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A review on visible-light eye-tracking methods based on a low-cost camera 基于低成本相机的可见光眼球跟踪方法综述
3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-024-04760-8
Alberto J. Molina-Cantero, Clara Lebrato-Vázquez, Juan A. Castro-García, Manuel Merino-Monge, Félix Biscarri-Triviño, José I. Escudero-Fombuena

This paper is the first of a two-part study aiming at building a low-cost visible-light eye tracker (ET) for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The whole study comprises several phases: (1) analysis of the scientific literature, (2) selection of the studies that better fit the main goal, (3) building the ET, and (4) testing with final users. This document basically contains the two first phases, in which more than 500 studies, from different scientific databases (IEEE Xplore, Scopus, SpringerLink, etc.), fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and were analyzed following the guidelines of a scoping review. Two researchers screened the searching results and selected 44 studies (-value = 0.86, Kappa Statistic). Three main methods (appearance-, feature- or model- based) were identified for visible-light ETs, but none significantly outperformed the others according to the reported accuracy -p = 0.14, Kruskal–Wallis test (KW)-. The feature-based method is abundant in the literature, although the number of appearance-based studies is increasing due to the use of deep learning techniques. Head movements worsen the accuracy in ETs, and only a very few numbers of studies considered the use of algorithms to correct the head pose. Even though head movements seem not to be a big issue for people with ALS, some slight head movements might be enough to worsen the ET accuracy. For this reason, only studies that did not constrain the head movements with a chinrest were considered. Five studies fulfilled the selection criteria with accuracies less than (2^{circ }), and one of them is illuminance invariant.

本文是一项由两部分组成的研究的第一部分,旨在为肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS)患者制造一种低成本的可见光眼球跟踪器(ET)。整个研究包括几个阶段:(1) 分析科学文献,(2) 选择更符合主要目标的研究,(3) 制作 ET,(4) 与最终用户进行测试。本文件基本上包含了前两个阶段的内容,在这两个阶段中,来自不同科学数据库(IEEE Xplore、Scopus、SpringerLink 等)的 500 多项研究符合纳入标准,并按照范围审查指南进行了分析。两名研究人员对搜索结果进行了筛选,选出了 44 项研究(-值 = 0.86,Kappa 统计学)。针对可见光 ET 确定了三种主要方法(基于外观、基于特征或基于模型),但从报告的准确性来看(P = 0.14,Kruskal-Wallis 检验 (KW)),没有一种方法明显优于其他方法。基于特征的方法在文献中大量存在,但由于深度学习技术的使用,基于外观的研究数量正在增加。头部移动会降低 ET 的准确性,只有极少数研究考虑使用算法来纠正头部姿势。尽管头部移动对 ALS 患者来说似乎不是一个大问题,但一些轻微的头部移动可能就足以导致 ET 准确性恶化。因此,我们只考虑了那些没有使用下巴托限制头部运动的研究。有五项研究符合选择标准,其准确度小于(2^{circ }),其中一项是光照不变的。
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引用次数: 0
A review on devices and learning techniques in domestic intelligent environment 家用智能环境中的设备和学习技术综述
3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-024-04759-1
Jiancong Ye, Mengxuan Wang, Junpei Zhong, Hongjie Jiang

With the rapid development and wide proliferation of sensor devices and the Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning algorithms processing and analysing one or more modalities of sensory signals have become an active research field given its numerous applications, particularly in the domestic intelligent environment (DIE). In the past decades, the research on sensing and interactive devices of DIE and deep learning (DL) based methods have become strikingly popular. Several missions, such as the pro- cessing and analysis of sensing signals related to domestic instruments and the control of certain devices to act upon the results, comprise the main working targets in DIE. The goal of this review is to provide a brief overview of the aforementioned sensors, their related DL algorithms and their applications. To comprehend the ideas behind the use of various devices found in domestic intelligent instruments, we first summarize the available information. Then, to quantify and adapt the residents’ knowledge of the household environment, we review data-driven learning techniques based on the aforementioned sensor-based devices and introduce robotic applications that provide helpers and action outputs in the environment. Finally, we investigate the commonly utilized datasets relevant to DIE and human activ- ity recognition (HAR) and explore the challenges and prospects of their applications in the DIE field.

