Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.46429/jaupr.v105i1.19641
Javier Carrión-Guzmán, Reinaldo Berríos-Rivera, Johanna Burgos-Carrasquillo, Alfredo J. Báez-Pérez, Yamira Colón-Rosa
El propósito de esta investigación fue documentar el desarrollo histórico los orígenes y fundamentos de las tres escuelas ocupacionales agrícolas de Puerto Rico, describir los trabajos que estas escuelas realizan, conocer sus fortalezas, su composición estructural e identificar sus áreas de oportunidad. Las escuelas objeto de estudio fueron: la Escuela Vocacional Agrícola José B. Barceló Oliver (Adjuntas), la Escuela Vocacional Agrícola Bucarabones (Toa Alta) y la Escuela Vocacional Agrícola Soller/Agron. Héctor M. Cordero Rivera (Camuy). Esta investigación se ancló en el paradigma cualitativo y utilizó el diseño de investigación histórica, tomando en consideración las cartas constitutivas de las escuelas ocupacionales agrícolas, los documentos normativos del Departamento de Educación de Puerto Rico, las medidas legislativas, las auditorías de gobierno, las investigaciones recientes, los artículos de prensa y los censos de agricultura. Los resultados de esta investigación reafirman la importancia de visibilizar las escuelas ocupacionales agrícolas por el rol socioeducativo que ejercen en la sociedad puertorriqueña.
{"title":"Trayectoria histórica de las escuelas ocupacionales agrícolas en Puerto Rico","authors":"Javier Carrión-Guzmán, Reinaldo Berríos-Rivera, Johanna Burgos-Carrasquillo, Alfredo J. Báez-Pérez, Yamira Colón-Rosa","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v105i1.19641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v105i1.19641","url":null,"abstract":"El propósito de esta investigación fue documentar el desarrollo histórico los orígenes y fundamentos de las tres escuelas ocupacionales agrícolas de Puerto Rico, describir los trabajos que estas escuelas realizan, conocer sus fortalezas, su composición estructural e identificar sus áreas de oportunidad. Las escuelas objeto de estudio fueron: la Escuela Vocacional Agrícola José B. Barceló Oliver (Adjuntas), la Escuela Vocacional Agrícola Bucarabones (Toa Alta) y la Escuela Vocacional Agrícola Soller/Agron. Héctor M. Cordero Rivera (Camuy). Esta investigación se ancló en el paradigma cualitativo y utilizó el diseño de investigación histórica, tomando en consideración las cartas constitutivas de las escuelas ocupacionales agrícolas, los documentos normativos del Departamento de Educación de Puerto Rico, las medidas legislativas, las auditorías de gobierno, las investigaciones recientes, los artículos de prensa y los censos de agricultura. Los resultados de esta investigación reafirman la importancia de visibilizar las escuelas ocupacionales agrícolas por el rol socioeducativo que ejercen en la sociedad puertorriqueña.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46311062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.46429/jaupr.v56i1.10881
L. E. Cancel, J. Rivera-Ortiz, M. R. D. Montalvo
A method was developed for cleaning and washing coffee harvested with plastic nets. The material collected was bulky due to large amounts of leaves. An air separator designed and constructed to separate foreign material from coffee beans and berries is described. It consists of a bladetype blower placed in a two-chamber tunnel. When the net-collected material is fed into the separator, the light components are separated in the upper chamber, while the heavier materials fall into the bottom chamber where a stronger air current separates most of the remaining foreign substances from the coffee. Separation of the material was more difficult when weather conditions were rainy or humid while the nets were on the ground. The separation was much easier when the material was collected during diy, windy weather. The capacity of the air separator for wet and sticky material was about 2 acres per 8-hour run; the capacity was about 4 acres per 8-hour run with dry material. The material obtained from the air separator consisted of coffee beans and berries, together with some extraneous matter. This material was fed into a horizontal washing machine where the remaining extraneous material was removed leaving the coffee ready for drying.
