Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12660
Azubogu U. S., Ugwu R. O., Jaja T., Alikor E. A.
Background: Unidentified and untreated pubertal abnormalities in HIV-infected girls may result in adverse psychosocial consequences as well as a reduced final adult height. The aim of the study was to determine the pubertal development pattern in HIV-infected girls receiving care in two tertiary hospitals in Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study involving 90 HIV-infected girls aged 10-18 years and 90 age, sex and socio-economic class matched non-HIV-infected girls. Results: The mean age of pubertal onset in HIV-infected girls was 11.57±1.05 which was significantly higher than the mean age of 10.78±0.69 seen in the non-HIV-infected group (ꭓ 2= 2.667, p=0.011). Sixty three (70%) of HIV-infected females had commenced puberty (Tanner stage 2 or above for breast development) compared to 83 (92.2%) of non-HIV-infected females. (χ2=16.277, p=0.003). Forty per cent (40%) of HIV-infected girls had attained menarche (40%) as against 52.2% in the comparison group but this difference was not statistically significant (χ2=2.705, p=0.100). There was a higher prevalence of pubertal delay in HIV-infected girls (6.7%) compared to non-HIV-infected girls (1.1%). Conclusion: The mean age of Pubertal onset was significantly later in HIV-infected girls compared to non-HIV-infected. This could have negative implications for psychosocial and reproductive health in HIV-infected girls.
背景： 艾滋病病毒感染女童的青春期发育异常如不及时发现和治疗，可能会导致不良的社会心理后果以及成年后身高的降低。本研究旨在确定在尼日利亚南部哈科特港两家三级医院接受治疗的 HIV 感染女童的青春期发育模式。材料与方法：这是一项横断面比较研究，涉及 90 名年龄在 10-18 岁的 HIV 感染女童和 90 名年龄、性别和社会经济阶层相匹配的非 HIV 感染女童。研究结果感染 HIV 的女孩青春期开始的平均年龄为（11.57±1.05）岁，明显高于非 HIV 感染组的平均年龄（10.78±0.69）岁（ꭓ 2= 2.667，P=0.011）。63（70%）名感染艾滋病毒的女性已进入青春期（乳房发育达到或超过坦纳2期），而非感染艾滋病毒的女性为83（92.2%）名。(χ2=16.277，P=0.003）。感染艾滋病毒的女孩中有 40% 达到初潮，而对比组为 52.2%，但差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.705，P=0.100）。与未感染艾滋病毒的女孩（1.1%）相比，感染艾滋病毒的女孩青春期延迟的发生率更高（6.7%）。结论与未感染艾滋病病毒的女孩相比，感染艾滋病病毒的女孩青春期开始的平均年龄明显较晚。这可能会对艾滋病病毒感染女童的社会心理和生殖健康产生负面影响。
{"title":"Pubertal Development Pattern in HIV-Infected Girls in Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria","authors":"Azubogu U. S., Ugwu R. O., Jaja T., Alikor E. A.","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12660","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Unidentified and untreated pubertal abnormalities in HIV-infected girls may result in adverse psychosocial consequences as well as a reduced final adult height. The aim of the study was to determine the pubertal development pattern in HIV-infected girls receiving care in two tertiary hospitals in Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria. \u0000Materials and Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study involving 90 HIV-infected girls aged 10-18 years and 90 age, sex and socio-economic class matched non-HIV-infected girls. \u0000Results: The mean age of pubertal onset in HIV-infected girls was 11.57±1.05 which was significantly higher than the mean age of 10.78±0.69 seen in the non-HIV-infected group (ꭓ 2= 2.667, p=0.011). Sixty three (70%) of HIV-infected females had commenced puberty (Tanner stage 2 or above for breast development) compared to 83 (92.2%) of non-HIV-infected females. (χ2=16.277, p=0.003). Forty per cent (40%) of HIV-infected girls had attained menarche (40%) as against 52.2% in the comparison group but this difference was not statistically significant (χ2=2.705, p=0.100). There was a higher prevalence of pubertal delay in HIV-infected girls (6.7%) compared to non-HIV-infected girls (1.1%). \u0000Conclusion: The mean age of Pubertal onset was significantly later in HIV-infected girls compared to non-HIV-infected. This could have negative implications for psychosocial and reproductive health in HIV-infected girls.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"77 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138954429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12659
R. S. Ajani, Onyinyechukwu Maureen Agagwu
