Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2f.16ms-2023-12-22
Zahraa Al-Sadi, Dhifaf Sadeq
Well placement optimization is a crucial task in the oil and gas industry, as it can significantly impact the overall performance and economic viability of a reservoir. Genetic algorithms GAs are an effective optimization technique that can solve well placement problems. This review paper provides an overview of the literature on GA-based well placement optimization. The paper discusses the different types of GAs that have been used for well placement, as well as the different ways in which GAs have been modified to improve their performance. The paper also discusses the different applications of GAs to well placement, including the optimization of well number, location, and trajectory. The paper concludes by highlighting the advantages of using GAs for well placement optimization. GAs is able to handle complex problems with multiple objectives and constraints.
井位优化是石油和天然气行业的一项重要任务，因为它会对油藏的整体性能和经济可行性产生重大影响。遗传算法 GA 是一种有效的优化技术，可以解决井位问题。本综述论文概述了基于遗传算法的井位优化文献。论文讨论了用于油井布置的不同类型的遗传算法，以及对遗传算法进行修改以提高其性能的不同方法。论文还讨论了 GA 在油井布置中的不同应用，包括优化油井数量、位置和轨迹。最后，论文强调了使用 GA 进行井位优化的优势。GA 能够处理具有多个目标和约束条件的复杂问题。
{"title":"Genetic Algorithm-Based Well Placement Optimization: A Review of Studies","authors":"Zahraa Al-Sadi, Dhifaf Sadeq","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2f.16ms-2023-12-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2f.16ms-2023-12-22","url":null,"abstract":"Well placement optimization is a crucial task in the oil and gas industry, as it can significantly impact the overall performance and economic viability of a reservoir. Genetic algorithms GAs are an effective optimization technique that can solve well placement problems. This review paper provides an overview of the literature on GA-based well placement optimization. The paper discusses the different types of GAs that have been used for well placement, as well as the different ways in which GAs have been modified to improve their performance. The paper also discusses the different applications of GAs to well placement, including the optimization of well number, location, and trajectory. The paper concludes by highlighting the advantages of using GAs for well placement optimization. GAs is able to handle complex problems with multiple objectives and constraints.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"118 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139135319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2f.1ms-2023-12-7
Twana Mustafa, Tola Mirza, S. Kalaitzidis
This article presents and interprets new geochemical data from the Gallala sulfide mineralization, situated in the Choman District of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq close to the Iraq and Iranian border. The host rocks belong to the Walash-Naopurdan Group, which developed in the Paleocene-Eocene age in the Zagros Suture Zone. The ore mineral assemblage of the Gallala area consists of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and magnetite. The mineral chemistry and geochemical analysis indicate that there is a significant variation in concentrations of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and magnetite from the Gallala mineralization. The trace element characteristics of the sulfide mineralization and their host rocks indicate that the ore-forming materials were derived from hydrothermal fluids being interacted with the igneous rocks. The trace element signatures and REE distributions of the studied samples, tectonically lead to suggest island-arc and back-arc environments in the Gallala area. Additionally, the REE patterns of the Gallala sulfides indicate the ore-forming fluids are related to arc-related hydrothermal systems. The integration of geochemical features along with the chemistry of ore mineralization such as the Selenium/Sulfur ratio of pyrite, Co/Ni ratios from both pyrite and chalcopyrite, the Zn/Cd values from the sphalerite, and the petrogenetic discriminate diagrams of magnetite reveal that the genesis of the sulfide mineralization can be attributed to volcanogenic to hydrothermal ore-formations with high to medium temperatures origin.