{"title":"Separating and Washing Coffee Harvested With Plastic Nets","authors":"L. E. Cancel, J. Rivera-Ortiz, M. R. D. Montalvo","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v56i1.10881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v56i1.10881","url":null,"abstract":"A method was developed for cleaning and washing coffee harvested with plastic nets. The material collected was bulky due to large amounts of leaves. An air separator designed and constructed to separate foreign material from coffee beans and berries is described. It consists of a bladetype blower placed in a two-chamber tunnel. When the net-collected material is fed into the separator, the light components are separated in the upper chamber, while the heavier materials fall into the bottom chamber where a stronger air current separates most of the remaining foreign substances from the coffee. Separation of the material was more difficult when weather conditions were rainy or humid while the nets were on the ground. The separation was much easier when the material was collected during diy, windy weather. The capacity of the air separator for wet and sticky material was about 2 acres per 8-hour run; the capacity was about 4 acres per 8-hour run with dry material. The material obtained from the air separator consisted of coffee beans and berries, together with some extraneous matter. This material was fed into a horizontal washing machine where the remaining extraneous material was removed leaving the coffee ready for drying.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.46429/jaupr.v56i1.10889
Ashok Kumar, A. G. Alexander
EFFECTS OF MANGANESE DEFICIENCY ON LEAF CHLOROPHYLL AND CERTAIN ENZYMES IN SUGARCANE RAISED IN SAND CULTURE
锰缺乏对沙养甘蔗叶片叶绿素和某些酶的影响
{"title":"EFFECTS OF MANGANESE DEFICIENCY ON LEAF CHLOROPHYLL AND CERTAIN ENZYMES IN SUGARCANE RAISED IN SAND CULTURE","authors":"Ashok Kumar, A. G. Alexander","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v56i1.10889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v56i1.10889","url":null,"abstract":"EFFECTS OF MANGANESE DEFICIENCY ON LEAF CHLOROPHYLL AND CERTAIN ENZYMES IN SUGARCANE RAISED IN SAND CULTURE","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.46429/jaupr.v105i1.19637
R. Tirado-Corbalá, E. Román-Paoli, Jonathan Muñoz-Barreto
Irrigation scheduling (IS) and fertilization are among the most important practices in the production of horticultural crops because they affect fruit quality and quantity directly. Thus, a 15-year-old avocado orchard (cv. ‘Simmonds’) was used to determine precise IS, based on monitoring soil moisture content (SMC), remote sensing technologies [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)] under two fertilization levels using granular formulation 15-3-19. In October 2015, all trees were pruned (topped and hedged) to 3.05 m height and 2.44 m diameter. In December 2015, soil moisture (SM) sensors were installed at five (10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 cm) soil depths in six locations. Trees received two fertilizer treatments: F1-9.06 kg and F2-12.07 kg of 15-3-19/tree/year every three months. Precipitation and SM data were recorded daily for 21 months; SM data was corrected with a quadratic equation (y = -4.1881x2 + 3.6886x - 0.3083) generated specifically for the Coto soil series (Typic Hapludox). The SM values recorded were always greater than 41%, indicating that the avocado orchard was growing under water saturation conditions; thus, micro-irrigation was not needed. The UAV data at 5, 13 and 20 months after pruning (MAP) showed quick closure of the avocado canopy; acquiring a denser and more cylindrical shape (from 17.6 ± 2.65 m2 to 52.7 ± 6.10 m2), regardless of fertilizer level. Based on correlation of UAV and manual results, F2-treated trees indicated stronger correlation at 13 and 20 MAP (R2 >0.75) than F1-trees. Yield production (110 avocados per tree = 13,200 per hectare) and leaf nutrient content did not differ significantly with fertilizer level. For commercial avocado farmers the use of SMC sensors and UAV technology could be an advantage, albeit an expensive one. Soil moisture content sensors have been shown to be very effective in irrigation water conservation. In terms of fertilization, the results suggest not using more than 9.06 kg of 15-3-19/tree/year as this amount seems enough to satisfy avocado requirements, under the experiment’s conditions. Future evaluations will determine if it is possible to use less fertilizer and still maintain an optimal avocado production.