Objective: The paired human kidneys are retroperitoneal organs responsible for the maintenance of the internal meliu of the human body. Chronic kidney disease is major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Nutrition and life style are two main factors in the aetiopathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. Aspartame is a non-nutritive sweetener commonly consumed worldwide. Ocimum gratissimum is a naturally growing plant with some medicinal benefits. This study investigated if oral administration of aspartame could induce renal insufficiency in rat and the plausible ameliorative role of O. gratissimum extract. Methodology: Fifty animals allotted to four groups were used for the study. The control group (CN) had normal feed. The Aspartame group (Asp) had 250 mg/kg/day of aspartame for 28 days. The Aspartame low dose O. gratissimum extract group (ALO) had 250 mg/kg/day of aspartame for 28 days followed by once daily dose of the extract at 100 mg/kg for 28 days. For the Aspartame high dose O. gratissimum extract group (AHO); aspartame was administered at 250 mg/kg once daily for 28 days followed by another 28-day daily administration of the plant extract at 200mg/kg. Both aspartame and plant extract were administered orally. Periodically, blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses and kidneys harvested for histopathological examination. Results: The biochemical parameters of renal insufficiency were significantly pronounced in the Asp group but not in the AHO. Oxidative stress was pronounced in the Asp and ALO but not in group AHO at day 57. Histopathological examination of the kidney obtained from the Aspartame group revealed destruction of glomeruli. Chronic administration of aspartame in rat caused sustained renal insufficiency which was ameliorated by prolonged administration of high dose of Ocimum gratissimum extract. Thus O. gratissimum extract is beneficial to aspartame induced renal toxicity in a dose dependent manner.
{"title":"Aspartame, Chronic Kidney Insufficiency and Ocimum gratissimum Extract","authors":"R. S. Ajani, Onyinyechukwu Maureen Agagwu","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12659","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The paired human kidneys are retroperitoneal organs responsible for the maintenance of the internal meliu of the human body. Chronic kidney disease is major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Nutrition and life style are two main factors in the aetiopathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. Aspartame is a non-nutritive sweetener commonly consumed worldwide. Ocimum gratissimum is a naturally growing plant with some medicinal benefits. This study investigated if oral administration of aspartame could induce renal insufficiency in rat and the plausible ameliorative role of O. gratissimum extract.\u0000Methodology: Fifty animals allotted to four groups were used for the study. The control group (CN) had normal feed. The Aspartame group (Asp) had 250 mg/kg/day of aspartame for 28 days. The Aspartame low dose O. gratissimum extract group (ALO) had 250 mg/kg/day of aspartame for 28 days followed by once daily dose of the extract at 100 mg/kg for 28 days. For the Aspartame high dose O. gratissimum extract group (AHO); aspartame was administered at 250 mg/kg once daily for 28 days followed by another 28-day daily administration of the plant extract at 200mg/kg. Both aspartame and plant extract were administered orally. Periodically, blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses and kidneys harvested for histopathological examination.\u0000Results: The biochemical parameters of renal insufficiency were significantly pronounced in the Asp group but not in the AHO. Oxidative stress was pronounced in the Asp and ALO but not in group AHO at day 57. Histopathological examination of the kidney obtained from the Aspartame group revealed destruction of glomeruli.\u0000Chronic administration of aspartame in rat caused sustained renal insufficiency which was ameliorated by prolonged administration of high dose of Ocimum gratissimum extract. Thus O. gratissimum extract is beneficial to aspartame induced renal toxicity in a dose dependent manner.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12658
J. L. Ndamukong-Nyanga, Kfu Emmanuel Keng