{"title":"Genesis of Sulfide Mineralization in the Gallala Area Kurdistan Region, Iraq: Constraints from Major and Trace Elements of Sulfide Ore Mineralization and their Host Rocks","authors":"Twana Mustafa, Tola Mirza, S. Kalaitzidis","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2f.1ms-2023-12-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2f.1ms-2023-12-7","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents and interprets new geochemical data from the Gallala sulfide mineralization, situated in the Choman District of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq close to the Iraq and Iranian border. The host rocks belong to the Walash-Naopurdan Group, which developed in the Paleocene-Eocene age in the Zagros Suture Zone. The ore mineral assemblage of the Gallala area consists of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and magnetite. The mineral chemistry and geochemical analysis indicate that there is a significant variation in concentrations of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and magnetite from the Gallala mineralization. The trace element characteristics of the sulfide mineralization and their host rocks indicate that the ore-forming materials were derived from hydrothermal fluids being interacted with the igneous rocks. The trace element signatures and REE distributions of the studied samples, tectonically lead to suggest island-arc and back-arc environments in the Gallala area. Additionally, the REE patterns of the Gallala sulfides indicate the ore-forming fluids are related to arc-related hydrothermal systems. The integration of geochemical features along with the chemistry of ore mineralization such as the Selenium/Sulfur ratio of pyrite, Co/Ni ratios from both pyrite and chalcopyrite, the Zn/Cd values from the sphalerite, and the petrogenetic discriminate diagrams of magnetite reveal that the genesis of the sulfide mineralization can be attributed to volcanogenic to hydrothermal ore-formations with high to medium temperatures origin.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"36 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139132375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.10ms-2023-11-15
Mohand Noon, Ali M. Abed, Firas H. Al-Menshed
The two-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging technique was used to examine groundwater in western Ramadi. The survey was performed with a factor (n) and a-spacing values of 6 and 5 m, respectively. The inverse models clearly show the resistivity variation between the anomalous parts of the water table and all the sediments. The vertical extension of the saturation sediments is between 1.5–9.5 m, which is identical to the groundwater level in the three existing wells located in the University of Anbar, with an area of 7 kilometers and an area of 18 kilometers. The extreme thickness of the water saturation layer was determined to be about 10.5 meters. It was concentrated in gypsum and mudstone soils with secondary gypsum and siltstone, considered the upper components of the Injana Formation at the University of Anbar. At 7 Kilometer area which starts from a depth of 1 m to depths of up to 12 m, it is also considered a groundwater reservoir. While 18 Km area is considered to have dry soil and the groundwater in it is far from the surface at 12 m depth.
{"title":"Groundwater Investigation Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging Technique in Western Ramadi, Iraq","authors":"Mohand Noon, Ali M. Abed, Firas H. Al-Menshed","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.10ms-2023-11-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.10ms-2023-11-15","url":null,"abstract":"The two-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging technique was used to examine groundwater in western Ramadi. The survey was performed with a factor (n) and a-spacing values of 6 and 5 m, respectively. The inverse models clearly show the resistivity variation between the anomalous parts of the water table and all the sediments. The vertical extension of the saturation sediments is between 1.5–9.5 m, which is identical to the groundwater level in the three existing wells located in the University of Anbar, with an area of 7 kilometers and an area of 18 kilometers. The extreme thickness of the water saturation layer was determined to be about 10.5 meters. It was concentrated in gypsum and mudstone soils with secondary gypsum and siltstone, considered the upper components of the Injana Formation at the University of Anbar. At 7 Kilometer area which starts from a depth of 1 m to depths of up to 12 m, it is also considered a groundwater reservoir. While 18 Km area is considered to have dry soil and the groundwater in it is far from the surface at 12 m depth.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139197507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.23ms-2023-11-28
Ahmed Al-Rahim, Lamees Abdulkareem
This article describes how to predict different types of multiple reflections in pre-track seismic data. The characteristics of multiple reflections can be expressed as a combination of the characteristics of primary reflections. Multiple velocities always come in lower magnitude than the primaries, this is the base for separating them during Normal Move Out correction. The muting procedure is applied in Time-Velocity analysis domain. Semblance plot is used to diagnose multiples availability and judgment for muting dimensions. This processing procedure is used to eliminate internal multiples from real 2D seismic data from southern Iraq in two stages. The first is conventional Normal Move Out correction and velocity auto picking and stacking, and the second stage is muting. Many Common Depth Point gathers are tested to select the proper muting dimension, later on; the auto pick for the muted semblance is done for the whole 2D seismic data. The following step is to stack the Normal Move Out corrected data. Differences are calculated between the two stages of the process which greatly help to determine the eliminated multiple locations within the sedimentary secession. This will reduce the risk of interpreting these sequences as primary reflectors spatially within deep thin layers. Madagascar open source package is used in these processing steps. Madagascar open source package is very efficient, accurate, and easy to correct any part of the Python code used in the two stages of processing.