{"title":"Fertilization and precise irrigation scheduling for mature avocado","authors":"R. Tirado-Corbalá, E. Román-Paoli, Jonathan Muñoz-Barreto","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v105i1.19637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v105i1.19637","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation scheduling (IS) and fertilization are among the most important practices in the production of horticultural crops because they affect fruit quality and quantity directly. Thus, a 15-year-old avocado orchard (cv. ‘Simmonds’) was used to determine precise IS, based on monitoring soil moisture content (SMC), remote sensing technologies [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)] under two fertilization levels using granular formulation 15-3-19. In October 2015, all trees were pruned (topped and hedged) to 3.05 m height and 2.44 m diameter. In December 2015, soil moisture (SM) sensors were installed at five (10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 cm) soil depths in six locations. Trees received two fertilizer treatments: F1-9.06 kg and F2-12.07 kg of 15-3-19/tree/year every three months. Precipitation and SM data were recorded daily for 21 months; SM data was corrected with a quadratic equation (y = -4.1881x2 + 3.6886x - 0.3083) generated specifically for the Coto soil series (Typic Hapludox). The SM values recorded were always greater than 41%, indicating that the avocado orchard was growing under water saturation conditions; thus, micro-irrigation was not needed. The UAV data at 5, 13 and 20 months after pruning (MAP) showed quick closure of the avocado canopy; acquiring a denser and more cylindrical shape (from 17.6 ± 2.65 m2 to 52.7 ± 6.10 m2), regardless of fertilizer level. Based on correlation of UAV and manual results, F2-treated trees indicated stronger correlation at 13 and 20 MAP (R2 >0.75) than F1-trees. Yield production (110 avocados per tree = 13,200 per hectare) and leaf nutrient content did not differ significantly with fertilizer level. For commercial avocado farmers the use of SMC sensors and UAV technology could be an advantage, albeit an expensive one. Soil moisture content sensors have been shown to be very effective in irrigation water conservation. In terms of fertilization, the results suggest not using more than 9.06 kg of 15-3-19/tree/year as this amount seems enough to satisfy avocado requirements, under the experiment’s conditions. Future evaluations will determine if it is possible to use less fertilizer and still maintain an optimal avocado production.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42867972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.46429/JAUPR.V104I2.19038
E. Román-Paoli, R. Tirado-Corbalá, Félix M. Román-Pérez
Orange [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] is a crop of great economic importance in the world and in Puerto Rico despite the negative impact caused by the presence of Huanglongbing disease. To maintain profitability, growers must optimize management practices. Important practices include proper use of supplemental irrigation, using improved rootstocks and cultivars, and effective disease control. To assess the response of ‘Rhode Red Valencia’ trees to supplemental microirrigation, an experiment was conducted in Adjuntas, Puerto Rico, at an orchard originally established in 2007 under microirrigation. From 2011 to 2013, the adult orange trees were submitted to three treatments. In two of the treatments, microirrigation was scheduled using tensiometers at soil water tension between 10 and 15 kPa and between 30 and 35 kPa. A third treatment, without microirrigation (rainfed), was included as a check. Water stress periods were evident from January through June during the years 2008 to 2014. Microirrigation treatments did not have a significant effect on number of fruits, fruit weight and canopy volume during 2011 to 2013. Hence, under the conditions of this experiment, supplemental irrigation was not necessary for an adequate production of ‘Rhode Red Valencia’.