Soil-transmitted helminthes (STH) (A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworms) constitute a significant public health problem globally. These infections are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas and their transmission is highly dependent on the degree to which the environment is contaminated with infectious stages and the amount of contact between human hosts and polluted soil. There are three main intervention strategies for controlling STH infections including ant-helminthic drug treatment (deworming), improved sanitation and health education. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of STH and assess the effects of de-worming among children 4 to 15 years old in Mutegene. It was a cross-sectional study, involving school children of both sexes. A systematic random sampling method was used to collect data. Basic demographic data was obtained from the class registers. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information. Stool samples were collected, transported to the laboratory for macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 and the Chi-square test. The result obtained showed an overall prevalence of 3.6% (n=9) with the most frequent species being Trichuris trichiura 2.4% (n=6) followed by Hookworm 0.8% (n= 2) and the least was Ascaris lumbricoides 0.4 %(n=1). On the impact of de-worming, out of the 9 infected cases, seven (7) indicated that they had not taken worm medicines (neither albendazole nor mebendazole), one (1) did not know and only one (1) infected person was among those that had been de-wormed before. This showed that the deworming process had a positive impact in eliminating helminthiasis. In conclusion, the low prevalence could be explained by the prior de-worming of children. It was recommended that continuous health education should be given through community radios and television as a means of making the people understand the mode of transmission and methods of prevention of STH infection better.
{"title":"Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Prevalence and the Effect of Deworming in Children in Mutengene, South West Region, Cameroon","authors":"J. L. Ndamukong-Nyanga, Kfu Emmanuel Keng","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12658","url":null,"abstract":"Soil-transmitted helminthes (STH) (A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworms) constitute a significant public health problem globally. These infections are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas and their transmission is highly dependent on the degree to which the environment is contaminated with infectious stages and the amount of contact between human hosts and polluted soil. There are three main intervention strategies for controlling STH infections including ant-helminthic drug treatment (deworming), improved sanitation and health education. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of STH and assess the effects of de-worming among children 4 to 15 years old in Mutegene. \u0000It was a cross-sectional study, involving school children of both sexes. A systematic random sampling method was used to collect data. Basic demographic data was obtained from the class registers. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information. Stool samples were collected, transported to the laboratory for macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 and the Chi-square test. \u0000The result obtained showed an overall prevalence of 3.6% (n=9) with the most frequent species being Trichuris trichiura 2.4% (n=6) followed by Hookworm 0.8% (n= 2) and the least was Ascaris lumbricoides 0.4 %(n=1). On the impact of de-worming, out of the 9 infected cases, seven (7) indicated that they had not taken worm medicines (neither albendazole nor mebendazole), one (1) did not know and only one (1) infected person was among those that had been de-wormed before. This showed that the deworming process had a positive impact in eliminating helminthiasis. \u0000In conclusion, the low prevalence could be explained by the prior de-worming of children. It was recommended that continuous health education should be given through community radios and television as a means of making the people understand the mode of transmission and methods of prevention of STH infection better.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138587626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Macaranga hurifolia (ZG02), Mallotus oppositifolius (ZG04), and Mareya micrantha (ZG08) are ethnomedicinal plants belong to Euphorbiaceae family Which are frequently used in treating various diseases in Ivory Coast. The aim of this study is to determine the phytochemical composition and safety level of these three plants. Phytochemical assays were conducted using tubes following standard methods. Acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD 423 guidelinesThe rats were divided into fifteen groups of three rats each, 4 control groups,4ZG02 groups, 4 ZG04 groups, and 3 ZG08 