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Estimating persistent and transient technical efficiency and their determinants in the presence of heterogeneity and endogeneity 异质性和内生性条件下持续技术效率和瞬时技术效率及其决定因素的估计
IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12512
Raushan Bokusheva, Lukáš Čechura, Subal C. Kumbhakar

We develop an estimation procedure that generates consistent estimates of the technology parameters, long-run (persistent) and short-run (transient) technical inefficiencies and the marginal effects of their determinants for the stochastic frontier model developed by Colombi et al. (2014, Journal of Productivity Analysis 42, 123) and Kumbhakar et al. (2014, Journal of Productivity Analysis 41, 321). Our approach accounts for three sources of potential endogeneity: (i) unobserved heterogeneity; (ii) simultaneity of input use with both types of technical efficiency; (iii) potential correlation of the noise term with the regressors. Using this approach we examine the effect of direct payments and farm size on the persistent and transient technical efficiency of French crop farms before and after the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy decoupling reform of 2003. Our results show that subsidy payments per hectare of utilised agricultural land had a significant positive effect on persistent technical efficiency and a significant negative effect on transient technical efficiency during the period before decoupling. For the period after the reform, the effect of subsidies is found to be significantly negative for persistent technical efficiency and insignificant for transient technical efficiency. The overall effect of subsidies on technical efficiency is found to be negative in both periods, albeit substantially lower in the period after decoupling. The effect of farm size on technical efficiency is found to be significant only for the period prior to the reform: it reduced persistent technical inefficiency but increased transient technical inefficiency during that period.

我们开发了一种估算程序,可以对Colombi等人(2014年,Journal of Productivity Analysis 42,123)和Kumbhakar等人(2014年,Journal of Productivity Analysis 41,321)开发的随机前沿模型的技术参数、长期(持续)和短期(短暂)技术低效及其决定因素的边际效应产生一致的估计。我们的方法考虑了潜在内生性的三个来源:(i)未观察到的异质性;(二)投入物的使用同时具有两种技术效率;(iii)噪声项与回归量的潜在相关性。利用这种方法,我们研究了2003年欧盟共同农业政策脱钩改革前后,直接支付和农场规模对法国农作物农场持续和短暂技术效率的影响。研究结果表明,在脱钩前,每公顷农业用地补贴对持续技术效率有显著的正向影响,对短暂技术效率有显著的负向影响。在改革后的一段时间内,补贴对持续技术效率的影响显著负向,对短暂技术效率的影响不显著。在这两个时期,补贴对技术效率的总体影响都是负的,尽管在脱钩后的时期,补贴对技术效率的影响要小得多。研究发现,农场规模对技术效率的影响仅在改革前一段时间内显著:在改革前一段时间内,农场规模减少了持续的技术效率低下,但增加了短暂的技术效率低下。
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引用次数: 2
Farm technical and environmental efficiency and subsidy redistribution in Ireland: A simulation approach of possible performance and equity effects 爱尔兰农业技术和环境效率与补贴再分配:可能的绩效和公平效应的模拟方法
IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-12 DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12509
Maria Martinez Cillero, Miguel Tovar Reaños

We investigate the relationship between EU Common Agricultural Policy environmental payments, and dairy and beef farm level competitiveness and environmental performance. We use an Irish panel of farm level financial data for the years 2000–2017 and apply stochastic frontier analysis. Our estimates identify a positive relationship between technical efficiency and the Green, Low-Carbon, Agri-Environment Scheme for dairy farms, in contrast with the negative relation identified for previous payments of this kind such as the Rural Environment Protection Scheme for both beef and dairy. We then simulate increases in the first type of environmental payments financed through reductions in decoupled payments. We use alternative scenarios for payment redistribution such as flat allocation, allocation to farms with low stocking rates or proportional reallocation of payments. We find that under the second scenario, marginal environmental gains can potentially be achieved for dairy farms. For beef farms, the proportional allocation performs best regarding environmental gains. We also find that under this scenario, the impacts on income inequality can be smoothed for both farm types.

我们调查了欧盟共同农业政策环境支付与奶牛和牛肉农场水平竞争力和环境绩效之间的关系。我们使用爱尔兰2000-2017年农场水平财务数据面板,并应用随机前沿分析。我们的估计确定了技术效率与奶牛场的绿色、低碳、农业环境计划之间的正相关关系,与此形成鲜明对比的是,之前的此类支付(如牛肉和乳制品的农村环境保护计划)与技术效率之间的负相关关系。然后,我们模拟了第一种环境支付的增加,这种支付是通过减少脱钩支付来资助的。我们使用替代方案进行支付再分配,如平分配,分配给低放养率的农场或按比例重新分配支付。我们发现,在第二种情况下,奶牛场可能实现边际环境收益。对于养牛场来说,比例分配在环境收益方面表现最好。我们还发现,在这种情况下,两种农场类型对收入不平等的影响都可以被平滑。
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引用次数: 3
The role of family life-cycle events on persistent and transient inefficiencies in less favoured areas 家庭生命周期事件对不太受青睐地区持续和短暂低效的影响
IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12506
Andrew P. Barnes