{"title":"Response of ‘Rhode Red Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis) to microirrigation in Adjuntas, Puerto Rico","authors":"E. Román-Paoli, R. Tirado-Corbalá, Félix M. Román-Pérez","doi":"10.46429/JAUPR.V104I2.19038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/JAUPR.V104I2.19038","url":null,"abstract":"Orange [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] is a crop of great economic importance in the world and in Puerto Rico despite the negative impact caused by the presence of Huanglongbing disease. To maintain profitability, growers must optimize management practices. Important practices include proper use of supplemental irrigation, using improved rootstocks and cultivars, and effective disease control. To assess the response of ‘Rhode Red Valencia’ trees to supplemental microirrigation, an experiment was conducted in Adjuntas, Puerto Rico, at an orchard originally established in 2007 under microirrigation. From 2011 to 2013, the adult orange trees were submitted to three treatments. In two of the treatments, microirrigation was scheduled using tensiometers at soil water tension between 10 and 15 kPa and between 30 and 35 kPa. A third treatment, without microirrigation (rainfed), was included as a check. Water stress periods were evident from January through June during the years 2008 to 2014. Microirrigation treatments did not have a significant effect on number of fruits, fruit weight and canopy volume during 2011 to 2013. Hence, under the conditions of this experiment, supplemental irrigation was not necessary for an adequate production of ‘Rhode Red Valencia’.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46739986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.46429/JAUPR.V104I2.19043
L. C. Solórzano, L. L. Solórzano, A. Rodríguez-Carías
MODELS OF LABORATORY MINI-SILOS TO STUDY THE FERMENTATION OF WILTED ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA) USING A HOMOLACTIC BACTERIAL INOCULANT
用同乳酸细菌接种剂研究枯萎苜蓿(medicago sativa)发酵的实验室微型筒仓模型
{"title":"MODELS OF LABORATORY MINI-SILOS TO STUDY THE FERMENTATION OF WILTED ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA) USING A HOMOLACTIC BACTERIAL INOCULANT","authors":"L. C. Solórzano, L. L. Solórzano, A. Rodríguez-Carías","doi":"10.46429/JAUPR.V104I2.19043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/JAUPR.V104I2.19043","url":null,"abstract":"MODELS OF LABORATORY MINI-SILOS TO STUDY THE FERMENTATION OF WILTED ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA) USING A HOMOLACTIC BACTERIAL INOCULANT","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42616515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.46429/jaupr.v104i3.18314
A. Segarra-Carmona, R. Franqui, Hariette Pérez-Martínez
Lygaeoidea fauna of Puerto Rico and its adjacent islands is presented as part of a revision of the Heteroptera of these islands. In this work, we present 73 species in nine families known from Puerto Rico: Berytidae (4); Lygaeidae (17); Cimidae (1); Ninidae (1); Blissidae (3); Geocoridae (7); Oxycarenidae (1); Pachygronthidae (2); and Rhyparochromidae (37). Of this total, nine represent new records for Puerto Rico: Gampsocoris decorus (Uhler), Spilostethus pandurus (Scopoli), Icshnodemus variegatus (Signoret), Geocoris uliginosus Say, Valtissius distinctus (Distant), Pseudopachybrachius concepcioni Zheng & Slater, Paromius dohrnii (Guérin-Méneville), Ozophora barbudensis Baranowski, and O. xancthocnemis Baranowski. Most species found here are also widely found in the West Indies. The genera with the most species represented are the rhyparochromids Ozophora Uhler and Neopamera Harrington. Taxonomic accounts presented in this work include synonymies, known distribution, lists of hosts and a listing of examined specimens. Also, we provided taxonomic keys and color plates of 52 of the species discussed.