groups). Results of phytochemical analysis revealed that ZG02 contains polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, gallotannins, and saponins. ZG04 contains polyphenols, flavonoids, catechin tannins, saponins, as well as sterols and terpenoids.While ZG08 contains polyphenols, flavonoids, gallotannins, catechin tannins, saponins, as well as sterols and terpenoids. Regarding acute toxicity, administration of the aqueous extracts for the determination of acute toxicity of ZG02 and ZG04, did not produce any mortality in the rats for dosages of up to 2000 mg/kg. Thus, the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of the population) of ZG02 and ZG04 is greater than 2000 mg/kg of body weight. However, the treatment of ZG08 at 300 mg/kg of body weight, caused a modification in the behavior of the test animals, while the treatment at 2000 mg/kg of body weight resulted in the death of all 3 tested ras. The LD50 of ZG08 is equal to 500 mg/kg of body weight. In conclusion, the presence of rich active phytochemical, justifying the traditional uses of the plant. ZG02 and ZG04 show no oral toxicity, while ZG08 is toxic through this route
{"title":"Monograph: Acute Toxicity, Phytochemical Analysis and Ethnomedicinal Study of Aqueous (Leaf and Stem Back) Extracts of three Ethnomedicinal plants (Macaranga hurifolia, Mareya micrantha, and Mallotus oppositifolius) from Ivorian Pharmacopoeia on Rats","authors":"Yapo Yomeh Cynthia Viviane, Katou Yapo Séverin, Konan Gbê Kouakou N’dri Ange, Zougrou N’guessan Ernest, Bolou Gbouhouri Eric-Kevin, Z. G. Noël","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12656","url":null,"abstract":"Macaranga hurifolia (ZG02), Mallotus oppositifolius (ZG04), and Mareya micrantha (ZG08) are ethnomedicinal plants belong to Euphorbiaceae family Which are frequently used in treating various diseases in Ivory Coast. The aim of this study is to determine the phytochemical composition and safety level of these three plants. \u0000Phytochemical assays were conducted using tubes following standard methods. Acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD 423 guidelinesThe rats were divided into fifteen groups of three rats each, 4 control groups,4ZG02 groups, 4 ZG04 groups, and 3 ZG08 groups). \u0000Results of phytochemical analysis revealed that ZG02 contains polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, gallotannins, and saponins. ZG04 contains polyphenols, flavonoids, catechin tannins, saponins, as well as sterols and terpenoids.While ZG08 contains polyphenols, flavonoids, gallotannins, catechin tannins, saponins, as well as sterols and terpenoids. \u0000Regarding acute toxicity, administration of the aqueous extracts for the determination of acute toxicity of ZG02 and ZG04, did not produce any mortality in the rats for dosages of up to 2000 mg/kg. Thus, the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of the population) of ZG02 and ZG04 is greater than 2000 mg/kg of body weight. However, the treatment of ZG08 at 300 mg/kg of body weight, caused a modification in the behavior of the test animals, while the treatment at 2000 mg/kg of body weight resulted in the death of all 3 tested ras. The LD50 of ZG08 is equal to 500 mg/kg of body weight. \u0000In conclusion, the presence of rich active phytochemical, justifying the traditional uses of the plant. ZG02 and ZG04 show no oral toxicity, while ZG08 is toxic through this route","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"24 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12657
W. Iyke, S. Dede, Onoja Joy Tonye
This study is aimed to evaluate the histomorphology of small intestine of Wistar rats exposed to Eliozu dumpsite leachate. The toxic effect of Eliozu dumpsite leachate has been studied, where the researcher has identified that the leachate has toxicological effects on some organ tissues like the blood, reproductive tracts and hormones, oxidative stress parameters and the cerebral cortex. Twenty-five female Wistar rats weighing between 120-140 g were obtained from the animal house unit of Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The rats were randomly assigned into five groups of five (5) rats in each group. Group 1 served as a control and orally received 1 ml of bottled water; group 2 orally received 1 ml of water from a borehole close to the dumpsite. Groups 3, 4 and 5 received 1 ml of 10%, 50%, and 100% leachate concentrations orally for 30 days. In the present study, an alteration