Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.6ms-2023-11-11
Ahmed Hussein, Sabbar Salih
Due to significant progress in remote sensing over the past few decades, topographic data is now widely available on a global scale. Recent advancements in unmanned aerial vehicle technology have made it possible to get high resolution topographic images on a scale of less than a meter. Making it perfect for small sites survey. Conducted an assessment of the unmanned aerial vehicle ability to estimate various geometric elements by generating a digital elevation model and subsequently analyzing the depression geometrically. The study area in focus was in AL-Sherqat, which consists of a small valley. Upon analysis of the generated digital elevation model, we were able to determine the valley's maximum capacity volume to be 18365.91 m3 at a water level of 186.8 m above sea level. The analysis also yielded other important elements, such as positive volume, negative and positive surface areas, negative and positive planar areas, residual capacity, average depression depth, and average island thickness. The interrelationships among these geometric elements were plotted for further analysis. Based on the results, we conclude that the unmanned aerial vehicle structure from the motion (SFM) algorithm and the produced digital elevation model are suitable for surveying small topographic depressions. This technique could prove valuable for water harvesting purposes.
{"title":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Derived DEM Using in Accurate Geometric Analysis for Water Harvesting in Small-Scale Depressions","authors":"Ahmed Hussein, Sabbar Salih","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.6ms-2023-11-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.6ms-2023-11-11","url":null,"abstract":"Due to significant progress in remote sensing over the past few decades, topographic data is now widely available on a global scale. Recent advancements in unmanned aerial vehicle technology have made it possible to get high resolution topographic images on a scale of less than a meter. Making it perfect for small sites survey. Conducted an assessment of the unmanned aerial vehicle ability to estimate various geometric elements by generating a digital elevation model and subsequently analyzing the depression geometrically. The study area in focus was in AL-Sherqat, which consists of a small valley. Upon analysis of the generated digital elevation model, we were able to determine the valley's maximum capacity volume to be 18365.91 m3 at a water level of 186.8 m above sea level. The analysis also yielded other important elements, such as positive volume, negative and positive surface areas, negative and positive planar areas, residual capacity, average depression depth, and average island thickness. The interrelationships among these geometric elements were plotted for further analysis. Based on the results, we conclude that the unmanned aerial vehicle structure from the motion (SFM) algorithm and the produced digital elevation model are suitable for surveying small topographic depressions. This technique could prove valuable for water harvesting purposes.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139199472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.3ms-2023-11-8
Raghad Ibrahim, Aomed Tokmachy
The research dealt with the study and evaluation of geotechnical characteristics, which included tests of the specific gravity, grain-size analysis, and Atterberg Limits, chemical and mineralogical analyses of samples from the Laylan region, northeast of Kirkuk and the possibility of using them as raw materials in the brick industry. The samples have 31.5% clay, 46.25% silt, and 22.25% sand. From this, it turns out that all samples consist mainly of grains the size of clay and silt and small amounts of sand, and thus the deposits of the region are of a nature (Sandy mud ) according to Folk classification. The results of the soil consistency showed that the soil is of a low to medium plasticity type depending on the plasticity scheme within the standard classification of soils and that it can be formed and take suitable plasticity for the brick industry. Chemical analyses revealed that SiO2 and CaO are the clay deposits main components, indicating the high content of quartz and calcium carbonate, The mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction techniques indicated that quartz, calcite, feldspar, gypsum, and dolomite are the non clay minerals; Kaolinite, illite, palygorskite and chlorite are the most clay mineral .