{"title":"Multiple and Coherent Noise Removal from X-Profile 2D Seismic Data of Southern Iraq Using Common Depth Point Muting Procedures and Depending on Madagascar Open-Source Package","authors":"Ahmed Al-Rahim, Lamees Abdulkareem","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.23ms-2023-11-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.23ms-2023-11-28","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes how to predict different types of multiple reflections in pre-track seismic data. The characteristics of multiple reflections can be expressed as a combination of the characteristics of primary reflections. Multiple velocities always come in lower magnitude than the primaries, this is the base for separating them during Normal Move Out correction. The muting procedure is applied in Time-Velocity analysis domain. Semblance plot is used to diagnose multiples availability and judgment for muting dimensions. This processing procedure is used to eliminate internal multiples from real 2D seismic data from southern Iraq in two stages. The first is conventional Normal Move Out correction and velocity auto picking and stacking, and the second stage is muting. Many Common Depth Point gathers are tested to select the proper muting dimension, later on; the auto pick for the muted semblance is done for the whole 2D seismic data. The following step is to stack the Normal Move Out corrected data. Differences are calculated between the two stages of the process which greatly help to determine the eliminated multiple locations within the sedimentary secession. This will reduce the risk of interpreting these sequences as primary reflectors spatially within deep thin layers. Madagascar open source package is used in these processing steps. Madagascar open source package is very efficient, accurate, and easy to correct any part of the Python code used in the two stages of processing.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"164 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139205170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.2ms-2023-11-7
Twana Mustafa, Tola Mirza, S. Kalaitzidis
In this article, a Fe-rich sulfide mineralization hosted within the Walash Group in the Gallala area, on the northwestern side of the Zagros Orogen is investigated for the first time. The mineralization occurs as massive sulfide veins and veinlets, as well as disseminated within volcanic lithologies. The objective of the study is to characterize the sulfide-rich mineralization using petrographical and geochemical methods, applied in both the ores and the corresponding host formations, including the characterization of volcanic rock alteration. Petrographic data indicates the presence of Fe-rich sulfide mineralization in altered basaltic andesite to andesite rocks, which are affected by hydrothermal alteration such as actinolization, chloritization, sericitization, and epidotization. The geochemical analysis of the fresh rock samples reveals enrichment of iron in the suture zones, but low copper and zinc concentrations. The mineralogical and textural signatures of sulfide minerals lead to inferring that the ore mineralization origin is volcanogenic to the hydrothermal type of deposits.