in the histoarchitecture of the small intestine of the Eliozu dumpsite leachate treated animals was observed; the small intestine of the control group has shown normal intestinal histoarchitecture. The mucosa forms a series of finger-like villi, each showing lamina propria, blood capillaries etc. the simple columnar mucosal epithelium contains absorptive goblets cells, crypts of Liberkuhn in the mucosa and Brunner’s glands. It is concluded that exposure to the Eliozu dumpsite leachate and the consumption of the nearby borehole water with significant heavy metals and microorganism have caused the histopathological alterations in gastrointestinal tracts (small intestines) of animals and it is recommend that Government and environmental regulatory agencies find an ecofriendly method to treat Eliozu dumpsite leachate.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Histomorphology of Small Intestine of Wistar Rats Exposed to Eliozu Dumpsite Leachate","authors":"W. Iyke, S. Dede, Onoja Joy Tonye","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12657","url":null,"abstract":"This study is aimed to evaluate the histomorphology of small intestine of Wistar rats exposed to Eliozu dumpsite leachate. The toxic effect of Eliozu dumpsite leachate has been studied, where the researcher has identified that the leachate has toxicological effects on some organ tissues like the blood, reproductive tracts and hormones, oxidative stress parameters and the cerebral cortex. Twenty-five female Wistar rats weighing between 120-140 g were obtained from the animal house unit of Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The rats were randomly assigned into five groups of five (5) rats in each group. Group 1 served as a control and orally received 1 ml of bottled water; group 2 orally received 1 ml of water from a borehole close to the dumpsite. Groups 3, 4 and 5 received 1 ml of 10%, 50%, and 100% leachate concentrations orally for 30 days. In the present study, an alteration in the histoarchitecture of the small intestine of the Eliozu dumpsite leachate treated animals was observed; the small intestine of the control group has shown normal intestinal histoarchitecture. The mucosa forms a series of finger-like villi, each showing lamina propria, blood capillaries etc. the simple columnar mucosal epithelium contains absorptive goblets cells, crypts of Liberkuhn in the mucosa and Brunner’s glands. It is concluded that exposure to the Eliozu dumpsite leachate and the consumption of the nearby borehole water with significant heavy metals and microorganism have caused the histopathological alterations in gastrointestinal tracts (small intestines) of animals and it is recommend that Government and environmental regulatory agencies find an ecofriendly method to treat Eliozu dumpsite leachate.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"52 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138593253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12654
Ejlal A. Abdallah, Leena Abdulaziz, Esraa Elhadi, Fadlalbaseer A. Alnoor, Bashir A. Yousef
Drug discovery and development are lengthy and expensive processes that face serious challenges. A new compound must not only produce the desired response with minimal side effects but must also demonstrate better activity than existing drugs. Thus, modification of existing drugs is easier than discovery of new drugs. Furthermore, the rate of development of new antiviral agents has declined significantly in recent decades, and pathogenic viruses have become more serious and have developed resistance against antiviral drugs. Hence, owing to multidrug resistance, severe side effects, and the emergence of new virus types, there is an urgent need for the development of new alternative or synergistic antiviral drugs with minimal side effects. Anti-inflammatory drugs represent a group of drugs with broad clinical applications and remain one of the most widely used medications worldwide. They can relieve the most common symptoms of viral infections (pain and fever). Thus, many researchers have screened for antiviral activities among the marketed anti-inflammatory drugs against different types of viral infections, based on the observed antiviral activity in different preclinical and clinical studies. This mini-review article summarizes preclinical studies (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) that evaluated the antiviral activity of approved anti-inflammatory drugs.