该研究涉及岩土特性的研究和评估，包括对基尔库克东北部莱兰地区的样本进行比重测试、粒度分析、阿特伯格极限、化学和矿物分析，以及将其用作制砖业原材料的可能性。这些样本中有 31.5% 的粘土、46.25% 的粉砂和 22.25% 的沙子。由此可见，所有样本主要由粘土和淤泥大小的颗粒以及少量沙子组成，因此根据福克分类法，该地区的沉积物属于沙泥性质。土壤稠度的结果表明，根据土壤标准分类中的塑性方案，该土壤属于中低塑性类型，可以成型并具有适合制砖工业的塑性。通过 X 射线衍射技术进行的矿物学分析表明，石英、方解石、长石、石膏和白云石是非粘土矿物；高岭石、伊利石、白云石和绿泥石是最主要的粘土矿物。
{"title":"Study of Geotechnical Properties of Clays in the Laylan Region and their Suitability in the Brick Industry in Northeastern Kirkuk, Northern Iraq","authors":"Raghad Ibrahim, Aomed Tokmachy","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.3ms-2023-11-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.3ms-2023-11-8","url":null,"abstract":"The research dealt with the study and evaluation of geotechnical characteristics, which included tests of the specific gravity, grain-size analysis, and Atterberg Limits, chemical and mineralogical analyses of samples from the Laylan region, northeast of Kirkuk and the possibility of using them as raw materials in the brick industry. The samples have 31.5% clay, 46.25% silt, and 22.25% sand. From this, it turns out that all samples consist mainly of grains the size of clay and silt and small amounts of sand, and thus the deposits of the region are of a nature (Sandy mud ) according to Folk classification. The results of the soil consistency showed that the soil is of a low to medium plasticity type depending on the plasticity scheme within the standard classification of soils and that it can be formed and take suitable plasticity for the brick industry. Chemical analyses revealed that SiO2 and CaO are the clay deposits main components, indicating the high content of quartz and calcium carbonate, The mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction techniques indicated that quartz, calcite, feldspar, gypsum, and dolomite are the non clay minerals; Kaolinite, illite, palygorskite and chlorite are the most clay mineral .","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"164 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139202778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.15ms-2023-11-20
Al-Hussein Altaher, Maha Hamoudi, Akram Humoodi
Water coning presents a serious problem in many oil fields, in terms of reducing oil production rate and increasing production costs. As breakthrough time represents the time until coning occurs, it should be increased by studying the significant affecting parameters and proposing a method to control them. Since horizontal wells are known to have higher potentials than vertical wells, they are used worldwide to delay water coning among other purposes. In this study, four designed horizontal wells are proposed to replace a drilled vertical well in Khurmala oilfield in northern Iraq, and the effect of each on water breakthrough time is studied with four different production rates and six different permeability ratios. PERFORM software is used to model the wells, and calculate the expected breakthrough time for each well. It was found that the 1000-ft horizontal well, and longer wells, will delay water breakthrough time, in all cases. Also, higher permeability ratios increase the breakthrough time for longer wells, by up to 15.69 folds, except with the optimum production rate, and increasing production rate results in decreasing breakthrough time (tBT) in all cases, where doubling the production rate may decrease tBT by more than 73.5%. It is essential to determine the minimum horizontal well length required to delay water breakthrough time, compared to the vertical well, by considering both production rate and permeability ratio. The breakthrough time ratio, depending on the proposed to optimum production rate ratio, can be calculated using the developed correlation with an average error of 1.73%.
{"title":"Delaying Water Breakthrough Using Horizontal Wells in Khurmala Oilfield","authors":"Al-Hussein Altaher, Maha Hamoudi, Akram Humoodi","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.15ms-2023-11-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.15ms-2023-11-20","url":null,"abstract":"Water coning presents a serious problem in many oil fields, in terms of reducing oil production rate and increasing production costs. As breakthrough time represents the time until coning occurs, it should be increased by studying the significant affecting parameters and proposing a method to control them. Since horizontal wells are known to have higher potentials than vertical wells, they are used worldwide to delay water coning among other purposes. In this study, four designed horizontal wells are proposed to replace a drilled vertical well in Khurmala oilfield in northern Iraq, and the effect of each on water breakthrough time is studied with four different production rates and six different permeability ratios. PERFORM software is used to model the wells, and calculate the expected breakthrough time for each well. It was found that the 1000-ft horizontal well, and longer wells, will delay water breakthrough time, in all cases. Also, higher permeability ratios increase the breakthrough time for longer wells, by up to 15.69 folds, except with the optimum production rate, and increasing production rate results in decreasing breakthrough time (tBT) in all cases, where doubling the production rate may decrease tBT by more than 73.5%. It is essential to determine the minimum horizontal well length required to delay water breakthrough time, compared to the vertical well, by considering both production rate and permeability ratio. The breakthrough time ratio, depending on the proposed to optimum production rate ratio, can be calculated using the developed correlation with an average error of 1.73%.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"39 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139204974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.5ms-2023-11-10
Ghassan Mezaal, Kareem Khwedim, I. Abdulzahra
Bussaya clay deposits are located in the southern part of Iraq in Al-Muthana Governorate within the Nfayil beds (Middle Miocene), these deposits composed of palygorskite, chlorite and illite representing the clay minerals indentified using X-Ray diffraction technique data on four samples, while the non-clay minerals are quarz, dolomite and halite, twenty three samples of clay deposits were analyzed by using X-Ray Fluorescence technique for the major oxides; which demonstrates that the average values are SiO2: 39.17%, Al2O3: 9.95%, Fe2O3: 6.21%, MgO: 5.9%, CaO: 11.3%, TiO2: 0.9%, L.O.I.: 14.94%, and relativley high values of alkalines, while fifteen samples tested mechanically using Hydrometer method in which the results show a composition of clay, sandy clay, mud, and sandy mud, the chemical data showed that semi-arid to arid paleoclimate conditions predominated in the depositional environment as represented by the relationship between SiO2with Al2O3, Na2O, and K2O, While the relationship between Al2O3, CaO, Na2O, and K2O shows a low to relatively moderate chemical weathering, and due to the relationship between SiO2and (K2O / Na2O), the examined clays tectonically reflect an island arc, the intermediate igneous rocks are shown to be the source of the examined clays according to the Al2O3/TiO2 ratio.