随着传感设备和物联网(IoT)的快速发展和广泛普及,处理和分析一种或多种模式传感信号的机器学习算法已成为一个活跃的研究领域,因为它应用广泛,尤其是在家庭智能环境(DIE)中。在过去的几十年里,有关 DIE 的传感和交互设备以及基于深度学习(DL)方法的研究已变得非常流行。一些任务,如采集和分析与家用仪器相关的传感信号,以及控制某些设备根据结果采取行动,构成了 DIE 的主要工作目标。本综述旨在简要介绍上述传感器、相关的数字线路算法及其应用。为了理解家用智能仪器中各种设备的使用理念,我们首先总结了现有的信息。然后,为了量化和调整居民对家庭环境的认识,我们回顾了基于上述传感器设备的数据驱动学习技术,并介绍了在环境中提供助手和行动输出的机器人应用。最后,我们研究了与 DIE 和人类活动识别(HAR)相关的常用数据集,并探讨了其在 DIE 领域应用的挑战和前景。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative study of information measures in portfolio optimization problems 投资组合优化问题中的信息测量比较研究
3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-024-04766-2
Luckshay Batra, H. C. Taneja

This paper presents a rich class of information theoretical measures designed to enhance the accuracy of portfolio risk assessments. The Mean-Variance model, pioneered by Harry Markowitz, revolutionized the financial sector as the first formal mathematical method to risk-averse investing in portfolio optimization theory. We analyze the effectiveness of this with the models that replace expected portfolio variance with measures of information (uncertainty of the portfolio allocations to the different assets) and five major practical issues. The empirical analysis is carried out on the historical data of Indian financial stock indices by application of portfolio optimization problem with information measures as the objective function and constraints derived from the return and the risk. Our findings indicate that the information measures with parameters can be used as an adequate supplement to traditional portfolio optimization models such as the mean-variance model.

本文介绍了一类丰富的信息理论措施,旨在提高投资组合风险评估的准确性。哈里-马科维茨(Harry Markowitz)首创的均值-方差模型,作为投资组合优化理论中第一种规避风险投资的正式数学方法,在金融领域掀起了一场革命。我们分析了用信息度量(不同资产投资组合配置的不确定性)取代预期投资组合方差的模型的有效性,以及五个主要的实际问题。实证分析以印度金融股票指数的历史数据为基础,以信息度量为目标函数,以收益和风险为约束条件,应用投资组合优化问题进行。我们的研究结果表明,带参数的信息量可作为均值-方差模型等传统投资组合优化模型的适当补充。
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引用次数: 0
Special issue on infodemics 信息教育学特刊
3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-024-04784-0
David Camacho, Juan Gómez-Romero, Jason J. Jung

In this editorial, we explore the urgent challenges created by the rise of infodemics —a term used to describe the epidemic spread of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation through social networks initially associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. This issue has drawn significant attention from various academic fields, including computer science, artificial intelligence, mathematics, physics, biology, sociology, and psychology, among others. This special issue is dedicated to advancing infodemics research across various academic domains. The selected papers include relevant contributions advancing the state of the art in the area, ranging from network analysis for identifying influential nodes and communities in networks to language processing for text classification and filtering relevant messages within extensive corpora.

在这篇社论中,我们将探讨信息经济学的兴起所带来的紧迫挑战。信息经济学是用来描述假新闻、错误信息和虚假信息通过社交网络流行传播的一个术语,最初与 COVID-19 大流行病有关。这一问题引起了计算机科学、人工智能、数学、物理学、生物学、社会学和心理学等多个学术领域的高度关注。本特刊致力于推动各学术领域的信息论研究。所选论文包括推动该领域最新技术发展的相关贡献,从识别网络中具有影响力的节点和社区的网络分析,到在大量语料库中进行文本分类和过滤相关信息的语言处理,不一而足。
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引用次数: 0
TIDAL: exploring the potential of data physicalization-based interactive environment on runners' motivation TIDAL:探索基于数据物理化的互动环境对跑步者积极性的潜在影响
3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-024-04762-6
Mengyan Guo, Jun Hu, Steven Vos

Representing fitness-related data physically can better help people gain awareness and reflect on their physical activity behavior. However, there has been limited research conducted on the impact of physicalizing personal data in a public context, particularly regarding its effect on motivations for physical activity. Augmenting the physical environment with interactive technology holds great promise in facilitating outdoor physical activity. To explore the design space of data physicalization-based interactive environments, we created TIDAL, a design concept that provides physical rewards in the form of tiles on the road to acknowledge runners’ goal achievements. We created a video prototype as a probe to gather insights through semi-structured interviews with six recreational runners to evaluate TIDAL. The co-constructing stories method, a participatory design technique, was employed during these interviews to facilitate qualitative evaluation. The results of our study showed that TIDAL has the potential to increase runners’ motivation. We reported the key insights derived from participants’ feedback and co-constructed stories and discussed the broader implications of our work.