{"title":"Petrographical and Geochemical Features of Sulfide Mineralization in the Walash Group, Gallala Area, Kurdistan Region of Iraq","authors":"Twana Mustafa, Tola Mirza, S. Kalaitzidis","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.2ms-2023-11-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.2ms-2023-11-7","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a Fe-rich sulfide mineralization hosted within the Walash Group in the Gallala area, on the northwestern side of the Zagros Orogen is investigated for the first time. The mineralization occurs as massive sulfide veins and veinlets, as well as disseminated within volcanic lithologies. The objective of the study is to characterize the sulfide-rich mineralization using petrographical and geochemical methods, applied in both the ores and the corresponding host formations, including the characterization of volcanic rock alteration. Petrographic data indicates the presence of Fe-rich sulfide mineralization in altered basaltic andesite to andesite rocks, which are affected by hydrothermal alteration such as actinolization, chloritization, sericitization, and epidotization. The geochemical analysis of the fresh rock samples reveals enrichment of iron in the suture zones, but low copper and zinc concentrations. The mineralogical and textural signatures of sulfide minerals lead to inferring that the ore mineralization origin is volcanogenic to the hydrothermal type of deposits.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139199934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.16ms-2023-11-21
Shamam Abdulkadhim, Dahlia A. Al-Obaidi
Multilayer reservoirs are currently modeled as a single zone system by averaging the reservoir parameters associated with each reservoir zone. However, this type of modeling is rarely accurate because a single zone system does not account for the fact that each zone's pressure decreases independently. Pressure drop for each zone has an effect on the total output and would result in inter-flow and the premature depletion of one of the zones. Understanding reservoir performance requires a precise estimation of each layer's permeability and skin factor. The Multilayer Transient Analysis is a well-testing technique designed to determine formation properties in more than one layer, and its effectiveness over the past two decades has been demonstrated. In order to conduct MTA, a combination of rate profiles derived from production data and transient rate and pressure measurements at multiple surface rates is necessary. Numerous experimental and analytic approaches to calculating multilayer characteristics, performance, and flow behavior in multilayer systems have emerged. This technology was implemented at the Zubair oil field in southern Iraq. In the last four years, the number of wells producing under saturation pressure has been increased in the Zubair oil field, particularly for the Mishrif and Zubair reservoirs. In the design of secondary and tertiary recovery, the study of the reservoir in the form of an individual layer to determine the pressure, permeability, and damage of each layer with commingled formation is important. This research describes previously available methods, factors that affect Multilayer Transient Analysis an economic indicator of Multilayer Transient Analysis and a case study
{"title":"A Review on Pressure Transient Analysis in Multilayer Reservoir: South Iraq Case Study","authors":"Shamam Abdulkadhim, Dahlia A. Al-Obaidi","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.16ms-2023-11-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.16ms-2023-11-21","url":null,"abstract":"Multilayer reservoirs are currently modeled as a single zone system by averaging the reservoir parameters associated with each reservoir zone. However, this type of modeling is rarely accurate because a single zone system does not account for the fact that each zone's pressure decreases independently. Pressure drop for each zone has an effect on the total output and would result in inter-flow and the premature depletion of one of the zones. Understanding reservoir performance requires a precise estimation of each layer's permeability and skin factor. The Multilayer Transient Analysis is a well-testing technique designed to determine formation properties in more than one layer, and its effectiveness over the past two decades has been demonstrated. In order to conduct MTA, a combination of rate profiles derived from production data and transient rate and pressure measurements at multiple surface rates is necessary. Numerous experimental and analytic approaches to calculating multilayer characteristics, performance, and flow behavior in multilayer systems have emerged. This technology was implemented at the Zubair oil field in southern Iraq. In the last four years, the number of wells producing under saturation pressure has been increased in the Zubair oil field, particularly for the Mishrif and Zubair reservoirs. In the design of secondary and tertiary recovery, the study of the reservoir in the form of an individual layer to determine the pressure, permeability, and damage of each layer with commingled formation is important. This research describes previously available methods, factors that affect Multilayer Transient Analysis an economic indicator of Multilayer Transient Analysis and a case study","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139201285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.8ms-2023-11-13
Madyan Al-Gburi, Mohmmed Hasan, R. Habala
Groundwater is considered one of the most vital natural resources for sustaining life. The demand for water in the Shewasoor sub-basin is constantly increasing due to formidable population growth and the development of human activities. Besides, groundwater is scarce due to climatic changes in arid and semi-arid. This study aims to determine spatial distribution of groundwater potential in the Shewasoor sub-basin. This study relied on seven layers (geology, slope, elevation, lineament, drainage density, soil, and land use/land covers) using geographic information systems, remote sensing, and applying the analytical hierarchy process method after determining the weights for each parameter by a multi-criteria decision analysis; to model the groundwater potential map in the Shewasoor sub-basin. The result appeared as a map of groundwater potential categorized into five zones. The majority of the sub-basin (61.8 km2) falls under a very high-high groundwater potential zone, which distributes over an area of elevations, drainage density, and slopes low of the Bai-Hassan Formation; from the center towards the north of the sub-basin. The moderate groundwater potential zone (47.6 km2) mainly encompasses an area of elevations and slopes moderate to the Bai-Hassan formation. About 49.6 km2 is a very low to low groundwater potential zone, mainly found over the area of the elevations and slopes high within the Mukdadiyah Formation east of the sub-basin; in addition to, low groundwater potential within the Bai-Hassan Formation in the south, west, and some part center of the sub-basin due of the elevations and slopes high.