{"title":"Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Clay Deposits, Bussaya Area, Southern Iraq","authors":"Ghassan Mezaal, Kareem Khwedim, I. Abdulzahra","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.5ms-2023-11-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.5ms-2023-11-10","url":null,"abstract":"Bussaya clay deposits are located in the southern part of Iraq in Al-Muthana Governorate within the Nfayil beds (Middle Miocene), these deposits composed of palygorskite, chlorite and illite representing the clay minerals indentified using X-Ray diffraction technique data on four samples, while the non-clay minerals are quarz, dolomite and halite, twenty three samples of clay deposits were analyzed by using X-Ray Fluorescence technique for the major oxides; which demonstrates that the average values are SiO2: 39.17%, Al2O3: 9.95%, Fe2O3: 6.21%, MgO: 5.9%, CaO: 11.3%, TiO2: 0.9%, L.O.I.: 14.94%, and relativley high values of alkalines, while fifteen samples tested mechanically using Hydrometer method in which the results show a composition of clay, sandy clay, mud, and sandy mud, the chemical data showed that semi-arid to arid paleoclimate conditions predominated in the depositional environment as represented by the relationship between SiO2with Al2O3, Na2O, and K2O, While the relationship between Al2O3, CaO, Na2O, and K2O shows a low to relatively moderate chemical weathering, and due to the relationship between SiO2and (K2O / Na2O), the examined clays tectonically reflect an island arc, the intermediate igneous rocks are shown to be the source of the examined clays according to the Al2O3/TiO2 ratio.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"48 36","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139203745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.9ms-2023-11-14
Asaad A. M. AL-Hussein, Younes Hamed, Sophia Al-Timimy, S. Bouri
Flood damage assessment is considered the essential tool for evaluating risk to civil and agricultural systems in land use planning. The validity of the studies’ outcome depends on the availability of data and their spatial distribution. The present study came to compute flood susceptibility maps utilizing two application models: (i) the frequency ratio, and (ii) the analytical hierarchy process. These models were then tested in the Khazir River basin using GIS with a selection of twelve flood conditioning factors. The flood inventory variables layer and flood-causing factors were created using remote sensing data, a digital elevation model, and secondary data from various sources. Then, the flood inventory map was highlight divided into training and test data, with 105 flood sites (70%) used for training and 45 sites (30%) used for testing. After applying the areas under the curve for the frequency ratio and analytical hierarchy process models, which were 90.6% and 88.9%, respectively, the final flood sensitivity maps showed similar results for the two models, which confirm the effectiveness of the adopted methodology. The study found a considerable spatial variance in flood sensitivity maps, as (21.06%) of the flooded areas are classified as having very low sensitivity to flooding, (24.09%) are classified as having low vulnerability to floods, and (23.79%) are classified as having moderate vulnerability, (24.10%) classified as highly vulnerable to flooding, and (6.96%) classified as highly vulnerable to flooding. Flood danger ranged from very low in mountain locations to very high in plain areas close to the riverbanks. Obtained results could be improved if a land-use planning policy will be applied, in order to establish a master plan for water resources development to avoid flood damage.