将健身相关数据实体化可以更好地帮助人们认识和反思自己的体育锻炼行为。然而,有关在公共环境中将个人数据实体化的影响,特别是对体育锻炼动机的影响的研究还很有限。利用互动技术增强物理环境,在促进户外体育锻炼方面大有可为。为了探索基于数据物理化的互动环境的设计空间,我们创建了 TIDAL,这是一个以路面瓷砖的形式提供物理奖励的设计概念,以表彰跑步者的目标成就。我们制作了一个视频原型作为探针,通过对六名休闲跑步者进行半结构化访谈收集见解,以评估 TIDAL。在访谈过程中,我们采用了参与式设计技术--共建故事法来促进定性评估。研究结果表明,TIDAL 具有提高跑步者积极性的潜力。我们报告了从参与者的反馈和共同构建的故事中得出的关键见解,并讨论了我们工作的广泛意义。
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引用次数: 0
Adversarial graph node classification based on unsupervised learning and optimized loss functions 基于无监督学习和优化损失函数的对抗性图节点分类
3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-024-04768-0

Abstract

The research field of this paper is unsupervised learning in machine learning, aiming to address the problem of how to simultaneously resist feature attacks and improve model classification performance in unsupervised learning. For this purpose, this paper proposes a method to add an optimized loss function after the graph encoding and representation stage. When the samples are relatively balanced, we choose the cross-entropy loss function for classification. When difficult-to-classify samples appear, an optimized Focal Loss*() function is used to adjust the weights of these samples, to solve the problem of imbalanced positive and negative samples during training. The developed method achieved superior performance accuracy with the values of 0.721 on the Cora dataset, 0.598 on the Citeseer dataset,0.862 on the Polblogs dataset. Moreover, the testing accuracy value achieved by optimized model is 0.745, 0.627, 0.892 on the three benchmark datasets, respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed method effectively improves the robustness of adversarial training models in downstream tasks and reduces potential interference with original data. All the test results are validated with the k-fold cross validation method in order to make an assessment of the generalizability of these results.

摘要 本文的研究领域是机器学习中的无监督学习,旨在解决无监督学习中如何同时抵御特征攻击和提高模型分类性能的问题。为此,本文提出了一种在图编码和表示阶段之后添加优化损失函数的方法。当样本相对均衡时,我们选择交叉熵损失函数进行分类。当出现难以分类的样本时,则使用优化的 Focal Loss*() 函数来调整这些样本的权重,以解决训练过程中正负样本不平衡的问题。所开发的方法在 Cora 数据集、Citeseer 数据集和 Polblogs 数据集上的准确率分别达到了 0.721、0.598 和 0.862。此外,优化模型在三个基准数据集上的测试准确率分别为 0.745、0.627 和 0.892。实验结果表明,所提出的方法有效提高了对抗训练模型在下游任务中的鲁棒性,并减少了对原始数据的潜在干扰。所有测试结果都通过 k 倍交叉验证法进行了验证,以评估这些结果的普适性。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning for physical motion identification using EEG signals: a comparative study of classifiers and hyperparameter tuning 利用脑电信号进行物理运动识别的机器学习:分类器和超参数调整的比较研究
3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-024-04764-4
Poh Foong Lee, Kah Yoon Chong

This study addresses the crucial task of accurately classifying brainwave signals associated with distinct brain states, utilizing five supervised machine learning algorithms: K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, Linear Discriminant Analysis, and Logistics Regression. The primary objectives encompass developing and optimizing these models, assessing the impact of hyperparameter tuning on performance through metrics like accuracy, consistency, and prediction time, and creating a user-friendly web-based deployment interface. The Decision Tree model emerges with the highest average accuracy score of 90.03%, swift prediction times, and notable consistency. Following hyperparameter tuning, SVM and LR showcase substantial accuracy gains (15.63% and 1.50% respectively), enhancing all models' consistency. KNN and SVM are identified as the top-performing algorithms for accurate brain state classification. This study's findings hold implications for neuroscience research, human–computer interaction, healthcare diagnostics, and assistive technologies, offering insights into both effective algorithm selection and the role of hyperparameter tuning in optimizing model performance.