Family farms dominate less favoured areas (LFAs) within Europe, and family life-cycle conditions, such as succession and retirement, affects how these farms adapt to changing circumstances. Past studies of on-farm technical efficiency have not directly addressed these conditions, but they may explain why some farms are more efficient than others, especially as the farm family model dominates most farming systems. Motivated by the UK's withdrawal from the EU and the debate around establishing replacement support policies, we apply a multi-step model to measure both transient and persistent inefficiencies using a panel of LFA cattle and sheep farms in Scotland over the period 2003–2020. We find a greater prevalence of persistent compared to transient inefficiency, which suggests that structural problems still exist. Farms with planned succession are found to have higher persistent efficiencies, whereas farmers nearing retirement have lower levels. Other factors, such as dependence on subsidy, off-farm activity and classification as severely disadvantaged tend to compound these lower efficiencies. We argue that life-cycle conditions should not be ignored in studies of farm technical efficiency. Within the scope of framing a new agricultural policy for UK administrations, these results inform the debate on support for LFAs, as well as the promotion of support towards generational renewal to ease transition across farm family life-cycle events.

在欧洲,家庭农场主导着不太受欢迎的地区(lfa),家庭生命周期条件,如继承和退休,影响着这些农场如何适应不断变化的环境。过去对农场技术效率的研究并没有直接解决这些问题,但它们可能解释了为什么一些农场比其他农场更有效率,特别是在农场家庭模式主导大多数农业系统的情况下。受英国退出欧盟和围绕建立替代支持政策的辩论的推动,我们采用多步骤模型来衡量2003-2020年期间苏格兰LFA牛羊农场的短暂和持续的低效率。我们发现,与短暂的低效率相比,持续的低效率更普遍,这表明结构性问题仍然存在。有计划继承的农场具有较高的持续效率,而接近退休的农民则具有较低的水平。其他因素,如对补贴的依赖、非农业活动和被列为严重不利地位,往往使这些较低的效率更加恶化。我们认为在农业技术效率研究中不应忽视生命周期条件。在为英国政府制定新的农业政策的范围内,这些结果为支持lfa的辩论提供了信息,以及促进对代际更新的支持,以缓解农场家庭生命周期事件的过渡。
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引用次数: 3
Farmers' participation in the Income Stabilisation Tool: Evidence from the apple sector in Italy 农民参与收入稳定工具:来自意大利苹果行业的证据
IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.315191
R. Rippo, Simone Cerroni
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引用次数: 8
Farmers' participation in the Income Stabilisation Tool: Evidence from the apple sector in Italy 农民参与收入稳定工具:来自意大利苹果行业的证据
IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12508
Ruggiero Rippo, Simone Cerroni

The Income Stabilisation Tool (IST), which was recently added to the European Common Agricultural Policy's risk management toolkit, is a mutual fund that aims at stabilising farmers' income. We investigate the drivers of farmers' participation in an IST for the apple sector in the Autonomous Province of Trento in Italy, which is the only region that has operationalised the IST in the European Union. Our analysis is based on a theoretical framework based on the Unified Theory of Use and Acceptance of Technology. Using a three-year panel dataset of 3268 farm households, we estimated a logit model with the Mundlak–Chamberlain procedure. Our results show that higher crop production specialisation, associated with greater risk exposure, favours participation in the IST. Similarly, previous experience with mutual funds increases the acceptance of the IST. The analysis also provides evidence of how the new tool interacts with existing on-farm protection strategies, leading to a discussion of the presence of adverse and advantageous selection effects. Our paper sheds light on farmers' acceptance of newly implemented sector-specific ISTs and generates better knowledge and understanding of lock-ins and levers that influence participation in such schemes, which are relevant to other EU regions or member states that are considering the introduction of ISTs.

收入稳定工具(IST)是一个旨在稳定农民收入的共同基金,最近被添加到欧洲共同农业政策的风险管理工具包中。我们调查了意大利特伦托自治省农民参与苹果行业IST的驱动因素,该省是欧盟唯一实施IST的地区。我们的分析基于基于技术使用和接受统一理论的理论框架。使用3268个农户的三年面板数据集,我们使用Mundlak–Chamberlain程序估计了logit模型。我们的研究结果表明,作物生产专业化程度越高,风险敞口越大,有利于参与IST。同样,以前共同基金的经验也增加了IST的接受度。该分析还提供了新工具如何与现有农场保护策略相互作用的证据,从而引发了对存在不利和有利选择影响的讨论。我们的论文揭示了农民对新实施的特定行业IST的接受程度,并使他们更好地了解和理解影响参与此类计划的锁定和杠杆,这与正在考虑引入IST的其他欧盟地区或成员国有关。
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引用次数: 0
Early growing season weather variation, expectation formation and agricultural land allocation decisions in Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚早期生长季节天气变化、预期形成和农业用地分配决策
IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-18 DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12507
Musa Hasen Ahmed, Wondimagegn Mesfin Tesfaye, Franziska Gassmann

Using unique crop-specific data gathered over 7 years, we study if and how maize-producing farmers in Ethiopia adjust their land allocation decisions in response to pre-planting-season weather variations. We show that farmers adjust their land allocation decisions in response to increased temperatures early in the growing season. In addition to quantifying a substantial adaptation margin that has not been documented before, our study also reveals the presence of a weather variation-induced expansion of maize production into areas that are less suitable for maize cultivation.