{"title":"Antiviral Activity of Approved Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Prospects for Drug Repurposing: A review","authors":"Ejlal A. Abdallah, Leena Abdulaziz, Esraa Elhadi, Fadlalbaseer A. Alnoor, Bashir A. Yousef","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i12654","url":null,"abstract":"Drug discovery and development are lengthy and expensive processes that face serious challenges. A new compound must not only produce the desired response with minimal side effects but must also demonstrate better activity than existing drugs. Thus, modification of existing drugs is easier than discovery of new drugs. Furthermore, the rate of development of new antiviral agents has declined significantly in recent decades, and pathogenic viruses have become more serious and have developed resistance against antiviral drugs. Hence, owing to multidrug resistance, severe side effects, and the emergence of new virus types, there is an urgent need for the development of new alternative or synergistic antiviral drugs with minimal side effects. Anti-inflammatory drugs represent a group of drugs with broad clinical applications and remain one of the most widely used medications worldwide. They can relieve the most common symptoms of viral infections (pain and fever). Thus, many researchers have screened for antiviral activities among the marketed anti-inflammatory drugs against different types of viral infections, based on the observed antiviral activity in different preclinical and clinical studies. This mini-review article summarizes preclinical studies (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) that evaluated the antiviral activity of approved anti-inflammatory drugs.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138604752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11653
Pravalika Avirineni, Sudheer K. Dundigalla, Satyanarayana S. V. Padi
The maneuver clinical investigation of an effective drug for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still ongoing and the milieu of a successful investigational drug with proven efficacy is still obscure. Drug repurposing is a method to identify new therapeutic uses for existing drugs, which include approved, delayed, withdrawn, and investigational drugs and drug candidates. Indeed, the cost of the standard drug discovery and development process amounts to more than a billion dollars, and the investigations are expected to last 10–15 years. Notably, repurposing existing approved drugs is a potential, effective, and profitable approach as it significantly reduces the cost and time of developing a new drug. Owing to the established safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of potential drug candidates, drug repurposing may allow scientists to skip or shorten some critical steps of the traditional drug discovery and development process. Prospectively, advanced approaches could be harnessed to conduct proof-of-concept trials that would accelerate the clinical evaluation of repurposed drugs. Drawing lessons from repurposing efforts for COVID-19 therapeutics, the present review briefly summarizes the current status of various potential drugs that have been clinically evaluated for repurposing platforms as well as that could maximize safety, efficacy, and possible therapeutic benefits, both alone or in combination, and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
{"title":"Drug Repurposing for COVID-19: Current Status of Potential Therapeutics","authors":"Pravalika Avirineni, Sudheer K. Dundigalla, Satyanarayana S. V. Padi","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11653","url":null,"abstract":"The maneuver clinical investigation of an effective drug for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still ongoing and the milieu of a successful investigational drug with proven efficacy is still obscure. Drug repurposing is a method to identify new therapeutic uses for existing drugs, which include approved, delayed, withdrawn, and investigational drugs and drug candidates. Indeed, the cost of the standard drug discovery and development process amounts to more than a billion dollars, and the investigations are expected to last 10–15 years. Notably, repurposing existing approved drugs is a potential, effective, and profitable approach as it significantly reduces the cost and time of developing a new drug. Owing to the established safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of potential drug candidates, drug repurposing may allow scientists to skip or shorten some critical steps of the traditional drug discovery and development process. Prospectively, advanced approaches could be harnessed to conduct proof-of-concept trials that would accelerate the clinical evaluation of repurposed drugs. Drawing lessons from repurposing efforts for COVID-19 therapeutics, the present review briefly summarizes the current status of various potential drugs that have been clinically evaluated for repurposing platforms as well as that could maximize safety, efficacy, and possible therapeutic benefits, both alone or in combination, and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"24 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138604168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A common condition in the world, Peptic Ulcer condition is sometimes referred to as stomach ulcers or peptic ulcers. PUD is caused by a defect in the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum that extends beyond the muscularis mucosa. PUD is the consequence of an imbalance between the aggressive and defensive elements impacting the mucosa, which occurs after gastric mucosal lesions. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a widespread ailment affecting 5–10% of the world's population, with notable racial and regional variations. As a result of an imbalance between the aggressive and defensive elements impacting the mucosa, comes gastric mucosal injuries. The word "peptic" comes from the hormone pepsin, which is essential in causing mucosal breakdown. The most common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the Western world is bleeding from peptic ulcers (PUs). High rates of morbidity, mortality, and medical costs are linked to it. This review article covers the pathophysiology, aetiology, medical therapy, diagnosis, symptoms, and signs of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD).