{"title":"Biodiversity of Heteroptera in Puerto Rico: Part II. Annotated Checklist and Keys of Lygaeoidea (Pentatomomorpha)","authors":"A. Segarra-Carmona, R. Franqui, Hariette Pérez-Martínez","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v104i3.18314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v104i3.18314","url":null,"abstract":"Lygaeoidea fauna of Puerto Rico and its adjacent islands is presented as part of a revision of the Heteroptera of these islands. In this work, we present 73 species in nine families known from Puerto Rico: Berytidae (4); Lygaeidae (17); Cimidae (1); Ninidae (1); Blissidae (3); Geocoridae (7); Oxycarenidae (1); Pachygronthidae (2); and Rhyparochromidae (37). Of this total, nine represent new records for Puerto Rico: Gampsocoris decorus (Uhler), Spilostethus pandurus (Scopoli), Icshnodemus variegatus (Signoret), Geocoris uliginosus Say, Valtissius distinctus (Distant), Pseudopachybrachius concepcioni Zheng & Slater, Paromius dohrnii (Guérin-Méneville), Ozophora barbudensis Baranowski, and O. xancthocnemis Baranowski. Most species found here are also widely found in the West Indies. The genera with the most species represented are the rhyparochromids Ozophora Uhler and Neopamera Harrington. Taxonomic accounts presented in this work include synonymies, known distribution, lists of hosts and a listing of examined specimens. Also, we provided taxonomic keys and color plates of 52 of the species discussed.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43686948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.46429/jaupr.v104i1.18285
José Arocho, Wilfredo Robles, María de L. Lugo-Torres
Resumen
{"title":"CRECIMIENTO Y DESARROLLO DE ZARZA NEGRA (Mimosa pigra L.) EN EL ESTE DE PUERTO RICO","authors":"José Arocho, Wilfredo Robles, María de L. Lugo-Torres","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v104i1.18285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v104i1.18285","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>Resumen</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":"15 1","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75607773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.46429/jaupr.v104i1.18286
Melanie Rivera-Barreto, Ireliz Colón-Rodríguez, G. Soriano-Varela, Christie Golderos-Trujillo, Nicol Maeso-Ramírez, Miguelangel Torres-Sifre, Idie M. Bellavista-Colón, K. Domenech-Perez, H. Sánchez-Rodríguez
Behavior monitoring provides important information about the impact of environment (Bonk et al., 2013), food (DeVries et al., 2003; González et al., 2008; Nielsen, 2013; RayasAmor et al., 2017) and water intake (Lukas et al., 2008; McDonald et al., 2019), welfare (Müller and Schrader, 2003), health (González et al., 2008; Lukas et al., 2008) and comfort status (Lomb et al., 2018) on dairy cattle. Thus, two methods have been commonly used to evaluate animal behavior for scientific research: direct visual observations and video footage analysis (Nielsen et al., 2010). However, both monitoring systems are time consuming (Ledgerwood et al., 2010; Bonk et al., 2013; Nielsen, 2013) and labor consuming (Ito et al., 2009; Ledgerwood et al., 2010), which limits considerably their feasibility. For these reasons livestock research has incorporated automated tools, such as data loggers, to remotely monitor animal behavior (Ledgerwood et al., 2010; Bonk et al., 2013). Even though multiple studies have confirmed the effectiveness of using data loggers as indicators for lying events in mature dairy cows (Ito et al., 2009; Ledgerwood et al., 2010; Swartz et al., 2016), to our knowledge there is only one study (Bonk et al., 2013) that has validated these sensors for the study of lying activity in Holstein calves. However, the Bonk et al. (2013) study was performed in Germany, a country with very different environmental conditions than Puerto Rico (temperate vs. tropical weather, respectively). Thus, although their data loggers’ validation may be highly useful as a guide when evaluating similar behavior in other countries, their results may not be directly extrapolated to Puerto Rico’s environmental conditions. Since Puerto Rico is located in the tropical region, the chronic nature of its high relative humidity and environmental temperature (Daly et al., 2003; PRCCC, 2013) can lead to heat stress in dairy cattle (West, 2003; Chen et al., 2013). This problem is exacerbated because Holstein cattle, the most common dairy breed on the island (Cortés et al., 2010), are highly adapted to temperate climates (Javed et al., 2004). This is important because heat stress has been reported to significantly affect cattle behavior, including their lying and standing patterns (Schütz et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2013; Polsky and von Keyser-