{"title":"Modeling and Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones of the Shewasoor Sub-Basin Using Analytical Hierarchy Process, RS and GIS Techniques in Kirkuk, Northeastern Iraq","authors":"Madyan Al-Gburi, Mohmmed Hasan, R. Habala","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.8ms-2023-11-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.8ms-2023-11-13","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is considered one of the most vital natural resources for sustaining life. The demand for water in the Shewasoor sub-basin is constantly increasing due to formidable population growth and the development of human activities. Besides, groundwater is scarce due to climatic changes in arid and semi-arid. This study aims to determine spatial distribution of groundwater potential in the Shewasoor sub-basin. This study relied on seven layers (geology, slope, elevation, lineament, drainage density, soil, and land use/land covers) using geographic information systems, remote sensing, and applying the analytical hierarchy process method after determining the weights for each parameter by a multi-criteria decision analysis; to model the groundwater potential map in the Shewasoor sub-basin. The result appeared as a map of groundwater potential categorized into five zones. The majority of the sub-basin (61.8 km2) falls under a very high-high groundwater potential zone, which distributes over an area of elevations, drainage density, and slopes low of the Bai-Hassan Formation; from the center towards the north of the sub-basin. The moderate groundwater potential zone (47.6 km2) mainly encompasses an area of elevations and slopes moderate to the Bai-Hassan formation. About 49.6 km2 is a very low to low groundwater potential zone, mainly found over the area of the elevations and slopes high within the Mukdadiyah Formation east of the sub-basin; in addition to, low groundwater potential within the Bai-Hassan Formation in the south, west, and some part center of the sub-basin due of the elevations and slopes high.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139201801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.1ms-2023-11-6
Amr Abdel Hamid, Seddik H. Seddik, Mohamed Hassan, Hicham Abdel Hamid
Gabal El Urf region is located in the northern Egyptian Eastern Desert and overlain essentially by older and younger granitoids of Late Proterozoic age. These granitoids contain numerous outcrops of pegmatites, mostly occurring as dikes and veins or huge separated masses. In the contrary, pegmatites form lens-like bodies enclosed within the younger granites along their margins. Previous radiometric surveys showed anomalous concentrations of radioactivity on pegmatite body, located to the south of the study region. The younger granites and the associated radioactive pegmatite are studied in details with the aim to describe this pegmatite, petrogenesis and its relation with the encolsing granite. The younger granites are monzogranite and syenogranite according to mineralogical and chemical classification. Petrographically, the two younger granitic phases are strikingly similar. Both consist of potash feldspar, plagioclase and biotite with some hornblende in the earlier phase. Gabal El Urf younger granites are categorized as highly fractionated I-type granites with metaluminous to mildly peraluminous characters, which emplaced at 600 ± 11 Ma in post-collisional environment. The radioactive pegmatite is located within the syenogranite and enriched with Zr, Nb, Ta, Y, Th, U and REEs; accordingly it was classified as NYF-type rare-elements pegmatite. Metal-bearing generations of minerals within the rare-elements pegmatite include zircon, uranothorite, betafite, aeschynite, fluorite, pyrite and ilmenite.