本研究利用五种有监督的机器学习算法,完成了对与不同大脑状态相关的脑电波信号进行准确分类的重要任务:K-近邻、支持向量机、决策树、线性判别分析和物流回归。主要目标包括开发和优化这些模型,通过准确性、一致性和预测时间等指标评估超参数调整对性能的影响,以及创建一个用户友好的基于网络的部署界面。决策树模型的平均准确率最高,达到 90.03%,预测时间最短,一致性也很好。经过超参数调整后,SVM 和 LR 的准确率大幅提高(分别为 15.63% 和 1.50%),增强了所有模型的一致性。KNN 和 SVM 被认为是准确进行大脑状态分类的最佳算法。本研究的发现对神经科学研究、人机交互、医疗诊断和辅助技术具有重要意义,为有效的算法选择和超参数调整在优化模型性能方面的作用提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Quasi and metaheuristic optimization approach for service system with strategic policy and unreliable service 具有战略政策和不可靠服务的服务系统的准优化和元优化方法
3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-024-04756-4
Mahendra Devanda, Suman Kaswan, Chandra Shekhar

Demands for cost-efficient and just-in-time service systems have rapidly increased due to the present-day competitive resource allocation. We focus on optimizing policies for highly efficient service systems because customer congestion often arises from suboptimal policies rather than flawed arrangements. Quasi and metaheuristic optimization techniques are widely employed to establish cost-optimal service policies, mitigating customer congestion, primarily caused by unplanned policies or inadequate facilities. This article initially introduces a notion of unreliable service and the F-policy for stochastic modeling of finite capacity customer service systems. Next, we utilize the recently-developed and proficient Grey Wolf Optimizer, a metaheuristic approach, along with the Quasi-Newton method, to determine the optimal values of decision parameters for a cost-efficient service systems. This is achieved through extensive numerical experiments that encompass diverse service characteristics, customer behavior, and performability measures. The results emphasizes the importance of both preventive and corrective actions for enhancing service system efficiency. Our findings also highlight the practicality of the Grey Wolf Optimization approach and stochastic modeling in achieving efficient policies and optimizing performance for the studied service model. In general, the F-policy is widely adopted for controlling queueing systems across various industries such as telecommunications, transportation, and healthcare, where maintaining reasonable wait times, service levels, and system stability is crucial. This article contributes to the mathematical modeling of this approach. Nonetheless, further research is needed to validate and simulate these findings in industrial settings.

由于当今竞争激烈的资源分配,对具有成本效益和准时服务系统的需求迅速增加。我们将重点放在优化高效服务系统的政策上,因为客户拥堵往往是由次优政策而不是有缺陷的安排造成的。准优化和元启发式优化技术被广泛用于建立成本最优的服务政策,缓解主要由计划外政策或设施不足造成的客户拥堵。本文首先介绍了不可靠服务的概念和 F 政策,用于有限容量客户服务系统的随机建模。接下来,我们将利用最近开发并熟练掌握的 "灰狼优化器"--一种元启发式方法--以及准牛顿法,来确定具有成本效益的服务系统的最优决策参数值。这是通过广泛的数值实验实现的,实验涵盖了各种服务特征、客户行为和可执行性措施。实验结果强调了预防和纠正措施对提高服务系统效率的重要性。我们的研究结果还凸显了灰狼优化方法和随机建模在实现高效策略和优化所研究服务模型性能方面的实用性。一般来说,F 策略被广泛用于控制电信、交通和医疗等各行各业的排队系统,在这些行业中,保持合理的等待时间、服务水平和系统稳定性至关重要。本文对这一方法的数学建模做出了贡献。不过,还需要进一步研究,以在工业环境中验证和模拟这些发现。
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引用次数: 0
Development of an action classification method for construction sites combining pose assessment and object proximity evaluation 结合姿势评估和物体接近度评估,开发建筑工地行动分类方法
3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-024-04753-7
Toshiya Kikuta, Pang-jo Chun