行为监测提供了关于环境(Bonk et al.， 2013)、食物(DeVries et al.， 2003;González等人，2008;尼尔森,2013;RayasAmor et al.， 2017)和饮水量(Lukas et al.， 2008;McDonald等人，2019)，福利(m ller和Schrader, 2003)，健康(González等人，2008;Lukas et al.， 2008)和奶牛的舒适状况(Lomb et al.， 2018)。因此，在科学研究中常用两种方法来评估动物行为:直接视觉观察和视频片段分析(Nielsen et al.， 2010)。然而，这两种监测系统都很耗时(Ledgerwood et al.， 2010;Bonk et al.， 2013;Nielsen, 2013)和劳动消耗(Ito et al.， 2009;Ledgerwood et al.， 2010)，这大大限制了它们的可行性。由于这些原因，牲畜研究已纳入自动化工具，如数据记录器，以远程监测动物行为(Ledgerwood等人，2010;Bonk et al.， 2013)。尽管多项研究已经证实了使用数据记录仪作为成熟奶牛说谎事件指标的有效性(Ito等人，2009;Ledgerwood et al.， 2010;Swartz et al.， 2016)，据我们所知，只有一项研究(Bonk et al.， 2013)验证了这些传感器用于研究荷斯坦小牛的躺卧活动。然而，Bonk等人(2013)的研究是在德国进行的，这个国家的环境条件与波多黎各非常不同(分别是温带和热带天气)。因此，虽然他们的数据记录仪的验证在评估其他国家类似行为时可能非常有用，但他们的结果可能无法直接推断波多黎各的环境条件。由于波多黎各位于热带地区，其高相对湿度和环境温度的慢性性质(Daly et al.， 2003;PRCCC, 2013)可导致奶牛热应激(West, 2003;陈等人，2013)。由于荷斯坦牛是岛上最常见的奶牛品种(cort等人，2010年)，高度适应温带气候(Javed等人，2004年)，这一问题更加严重。这一点很重要，因为据报道，热应激会显著影响牛的行为，包括它们的躺卧和站立模式(sch等人，2010;Chen et al.， 2013;波尔斯基和冯·凯泽
{"title":"EVALUATION OF A COMMERCIAL ACCELEROMETER FOR REMOTE MONITORING OF LYING AND STANDING EVENTS IN DAIRY CALVES IN PUERTO RICO","authors":"Melanie Rivera-Barreto, Ireliz Colón-Rodríguez, G. Soriano-Varela, Christie Golderos-Trujillo, Nicol Maeso-Ramírez, Miguelangel Torres-Sifre, Idie M. Bellavista-Colón, K. Domenech-Perez, H. Sánchez-Rodríguez","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v104i1.18286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v104i1.18286","url":null,"abstract":"Behavior monitoring provides important information about the impact of environment (Bonk et al., 2013), food (DeVries et al., 2003; González et al., 2008; Nielsen, 2013; RayasAmor et al., 2017) and water intake (Lukas et al., 2008; McDonald et al., 2019), welfare (Müller and Schrader, 2003), health (González et al., 2008; Lukas et al., 2008) and comfort status (Lomb et al., 2018) on dairy cattle. Thus, two methods have been commonly used to evaluate animal behavior for scientific research: direct visual observations and video footage analysis (Nielsen et al., 2010). However, both monitoring systems are time consuming (Ledgerwood et al., 2010; Bonk et al., 2013; Nielsen, 2013) and labor consuming (Ito et al., 2009; Ledgerwood et al., 2010), which limits considerably their feasibility. For these reasons livestock research has incorporated automated tools, such as data loggers, to remotely monitor animal behavior (Ledgerwood et al., 2010; Bonk et al., 2013). Even though multiple studies have confirmed the effectiveness of using data loggers as indicators for lying events in mature dairy cows (Ito et al., 2009; Ledgerwood et al., 2010; Swartz et al., 2016), to our knowledge there is only one study (Bonk et al., 2013) that has validated these sensors for the study of lying activity in Holstein calves. However, the Bonk et al. (2013) study was performed in Germany, a country with very different environmental conditions than Puerto Rico (temperate vs. tropical weather, respectively). Thus, although their data loggers’ validation may be highly useful as a guide when evaluating similar behavior in other countries, their results may not be directly extrapolated to Puerto Rico’s environmental conditions. Since Puerto Rico is located in the tropical region, the chronic nature of its high relative humidity and environmental temperature (Daly et al., 2003; PRCCC, 2013) can lead to heat stress in dairy cattle (West, 2003; Chen et al., 2013). This problem is exacerbated because Holstein cattle, the most common dairy breed on the island (Cortés et al., 2010), are highly adapted to temperate climates (Javed et al., 2004). This is important because heat stress has been reported to significantly affect cattle behavior, including their lying and standing patterns (Schütz et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2013; Polsky and von Keyser-","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70501699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.46429/jaupr.v104i1.18284
W. Robles, M. Torres, F. Orsini