加巴勒厄尔夫地区位于埃及东部沙漠北部，基本上被晚新生代的较古老和较年轻的花岗岩所覆盖。这些花岗岩中含有大量伟晶岩露头，大多为尖晶石和矿脉或巨大的分离块体。相反，伟晶岩在较年轻的花岗岩边缘形成透镜状岩体。之前的放射性测量显示，位于研究区域南部的伟晶岩体上放射性异常集中。我们对较年轻的花岗岩和相关的放射性伟晶岩进行了详细研究，目的是描述这种伟晶岩、成岩过程及其与包裹花岗岩的关系。根据矿物学和化学分类，较年轻的花岗岩属于单斜花岗岩和正长花岗岩。从岩相上看，两个较年轻的花岗岩相非常相似。两者都由钾长石、斜长石和斜长石组成，早期花岗岩中还有一些角闪石。Gabal El Urf 较年轻的花岗岩被归类为高度分馏的 I 型花岗岩，具有金属铝至轻度高铝特征，在碰撞后环境中形成于 600 ± 11 Ma。放射性伟晶岩位于正长花岗岩内，富含 Zr、Nb、Ta、Y、Th、U 和 REEs，因此被归类为 NYF 型稀有元素伟晶岩。稀有元素伟晶岩内的含金属矿物世代包括锆石、铀钍石、贝塔石、黑云母、萤石、黄铁矿和钛铁矿。
{"title":"Geology, Petrography, and Geochemistry of Younger Granites and Related Radioactive Pegmatite from Gabal El Urf Area, North Eastern Desert, Egypt: Implications for the Evolution of the NYF-Type Rare-Elements Granitic Pegmatite","authors":"Amr Abdel Hamid, Seddik H. Seddik, Mohamed Hassan, Hicham Abdel Hamid","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.1ms-2023-11-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.1ms-2023-11-6","url":null,"abstract":"Gabal El Urf region is located in the northern Egyptian Eastern Desert and overlain essentially by older and younger granitoids of Late Proterozoic age. These granitoids contain numerous outcrops of pegmatites, mostly occurring as dikes and veins or huge separated masses. In the contrary, pegmatites form lens-like bodies enclosed within the younger granites along their margins. Previous radiometric surveys showed anomalous concentrations of radioactivity on pegmatite body, located to the south of the study region. The younger granites and the associated radioactive pegmatite are studied in details with the aim to describe this pegmatite, petrogenesis and its relation with the encolsing granite. The younger granites are monzogranite and syenogranite according to mineralogical and chemical classification. Petrographically, the two younger granitic phases are strikingly similar. Both consist of potash feldspar, plagioclase and biotite with some hornblende in the earlier phase. Gabal El Urf younger granites are categorized as highly fractionated I-type granites with metaluminous to mildly peraluminous characters, which emplaced at 600 ± 11 Ma in post-collisional environment. The radioactive pegmatite is located within the syenogranite and enriched with Zr, Nb, Ta, Y, Th, U and REEs; accordingly it was classified as NYF-type rare-elements pegmatite. Metal-bearing generations of minerals within the rare-elements pegmatite include zircon, uranothorite, betafite, aeschynite, fluorite, pyrite and ilmenite.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139202416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.11ms-2023-11-16
Ayoob Al-Janabi, Riyadh Al-Saadi, Husam Alwan
Precipitation generating surface runoff is very important in various water resources development and management activities such as flood control and management, irrigation scheduling, irrigation design, and drainage networks. The aim of this study is to indicate the effect of rainfall intensity and soil surface slope on the surface runoff rate of Karbala desert soil. This study was conducted on the soil of the Karbala desert in Iraq, located between the provinces of Karbala and Najaf, extended from the longitude 32o44'186'' E and latitude 44o100'960''N. In this study, a laboratory watershed model was designed and constructed to be used to examine surface runoff of the Karbala desert soil and other hydrological properties, under the influence of different precipitation intensities (1.83 cm/min, 1.67 cm/min, 0.9 cm/min, and 0.64 cm/min) and different slopes of the soil surface (0.0 %, 2.0 %, 3.3 %, and 6.7 %). A Gene Expression Programming model was used to develop an equation of the surface runoff rate for the Karbala desert soil. The results showed that the rate of surface runoff increased with increasing rainfall intensity. The highest surface runoff rate of 101.53 cm/hr was obtained when the rainfall intensity was 1.83 cm/min, while at the rainfall intensity of 0.64 cm/min, the highest value of surface runoff rate of 31.17 cm/hr was obtained. The results also showed that the slope of the soil surface has a clear effect on the surface runoff rates. The highest value of surface runoff rate of 96.82 cm/hr was obtained when the slope of the soil surface was 0.0%, while at the slope of the soil surface of 6.7%, the highest value of surface runoff rate of 101.53 cm/hr was obtained. According to the simulation results, the surface runoff rate equation created using the Gene Expression Programming model did a great job of predicting the Karbala desert soil surface runoff, with a coefficient of determination R2 equal to 0.8812 for training and 0.8155 for testing.