{"title":"Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process and Frequency Ratio Model for Predictive Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using GIS for the Khazir River Basin, Northern Iraq","authors":"Asaad A. M. AL-Hussein, Younes Hamed, Sophia Al-Timimy, S. Bouri","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.9ms-2023-11-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.9ms-2023-11-14","url":null,"abstract":"Flood damage assessment is considered the essential tool for evaluating risk to civil and agricultural systems in land use planning. The validity of the studies’ outcome depends on the availability of data and their spatial distribution. The present study came to compute flood susceptibility maps utilizing two application models: (i) the frequency ratio, and (ii) the analytical hierarchy process. These models were then tested in the Khazir River basin using GIS with a selection of twelve flood conditioning factors. The flood inventory variables layer and flood-causing factors were created using remote sensing data, a digital elevation model, and secondary data from various sources. Then, the flood inventory map was highlight divided into training and test data, with 105 flood sites (70%) used for training and 45 sites (30%) used for testing. After applying the areas under the curve for the frequency ratio and analytical hierarchy process models, which were 90.6% and 88.9%, respectively, the final flood sensitivity maps showed similar results for the two models, which confirm the effectiveness of the adopted methodology. The study found a considerable spatial variance in flood sensitivity maps, as (21.06%) of the flooded areas are classified as having very low sensitivity to flooding, (24.09%) are classified as having low vulnerability to floods, and (23.79%) are classified as having moderate vulnerability, (24.10%) classified as highly vulnerable to flooding, and (6.96%) classified as highly vulnerable to flooding. Flood danger ranged from very low in mountain locations to very high in plain areas close to the riverbanks. Obtained results could be improved if a land-use planning policy will be applied, in order to establish a master plan for water resources development to avoid flood damage.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"105 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139204259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.18ms-2023-11-23
Iliass Naouadir, A. Dridri, Hicham El Asmi, E. H. Chellai, M. Ettaki, Aziza Lyazidi
Closed depressions are the most typical exokarstic forms of the Moroccan Middle Atlas karst. These features present a great diversity of forms and sizes related to the multiple and often obscure conditions of morphogenesis in several karstic plateaus of the tabular Middle Atlas such as that of El Menzel. This little-known carbonate panel is characterized by an important geodiversity of closed depressions with variable shapes and reliefs: poljes, uvalas, dolines, kamenitzas, and rain pits. The results confirm the tectogenetic nature of several closed depressions of which the most important are: the polje of El Menzel and the polje of Quaçbat Beni Yazgha which are aligned along the major accidents of the Causse oriented NE-SW and NW-SE. The pre-established tectonic heritage Accident Median Moyen Atlasique and Accident Nord Moyen Atlasique, and the compressive tectonics and particularly extensive phases from the upper Miocene to Quaternary during the surrection of the Middle Atlas associated with the pluvial climatic phases have permitted the development of the good potential of karstification as well as the large closed depressions of the Causse.
{"title":"Morphogenesis of the Closed Depressions in Middle Atlas: Case of the Causse of El Menzel, Morocco","authors":"Iliass Naouadir, A. Dridri, Hicham El Asmi, E. H. Chellai, M. Ettaki, Aziza Lyazidi","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.18ms-2023-11-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.18ms-2023-11-23","url":null,"abstract":"Closed depressions are the most typical exokarstic forms of the Moroccan Middle Atlas karst. These features present a great diversity of forms and sizes related to the multiple and often obscure conditions of morphogenesis in several karstic plateaus of the tabular Middle Atlas such as that of El Menzel. This little-known carbonate panel is characterized by an important geodiversity of closed depressions with variable shapes and reliefs: poljes, uvalas, dolines, kamenitzas, and rain pits. The results confirm the tectogenetic nature of several closed depressions of which the most important are: the polje of El Menzel and the polje of Quaçbat Beni Yazgha which are aligned along the major accidents of the Causse oriented NE-SW and NW-SE. The pre-established tectonic heritage Accident Median Moyen Atlasique and Accident Nord Moyen Atlasique, and the compressive tectonics and particularly extensive phases from the upper Miocene to Quaternary during the surrection of the Middle Atlas associated with the pluvial climatic phases have permitted the development of the good potential of karstification as well as the large closed depressions of the Causse.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"260 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139205019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.14ms-2023-11-19
