducting a qualitative comparison. The inverted resistivity images suggest that the target sequence has a significant effect on the configuration detectability. The high resistivity target was conveniently recognized when it overlies a low resistivity target. Dipole-dipole configuration showed optimum results in recognizing complicated underground conditions.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140414615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1b.19ms-2024-2-28
Hamza Mahmood, Luay S. Shakir
Among the most important formations to be deposited during the Tertiary period was the Jeribe Formation. It has been investigated in two wells (Mn-1 and Mn-2) in the eastern Iraqi Dyala Government's Mansuria Oil Field. To identify fauna, 65 thin sections are examined under a microscope. Benthonic Foraminifera and limestone, occasionally dolomitized, make up its composition. There are twenty species of coralline and foraminiferan algae known to science. There were two unique biozones in the range. These biozones are the Ammonia beccria Linne Range Zone (Middle Miocene) and the Borelis melo curdica (Reichel) Range Zone (Early Miocene). The age of the formation was estimated to be Early Middle-Miocene based on these biozones of Foraminifera and other fossils such as gastropods, pelecypods, coral, fossils, Brayozoa, shell fragments, Echinoderm, echinoid plate, and echinoid spine.
{"title":"Biostratigraphy of Jeribe Formation in Selected Wells Mansuriyha Gas Field, Eastern Iraq","authors":"Hamza Mahmood, Luay S. Shakir","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1b.19ms-2024-2-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1b.19ms-2024-2-28","url":null,"abstract":"Among the most important formations to be deposited during the Tertiary period was the Jeribe Formation. It has been investigated in two wells (Mn-1 and Mn-2) in the eastern Iraqi Dyala Government's Mansuria Oil Field. To identify fauna, 65 thin sections are examined under a microscope. Benthonic Foraminifera and limestone, occasionally dolomitized, make up its composition. There are twenty species of coralline and foraminiferan algae known to science. There were two unique biozones in the range. These biozones are the Ammonia beccria Linne Range Zone (Middle Miocene) and the Borelis melo curdica (Reichel) Range Zone (Early Miocene). The age of the formation was estimated to be Early Middle-Miocene based on these biozones of Foraminifera and other fossils such as gastropods, pelecypods, coral, fossils, Brayozoa, shell fragments, Echinoderm, echinoid plate, and echinoid spine.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140414970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1a.13ms-2024-1-24
M. Hasan, Adi Susilo, E. Suryo, P. Agung, M. Idmi, D. Suaidi, Faridha Aprilia
Several areas in Batu City, Indonesia, often experience landslides when entering the rainy season; landslides occur at several points, including the Payung area on Jalan Trunojoyo. This area connects several districts in East Java, such as Malang Regency, Kediri City, and Jombang Regency. If this area experiences a landslide, the access road will be closed, forcing road users to look for another route that is further away. This study aims to map areas potentially prone to landslides on the Payung tourism road in Batu City, Indonesia. Gravity anomaly measurements were carried out using gravity data from the GGMplus satellite with a distance between data points of 220 m. The processing results are then correlated with the landslide hazard map made by InaRISK BNPB. Based on the residual anomaly map, the measured values are between -13.4 to -5 mgal (low), -5 to 5 mgal (moderate), and 5 to 12 mgal (high). Where the low zone shows the area with the lowest density, the low-density zone has a large enough landslide potential. So, the Trunojoyo road in the Payung area, Batu City, is a landslide-prone zone with very low rock density. The results of this study are expected to provide recommendations for mitigating landslides to the local government.
{"title":"Mapping of Landslide Potential in Payung, Batu City, Indonesia, Using Global Gravity Model Plus (GGMplus) Data as Landslide Mitigation","authors":"M. Hasan, Adi Susilo, E. Suryo, P. Agung, M. Idmi, D. Suaidi, Faridha Aprilia","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1a.13ms-2024-1-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1a.13ms-2024-1-24","url":null,"abstract":"Several areas in Batu City, Indonesia, often experience landslides when entering the rainy season; landslides occur at several points, including the Payung area on Jalan Trunojoyo. This area connects several districts in East Java, such as Malang Regency, Kediri City, and Jombang Regency. If this area experiences a landslide, the access road will be closed, forcing road users to look for another route that is further away. This study aims to map areas potentially prone to landslides on the Payung tourism road in Batu City, Indonesia. Gravity anomaly measurements were carried out using gravity data from the GGMplus satellite with a distance between data points of 220 m. The processing results are then correlated with the landslide hazard map made by InaRISK BNPB. Based on the residual anomaly map, the measured values are between -13.4 to -5 mgal (low), -5 to 5 mgal (moderate), and 5 to 12 mgal (high). Where the low zone shows the area with the lowest density, the low-density zone has a large enough landslide potential. So, the Trunojoyo road in the Payung area, Batu City, is a landslide-prone zone with very low rock density. The results of this study are expected to provide recommendations for mitigating landslides to the local government.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"734 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140479367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.1a.8ms-2024-1-19
N. Ameen
One hundred and fifty samples of soils were collected from five different agricultural lands in Al Muthanna province, southeast Iraq. This study aims to explore the magnetic mineralogy and its correlation with heavy metals in four agricultural lands in north of Al-Muthanna Province. These samples were analyzed using magnetic susceptibility and mineralogy analyses (magnetic susceptibility (χ), frequency-dependent susceptibility (κfd%), Anhysteretic remanent magnetization (χARM), S-ratio, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) and back field of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), grain size, and heavy metal analyses for soil assessment. The results show the dominance of magnetite and some portions of hematite as the main magnetic carriers in the surface soils. Super-paramagnetic (SP) and single domain (SD) grains are the two main magnetic grain sizes in the surface soils, based on cross plots of χ versus ARM and χ versus SIRM. The enhancement of magnetic susceptibility in the soil samples could be caused by pedogenic and anthropogenic processes. Heavy metal contents show no correlation with magnetic susceptibility for Rumaitha, Samawa, Warka’, while a positive correlation in Swair. This study demonstrates that magnetic mineralogy could be used as an indicator for different sources of soil contamination.
{"title":"Monitoring of Soil Pollution in Agricultural Lands Using Magnetic Susceptibility and Mineralogy Analyses, North Al-Muthanna Province, Iraq","authors":"N. Ameen","doi":"10.46717/igj.57.1a.8ms-2024-1-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1a.8ms-2024-1-19","url":null,"abstract":"One hundred and fifty samples of soils were collected from five different agricultural lands in Al Muthanna province, southeast Iraq. This study aims to explore the magnetic mineralogy and its correlation with heavy metals in four agricultural lands in north of Al-Muthanna Province. These samples were analyzed using magnetic susceptibility and mineralogy analyses (magnetic susceptibility (χ), frequency-dependent susceptibility (κfd%), Anhysteretic remanent magnetization (χARM), S-ratio, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) and back field of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), grain size, and heavy metal analyses for soil assessment. The results show the dominance of magnetite and some portions of hematite as the main magnetic carriers in the surface soils. Super-paramagnetic (SP) and single domain (SD) grains are the two main magnetic grain sizes in the surface soils, based on cross plots of χ versus ARM and χ versus SIRM. The enhancement of magnetic susceptibility in the soil samples could be caused by pedogenic and anthropogenic processes. Heavy metal contents show no correlation with magnetic susceptibility for Rumaitha, Samawa, Warka’, while a positive correlation in Swair. This study demonstrates that magnetic mineralogy could be used as an indicator for different sources of soil contamination.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"470 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140478022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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