{"title":"A Laboratory Watershed Model to Study the Effect of Rainfall Intensity and Soil Surface Slope on Surface Runoff Rate of Karbala Desert Soil","authors":"Ayoob Al-Janabi, Riyadh Al-Saadi, Husam Alwan","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.11ms-2023-11-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.11ms-2023-11-16","url":null,"abstract":"Precipitation generating surface runoff is very important in various water resources development and management activities such as flood control and management, irrigation scheduling, irrigation design, and drainage networks. The aim of this study is to indicate the effect of rainfall intensity and soil surface slope on the surface runoff rate of Karbala desert soil. This study was conducted on the soil of the Karbala desert in Iraq, located between the provinces of Karbala and Najaf, extended from the longitude 32o44'186'' E and latitude 44o100'960''N. In this study, a laboratory watershed model was designed and constructed to be used to examine surface runoff of the Karbala desert soil and other hydrological properties, under the influence of different precipitation intensities (1.83 cm/min, 1.67 cm/min, 0.9 cm/min, and 0.64 cm/min) and different slopes of the soil surface (0.0 %, 2.0 %, 3.3 %, and 6.7 %). A Gene Expression Programming model was used to develop an equation of the surface runoff rate for the Karbala desert soil. The results showed that the rate of surface runoff increased with increasing rainfall intensity. The highest surface runoff rate of 101.53 cm/hr was obtained when the rainfall intensity was 1.83 cm/min, while at the rainfall intensity of 0.64 cm/min, the highest value of surface runoff rate of 31.17 cm/hr was obtained. The results also showed that the slope of the soil surface has a clear effect on the surface runoff rates. The highest value of surface runoff rate of 96.82 cm/hr was obtained when the slope of the soil surface was 0.0%, while at the slope of the soil surface of 6.7%, the highest value of surface runoff rate of 101.53 cm/hr was obtained. According to the simulation results, the surface runoff rate equation created using the Gene Expression Programming model did a great job of predicting the Karbala desert soil surface runoff, with a coefficient of determination R2 equal to 0.8812 for training and 0.8155 for testing.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"78 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139205952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.46717/igj.56.2e.24ms-2023-11-29
Ahmed Al-Rahim, Lamees Abdulkareem
Multiple eliminations (de-multiple) are one of seismic processing steps to remove their effects and delineate the correct primary refractors. Using normal move out to flatten primaries is the way to eliminate multiples through transforming these data to frequency-wavenumber domain. The flatten primaries are aligned with zero axis of the frequency-wavenumber domain and any other reflection types (multiples and random noise) are distributed elsewhere. Dip-filter is applied to pass the aligned data and reject others will separate primaries from multiple after transforming the data back from frequency-wavenumber domain to time-distance domain. For that, a suggested name for this technique as normal move out- frequency-wavenumber domain method for multiple eliminations. The method is tested on a fake reflection event to authorize their validity, and applied to a real field X-profile 2D seismic data from southern Iraq. The results ensure the possibility of internal multiple types existing in the deep reflection data in Iraq and have to remove. So that the interpretation for the true reflectors be valid. The final processed stacked seismic data using normal move out- frequency-wavenumber domain technique shows good, clear, and sharp reflectors in comparison with the conventional normal move out stack data. Open-source Madagascar reproducible package is used for processing all steps of this study and the package is very efficient, accurate, and easy to implement normal move out, frequency-wavenumber domain, Dip-filter programs. The aim of the current study is to separate internal multiples and noise from the real 2D seismic data.