Addressing the inherent hazards of on-site construction work and stagnant labor productivity is crucial in the construction industry. To tackle these challenges, automated monitoring of construction sites and analysis of workers' actions play a pivotal role. In this study, we developed a method for classifying actions at a construction site from video, using deep learning. Specifically, we used two image processing techniques, pose assessment and object detection, and found that the accuracy of action classification was improved by extracting information on the proximity of workers to equipment installed at the construction site, and also by considering the pose information. For classification, LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), and XGBoost models were used, and the presence of proximity information improved average recall by 7.0% to 8.5% for all models used. The final model was developed as an ensemble of these methods, offering accuracy and average recall that are higher than with conventional methods. The methodology developed in this research enables quantification and visualization of work content at construction sites, contributing to the overall enhancement of safety and productivity within the construction industry.

解决现场施工作业固有的危险和劳动生产率停滞不前的问题对建筑行业至关重要。为了应对这些挑战,建筑工地的自动监控和对工人行为的分析起着至关重要的作用。在本研究中,我们开发了一种利用深度学习从视频中对建筑工地上的行为进行分类的方法。具体来说,我们使用了姿势评估和物体检测两种图像处理技术,并发现通过提取工人与建筑工地上安装的设备的距离信息,以及考虑姿势信息,可以提高动作分类的准确性。在分类过程中,使用了 LSTM(长短期记忆)、CNN(卷积神经网络)和 XGBoost 模型,在所有使用的模型中,邻近信息的存在将平均召回率提高了 7.0% 至 8.5%。最终模型是作为这些方法的集合而开发的,其准确性和平均召回率均高于传统方法。本研究开发的方法可实现建筑工地工作内容的量化和可视化,有助于全面提高建筑行业的安全性和生产率。
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引用次数: 0
Fuzzy knowledge based intelligent decision support system for ground based air defence 基于模糊知识的地面防空智能决策支持系统
3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-024-04757-3
Adnan Ahmad, Rawan Amjad, Amna Basharat, Asma Ahmad Farhan, Ali Ezad Abbas

This research proposes an Intelligent Decision Support System for Ground-Based Air Defense (GBAD) environments, which consist of Defended Assets (DA) on the ground that require protection from enemy aerial threats. A Fire Control Officer is responsible for assessing threats and assigning the most appropriate weapon to neutralize them. However, the decision-making process can be prone to errors, risking resource wastage and endangering DA protection. To address this problem, this research proposes a hybrid approach that combines a knowledge-driven fuzzy inference system with machine learning models to optimize resource allocation while incorporating expert knowledge in the decision-making process. Since sensory data obtained from multiple radars may be incomplete or incorrect, a fuzzy knowledge graph-based system is used for data fusion and providing it to the connected modules. Feature selection is optimized by including the most important parameters, such as the vitality of defended assets and threat score, in the threat evaluation. The results from these subsystems are visualized using a Geographical Information System, allowing for real-time mapping of the GBAD environment and displaying the results in a user-friendly web interface. The proposed system has undergone rigorous testing and evaluation, resulting in an efficient and accurate weapon assignment model with a low RMSE value of 0.037. Overall, this Intelligent Decision Support System provides an effective solution for optimizing decision-making processes in GBAD environments and can significantly improve DA protection.

本研究提出了一种针对地基防空(GBAD)环境的智能决策支持系统,该环境由地面上需要保护以抵御敌方空中威胁的防御资产(DA)组成。火控官负责评估威胁,并分配最合适的武器来消除威胁。然而,决策过程很容易出错,造成资源浪费并危及 DA 保护。为解决这一问题,本研究提出了一种混合方法,将知识驱动的模糊推理系统与机器学习模型相结合,以优化资源分配,同时在决策过程中纳入专家知识。由于从多个雷达获得的感测数据可能不完整或不正确,因此采用基于模糊知识图谱的系统进行数据融合,并将其提供给连接的模块。通过将最重要的参数(如防御资产的活力和威胁得分)纳入威胁评估,对特征选择进行了优化。这些子系统的结果通过地理信息系统可视化,可实时绘制 GBAD 环境地图,并在用户友好的网络界面上显示结果。所提议的系统经过了严格的测试和评估,最终形成了一个高效、准确的武器分配模型,RMSE 值低至 0.037。总之,该智能决策支持系统为优化 GBAD 环境中的决策过程提供了有效的解决方案,可显著提高伤残军人的防护能力。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing
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