D. Baban, Sabir Barzanji, Muhana Ahmed
The shale content and mode of distribution, along with their impact on the reservoir properties of the Jeribe Formation, were investigated using the available log data in the two selected wells, NET-10 and NET-12, of an oilfield northern Iraq. The dolomite and dolomitic limestone lithology of the formation contains different ratios of shale, with the highest near the middle part of the formation. Horizons of 70 to 99% shale content were identified, but the general ratios are ranging between 10% and 50%. The data from the Spectral Gamma ray log revealed that the shale content of the formation is mostly composed of low Potassium minerals such as Chlorite and Montimorlinite, with appreciable percentages of Illite. The low Th/U ratios along the formation indicated a reduced condition of deposition except for about 2-3 meters of the upper part of the formation in the well NET-10, which looks to be precipitated in a natural depositional environment. Dispersed, Laminar, and Structural modes of shale distribution co-exist within the formation in both studied wells. As the different modes of shale distribution have different impacts on the porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks, the decrease and increase in the shale content did not perfectly correspond with an opposite fluctuation in the porosity values of the formation. The shale content in the formation has an impact on the porosity calculation by overestimating it by about 4–5% and subsequently underestimating the water saturation by 9% in the well NET-10 and 7% in the well NET-12.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Shale Impact on Reservoir Characterization, the Jeribe Carbonate Reservoir in an Oilfield Northern Iraq as a Case Study","authors":"D. Baban, Sabir Barzanji, Muhana Ahmed","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.14ms-2023-11-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.14ms-2023-11-19","url":null,"abstract":"The shale content and mode of distribution, along with their impact on the reservoir properties of the Jeribe Formation, were investigated using the available log data in the two selected wells, NET-10 and NET-12, of an oilfield northern Iraq. The dolomite and dolomitic limestone lithology of the formation contains different ratios of shale, with the highest near the middle part of the formation. Horizons of 70 to 99% shale content were identified, but the general ratios are ranging between 10% and 50%. The data from the Spectral Gamma ray log revealed that the shale content of the formation is mostly composed of low Potassium minerals such as Chlorite and Montimorlinite, with appreciable percentages of Illite. The low Th/U ratios along the formation indicated a reduced condition of deposition except for about 2-3 meters of the upper part of the formation in the well NET-10, which looks to be precipitated in a natural depositional environment. Dispersed, Laminar, and Structural modes of shale distribution co-exist within the formation in both studied wells. As the different modes of shale distribution have different impacts on the porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks, the decrease and increase in the shale content did not perfectly correspond with an opposite fluctuation in the porosity values of the formation. The shale content in the formation has an impact on the porosity calculation by overestimating it by about 4–5% and subsequently underestimating the water saturation by 9% in the well NET-10 and 7% in the well NET-12.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139206444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.25ms-2023-11-30
Ali Ramthan
Al-Refaei area is considered one of the highest seismically activity in the Mesopotamian Plain according to its seismic history. Depending on the International seismological Center, four seismic swarms were diagnosed in this area; these are: August 2004, January 2013, May-Jun 2017, and August 2017. Based on three focal mechanism solutions of magnitude greater than 4 mb, the stresses in the area were analysed. The results of focal mechanisms suggest that the faults movements in the study area show reverse movements, which is generated by compression force. To determine the directions of principal stress axes that affecting the faults in the area, the Rotational Optimization method were used. The directions of the three stress axes are: 02°/32°, 10°/302°, and 80°/136° for σ1, σ2, and σ3, respectively. The collision between the Arabian and Iranian plates is the main cause of seismic activity in Al-Refaei area. Therefore, Al-Refaei active fault is responsible for most the earthquakes in the area, and responsible for the earthquake that occurred in August 18th, 2017.