多重消除（de-multiple）是地震处理步骤之一，目的是消除多重影响，划定正确的原初折射。通过将这些数据转换到频率-波数域，使用法线移出平移初至是消除多重的方法。压平后的原边与频率-波数域的零轴对齐，而其他任何反射类型（多重和随机噪声）则分布在其他地方。在将数据从频率-波数域转换回时间-距离域之后，应用浸透滤波器通过对齐的数据，并剔除其他数据，从而将基波和多波分离开。因此，建议将这种技术命名为正常移出--频率-波数域多重消除方法。该方法在假反射事件上进行了测试，以验证其有效性，并应用于伊拉克南部的真实野外 X 剖面二维地震数据。结果证明，伊拉克深层反射数据中可能存在内部多重类型，必须予以消除。因此，对真实反射体的解释是有效的。与传统的正常移出叠加数据相比，使用正常移出-频率-波数域技术处理的最终叠加地震数据显示出良好、清晰和锐利的反射体。本研究的所有步骤都使用了开放源码的马达加斯加可重现软件包进行处理，该软件包非常高效、准确，且易于实施正则移出、频率-文波数域、Dip-滤波程序。当前研究的目的是从真实的二维地震数据中分离出内部倍频和噪声。
{"title":"Multiple and Coherent Noise Removal from X-Profile 2D Seismic Data of Southern Iraq Using Normal Move Out-Frequency Wavenumber Technique","authors":"Ahmed Al-Rahim, Lamees Abdulkareem","doi":"10.46717/igj.56.2e.24ms-2023-11-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.24ms-2023-11-29","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple eliminations (de-multiple) are one of seismic processing steps to remove their effects and delineate the correct primary refractors. Using normal move out to flatten primaries is the way to eliminate multiples through transforming these data to frequency-wavenumber domain. The flatten primaries are aligned with zero axis of the frequency-wavenumber domain and any other reflection types (multiples and random noise) are distributed elsewhere. Dip-filter is applied to pass the aligned data and reject others will separate primaries from multiple after transforming the data back from frequency-wavenumber domain to time-distance domain. For that, a suggested name for this technique as normal move out- frequency-wavenumber domain method for multiple eliminations. The method is tested on a fake reflection event to authorize their validity, and applied to a real field X-profile 2D seismic data from southern Iraq. The results ensure the possibility of internal multiple types existing in the deep reflection data in Iraq and have to remove. So that the interpretation for the true reflectors be valid. The final processed stacked seismic data using normal move out- frequency-wavenumber domain technique shows good, clear, and sharp reflectors in comparison with the conventional normal move out stack data. Open-source Madagascar reproducible package is used for processing all steps of this study and the package is very efficient, accurate, and easy to implement normal move out, frequency-wavenumber domain, Dip-filter programs. The aim of the current study is to separate internal multiples and noise from the real 2D seismic data.","PeriodicalId":14847,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","volume":"660 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139203192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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