Waterbodies in Puerto Rico are constantly threatened by the introduction, establishment and spread of aquatic weeds. Their introduction is promoted by the aquarium and horticultural trade, as well as by travel and commerce via air and marine transportation. Once introduced, their dominance limits recreational use of waterbodies, and management operations in reservoirs used for potable water and flood control deteriorate. In Puerto Rico, the problem has worsened because of limited citizen awareness, wrong public perception of available management techniques and eutrophic man-made water bodies serving as suitable habitat for aquatic weeds. Currently the most troublesome aquatic weeds in Puerto Rico are waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), waterlettuce (Pistia stratiotes), alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) (Robles, 2011). During the 1970s, botanists from the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recognized the problem that waterhyacinth, waterlettuce and alligatorweed represented to several waterbodies in Puerto Rico (Gangstad, 1977; Rushing, 1974). Waterhyacinth and waterlettuce are free-floating aquatic weeds well established in such reservoirs as La Plata, Guayabal and Carraízo, and Cartagena Wildlife Refuge in Puerto Rico (Robles, 2011). Alligatorweed has been observed in many water bodies and drainage canals; however, its area of infestation has decreased due to successful biocontrol agents (Robles, 2011). Recent introductions of the submersed aquatic weed, hydrilla, and the aquatic floating fern, giant salvinia, are limited to a few locations in northern Puerto Rico (Robles, 2011). All five aquatic weeds cause negative ecological and economic impacts to water supply reservoirs, irrigation and drainage canals, private ponds, as well as estuaries and freshwater wetlands used as wildlife refuges (Robles and González, 2010). Specifically, waterhyacinth causes problems in the operation of hydroelectric plants, clogging dams and pumping facilities of aqueducts and sewer operations (Rushing, 1974; Gangstad, 1977). Other troublesome weeds like the facultative wetland species catclaw mimosa (Mimosa pigra) are wide-
{"title":"AQUATIC VEGETATION ASSESSMENT AT PORTUGUÉS AND CERRILLOS RESERVOIRS, PUERTO RICO","authors":"W. Robles, M. Torres, F. Orsini","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v104i1.18284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v104i1.18284","url":null,"abstract":"Waterbodies in Puerto Rico are constantly threatened by the introduction, establishment and spread of aquatic weeds. Their introduction is promoted by the aquarium and horticultural trade, as well as by travel and commerce via air and marine transportation. Once introduced, their dominance limits recreational use of waterbodies, and management operations in reservoirs used for potable water and flood control deteriorate. In Puerto Rico, the problem has worsened because of limited citizen awareness, wrong public perception of available management techniques and eutrophic man-made water bodies serving as suitable habitat for aquatic weeds. Currently the most troublesome aquatic weeds in Puerto Rico are waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), waterlettuce (Pistia stratiotes), alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) (Robles, 2011). During the 1970s, botanists from the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recognized the problem that waterhyacinth, waterlettuce and alligatorweed represented to several waterbodies in Puerto Rico (Gangstad, 1977; Rushing, 1974). Waterhyacinth and waterlettuce are free-floating aquatic weeds well established in such reservoirs as La Plata, Guayabal and Carraízo, and Cartagena Wildlife Refuge in Puerto Rico (Robles, 2011). Alligatorweed has been observed in many water bodies and drainage canals; however, its area of infestation has decreased due to successful biocontrol agents (Robles, 2011). Recent introductions of the submersed aquatic weed, hydrilla, and the aquatic floating fern, giant salvinia, are limited to a few locations in northern Puerto Rico (Robles, 2011). All five aquatic weeds cause negative ecological and economic impacts to water supply reservoirs, irrigation and drainage canals, private ponds, as well as estuaries and freshwater wetlands used as wildlife refuges (Robles and González, 2010). Specifically, waterhyacinth causes problems in the operation of hydroelectric plants, clogging dams and pumping facilities of aqueducts and sewer operations (Rushing, 1974; Gangstad, 1977). Other troublesome weeds like the facultative wetland species catclaw mimosa (Mimosa pigra) are wide-","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":"21 1","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78179059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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