{"title":"The Cause of the Earthquake (4.7 mb) and Recent Stress Regime Occurring in Al-Refaei Area, Mesopotamian plain, August 18th, 2017","authors":"Ali Ramthan","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.25ms-2023-11-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.25ms-2023-11-30","url":null,"abstract":"Al-Refaei area is considered one of the highest seismically activity in the Mesopotamian Plain according to its seismic history. Depending on the International seismological Center, four seismic swarms were diagnosed in this area; these are: August 2004, January 2013, May-Jun 2017, and August 2017. Based on three focal mechanism solutions of magnitude greater than 4 mb, the stresses in the area were analysed. The results of focal mechanisms suggest that the faults movements in the study area show reverse movements, which is generated by compression force. To determine the directions of principal stress axes that affecting the faults in the area, the Rotational Optimization method were used. The directions of the three stress axes are: 02°/32°, 10°/302°, and 80°/136° for σ1, σ2, and σ3, respectively. The collision between the Arabian and Iranian plates is the main cause of seismic activity in Al-Refaei area. Therefore, Al-Refaei active fault is responsible for most the earthquakes in the area, and responsible for the earthquake that occurred in August 18th, 2017.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139208277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.20ms-2023-11-25
Ahmed Al-Banna, Hayder Majeed
The upward continuation technique was applied to the gravity and RTP magnetic data to obtain the residual anomalies maps in the western part of Iraq. Twelve upward elevation residual gravity maps and another twelve upward elevation residual RTP magnetic were determined using the same twelve upward continuation elevations. The applied upward elevations range from 1000 to 55000 m. The total range of the residual anomalies maps (Color Bar range) of gravity and RTP magnetic were plotted against the upward elevations. Five segments and four intersection points were obtained for the gravity and magnetic data. The trace of these intersection points on the upward elevation axis approximately indicate the following values 4.4-5, 12.8-13.5, 27-24, and 39-39.6 km. These values may indicate the depth of the following layer boundaries, the Burj Formation ( Mid-Cambrian), basement, mid layer in the basement rocks, and the Moho depth. The authors believe it is possible to apply the upward continuation to find the main layers which show abrupt change in the physical properties
{"title":"Multi-Elevations Upward Continuation Method to Depth Detection of the Main Crustal Layers in Western Desert of Iraq","authors":"Ahmed Al-Banna, Hayder Majeed","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.20ms-2023-11-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.20ms-2023-11-25","url":null,"abstract":"The upward continuation technique was applied to the gravity and RTP magnetic data to obtain the residual anomalies maps in the western part of Iraq. Twelve upward elevation residual gravity maps and another twelve upward elevation residual RTP magnetic were determined using the same twelve upward continuation elevations. The applied upward elevations range from 1000 to 55000 m. The total range of the residual anomalies maps (Color Bar range) of gravity and RTP magnetic were plotted against the upward elevations. Five segments and four intersection points were obtained for the gravity and magnetic data. The trace of these intersection points on the upward elevation axis approximately indicate the following values 4.4-5, 12.8-13.5, 27-24, and 39-39.6 km. These values may indicate the depth of the following layer boundaries, the Burj Formation ( Mid-Cambrian), basement, mid layer in the basement rocks, and the Moho depth. The authors believe it is possible to apply the upward continuation to find the main layers which show abrupt change in the physical properties","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":" 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139197695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.7ms-2023-11-12
Sumayah Majeed, Nassrin Al-Mansori, Saif Alquzweeni
The most reliable method to determine an aquifer's transmissivity is pumping tests; however, these studies are time-consuming and costly. An alternative approach to estimating transmissivity is to use the well's specific capacity. The aim of this research is to improve our knowledge of the transmissivity of the Dammam karst aquifer in central Iraq to support sustainable management strategies. The specific capacity and transmissivity data of 39 wells were collected. The normality tests showed that transmissivity and specific capacity are log-normally distributed. A simple linear regression with R2 = 0.84 relates transmissivity to the specific capacity. Subsequently, the resulting relationship was used to estimate transmissivity from the 135 specific capacities. The measured and estimated transmissivity data (174 data points) were used for geostatistical analysis. Using the kriging technique, an interpolated distribution map of transmissivity was developed. The cross-validation reveals that the geostatistical method gives a good estimate of the transmissivity of the Dammam aquifer.
{"title":"Transmissivity Estimation and Mapping of the Dammam Karst Aquifer in Central Iraq","authors":"Sumayah Majeed, Nassrin Al-Mansori, Saif Alquzweeni","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.7ms-2023-11-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.7ms-2023-11-12","url":null,"abstract":"The most reliable method to determine an aquifer's transmissivity is pumping tests; however, these studies are time-consuming and costly. An alternative approach to estimating transmissivity is to use the well's specific capacity. The aim of this research is to improve our knowledge of the transmissivity of the Dammam karst aquifer in central Iraq to support sustainable management strategies. The specific capacity and transmissivity data of 39 wells were collected. The normality tests showed that transmissivity and specific capacity are log-normally distributed. A simple linear regression with R2 = 0.84 relates transmissivity to the specific capacity. Subsequently, the resulting relationship was used to estimate transmissivity from the 135 specific capacities. The measured and estimated transmissivity data (174 data points) were used for geostatistical analysis. Using the kriging technique, an interpolated distribution map of transmissivity was developed. The cross-validation reveals that the geostatistical method gives a good estimate of the transmissivity of the Dammam aquifer.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139196606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：