{"title":"Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD), Diagnosis, and Current Medication-Based Management Options: Schematic Overview","authors":"Yash Srivastav, Vijay Kumar, Yashi Srivastava, Madhaw Kumar","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11651","url":null,"abstract":"A common condition in the world, Peptic Ulcer condition is sometimes referred to as stomach ulcers or peptic ulcers. PUD is caused by a defect in the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum that extends beyond the muscularis mucosa. PUD is the consequence of an imbalance between the aggressive and defensive elements impacting the mucosa, which occurs after gastric mucosal lesions. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a widespread ailment affecting 5–10% of the world's population, with notable racial and regional variations. As a result of an imbalance between the aggressive and defensive elements impacting the mucosa, comes gastric mucosal injuries. The word \"peptic\" comes from the hormone pepsin, which is essential in causing mucosal breakdown. The most common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the Western world is bleeding from peptic ulcers (PUs). High rates of morbidity, mortality, and medical costs are linked to it. This review article covers the pathophysiology, aetiology, medical therapy, diagnosis, symptoms, and signs of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD).","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"36 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-02DOI: 10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11652
Eyindah Gloria Chimzindu, Ngozi Brisibe, I. George-Opuda, Brown Holy
Lipid accumulation product is a novel biomarker of central lipid accumulation related to the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In certain metabolic diseases, insulin resistance is often present which could be attributed to an abnormality in the insulin-specific receptors in various tissues, obesity, or visceral adiposity. This study aimed at determining the triglyceride–glucose index and lipid accumulation product index of apparently healthy individuals in Port Harcourt. A total of 150 healthy individuals were assessed for anthropometric and biochemical measurement, lipid accumulation production (LAP), and triglyceride --glucose index TyG. Comparison of mean values of biophysical variables body mass index (BMI), lipid accumulation product indices, cardiovascular, triglyceride–glucose index, insulin, C-peptide, glycated haemoglobin (HbAIC), Fasting blood sugar (FBS), and Body Mass Index (BMI) of male and female subjects were measured using standard procedures. A detailed comparison of mean values of biophysical variables of male and female subjects shows that the mean age for the male subjects (41.55±6.99 years) was significantly higher (p=0.0159) when compared to the mean age for female subjects (39.04±5.6 years. There was no significant difference in the mean weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, SBP, DBP, T. Chol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, C-peptide level, HbAIc, FBS level, T. CHOL/HDL ratio, T. CHOL/LDL ratio, and TyG index between the male and female subjects. However, there was a significantly higher level of insulin for male than female subjects and higher LAP for female than male subjects. Also, there was a higher HOMA-R for male subjects than female subjects. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between BMI and the following; mean age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference (WC), and insulin levels. The Receiver's Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve for the LAP test had a high AUC value of 0.9970. Similarly, the ROC curve analysis of the TyG test had a high AUC of 0.8344. However, these findings emphasize the LAP test has a stronger discriminatory ability than TyG. Healthy individuals may have the cardiovascular risk of being evaluated by LAP, which is very cost-effective.
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Lipid Accumulation Product, and Triglyceride-Glucose Indices in Apparently Healthy Subjects in Predicting Cardiovascular Risks in Port-Harcourt","authors":"Eyindah Gloria Chimzindu, Ngozi Brisibe, I. George-Opuda, Brown Holy","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11652","url":null,"abstract":"Lipid accumulation product is a novel biomarker of central lipid accumulation related to the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In certain metabolic diseases, insulin resistance is often present which could be attributed to an abnormality in the insulin-specific receptors in various tissues, obesity, or visceral adiposity. This study aimed at determining the triglyceride–glucose index and lipid accumulation product index of apparently healthy individuals in Port Harcourt. A total of 150 healthy individuals were assessed for anthropometric and biochemical measurement, lipid accumulation production (LAP), and triglyceride --glucose index TyG. Comparison of mean values of biophysical variables body mass index (BMI), lipid accumulation product indices, cardiovascular, triglyceride–glucose index, insulin, C-peptide, glycated haemoglobin (HbAIC), Fasting blood sugar (FBS), and Body Mass Index (BMI) of male and female subjects were measured using standard procedures. A detailed comparison of mean values of biophysical variables of male and female subjects shows that the mean age for the male subjects (41.55±6.99 years) was significantly higher (p=0.0159) when compared to the mean age for female subjects (39.04±5.6 years. There was no significant difference in the mean weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, SBP, DBP, T. Chol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, C-peptide level, HbAIc, FBS level, T. CHOL/HDL ratio, T. CHOL/LDL ratio, and TyG index between the male and female subjects. However, there was a significantly higher level of insulin for male than female subjects and higher LAP for female than male subjects. Also, there was a higher HOMA-R for male subjects than female subjects. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between BMI and the following; mean age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference (WC), and insulin levels. The Receiver's Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve for the LAP test had a high AUC value of 0.9970. Similarly, the ROC curve analysis of the TyG test had a high AUC of 0.8344. However, these findings emphasize the LAP test has a stronger discriminatory ability than TyG. Healthy individuals may have the cardiovascular risk of being evaluated by LAP, which is very cost-effective.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"31 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11650
Anyanwu, R. O., Onochie, A. U., Idama, F. O.
Allium sativum has been used traditionally for its various medicinal properties, including potential hepatoprotective effects and its role in managing diabetes. This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract of Allium sativum(garlic) on diabetes induced male wistar albino rats. Sixty (60) healthy male wistar albino rats weighing 90g-120g were used. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of 130 mg/kg of Alloxan monohydrate. The rats were grouped into six groups: Group A (un-induced, normal control), Group B (Untreated Diabetes-induced), Group C (Diabetes-induced treated with 5mg/kg glibenclamide) and Group D, E, F which are Diabetes-induced, treated with 200mg, 400mg and 600mg of ethanol extract of Allium sativum respectively. After the treatment period, blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture from each of the rats for Liver Function Test using standard analytical procedures. The Liver Function Test revealed activities of Alkaline Phosphatase, (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin levels were increased after induction. Consequently, these were brought to almost normal upon treatment with extract of Allium sativum, indicating the potency of the plant in protecting the hepatocyte.
{"title":"Assessment of Hepatoprotective Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Allium sativum (Garlic) in Diabetes Induced Male Wistar Albino Rats","authors":"Anyanwu, R. O., Onochie, A. U., Idama, F. O.","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i11650","url":null,"abstract":"Allium sativum has been used traditionally for its various medicinal properties, including potential hepatoprotective effects and its role in managing diabetes. This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract of Allium sativum(garlic) on diabetes induced male wistar albino rats. Sixty (60) healthy male wistar albino rats weighing 90g-120g were used. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of 130 mg/kg of Alloxan monohydrate. The rats were grouped into six groups: Group A (un-induced, normal control), Group B (Untreated Diabetes-induced), Group C (Diabetes-induced treated with 5mg/kg glibenclamide) and Group D, E, F which are Diabetes-induced, treated with 200mg, 400mg and 600mg of ethanol extract of Allium sativum respectively. After the treatment period, blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture from each of the rats for Liver Function Test using standard analytical procedures. The Liver Function Test revealed activities of Alkaline Phosphatase, (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin levels were increased after induction. Consequently, these were brought to almost normal upon treatment with extract of Allium sativum, indicating the potency of the plant in protecting the hepatocyte.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139265196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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