利用7年来收集的独特作物特定数据,我们研究了埃塞俄比亚种植玉米的农民是否以及如何根据种植前季节的天气变化调整土地分配决策。我们的研究表明,农民会根据生长季节早期气温的升高来调整土地分配决策。除了量化以前没有记录的大量适应边际外,我们的研究还揭示了天气变化导致的玉米生产向不适合玉米种植的地区扩张的存在。
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引用次数: 1
A note on synthetic data for replication purposes in agricultural economics 关于农业经济学中用于复制目的的合成数据的说明
IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-15 DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12505
Stefan Wimmer, Robert Finger

Empirical studies in agricultural economics usually involve policy implications. In many cases, such studies rely on proprietary or confidential data that cannot be published along with the article, challenging the replicability and credibility of the results. To overcome this problem, the use of synthetic data—that is, data that do not contain a single unit of the original data—has been proposed. In this note, we illustrate the utility of synthetic data generation methods for replication purposes using a range of methods from agricultural production analysis. More specifically, we compare input elasticities and technical efficiency scores based on different farm-level production data between original data and synthetic data. We generate synthetic data using a non-parametric method of classification and regression trees (CART) and parametric linear regressions. We find synthetic data result in elasticities and technical efficiency distributions that are very similar to the original data, especially when generated with CART, and conclude with implications for the research community.

农业经济学的实证研究通常涉及政策含义。在许多情况下,这些研究依赖于专有或机密数据,这些数据不能与文章一起发表,这对结果的可复制性和可信度提出了挑战。为了克服这个问题,有人建议使用合成数据,即不包含原始数据的单个单位的数据。在本文中,我们将使用农业生产分析中的一系列方法来说明用于复制目的的合成数据生成方法的实用性。更具体地说,我们比较了原始数据和合成数据之间基于不同农场生产数据的投入弹性和技术效率得分。我们使用非参数分类和回归树(CART)和参数线性回归方法生成合成数据。我们发现合成数据导致的弹性和技术效率分布与原始数据非常相似,特别是当使用CART生成时,并总结了对研究界的影响。
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引用次数: 3
Input subsidies and crop diversity on family farms in Burkina Faso 布基纳法索家庭农场的投入补贴和作物多样性
IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-02 DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12504
Sibbir Ahmad, Melinda Smale, Veronique Theriault, Eugenie Maiga

Since their independence, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have used input subsidies to increase agricultural productivity and improve food security. We analyse the effects of both a fertiliser and a seed subsidy on farming households' land allocation among crops and crop diversity in Burkina Faso. Although previous studies investigated either the impact of a fertiliser or a seed subsidy on targeted crops, few examined the effects of both subsidies combined. Applying a correlated random-effects model with a control function approach to nationally representative, 2-year panel data collected from farming households, we find that those with access to the fertiliser subsidy allocate more land to the crops it targets (rice, maize and cotton) than non-targeted crops. Focusing on a minor crop with key agronomic and nutritional attributes, we conclude that land allocation to cowpea as the primary crop and intercrop declined with the fertiliser subsidy. The fertiliser subsidy also negatively affects crop diversity. However, we find that the cowpea seed subsidy offsets the bias of fertiliser subsidy toward fertiliser-targeted crops and enhances diversity.

自独立以来,撒哈拉以南非洲的许多国家利用投入补贴来提高农业生产率和改善粮食安全。我们分析了肥料和种子补贴对布基纳法索农户土地分配和作物多样性的影响。虽然以前的研究调查了肥料或种子补贴对目标作物的影响,但很少研究这两种补贴结合起来的影响。我们将一个带有控制函数方法的相关随机效应模型应用于从农户收集的具有全国代表性的2年面板数据,发现那些获得肥料补贴的农户将更多的土地分配给目标作物(水稻、玉米和棉花),而不是非目标作物。以一种具有关键农艺和营养属性的小作物为研究对象,我们得出结论:随着肥料补贴的增加,豇豆作为主要作物和间作的土地分配减少。化肥补贴也对作物多样性产生负面影响。然而,我们发现豇豆种子补贴抵消了肥料补贴对肥料目标作物的偏见,提高了多样性。
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引用次数: 4
Predator or prey? Effects of farm growth on neighbouring farms 捕食者还是猎物?农场生长对邻近农场的影响
IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12503
Franziska Appel, Alfons Balmann

We provide explorative insights on how farms which manage strong and successful growth affect farms in their neighbourhoods through spatial competition for land. The study is based on an exploratory analysis of repeated framed experiments within the business game FarmAgriPoliS (Appel & Balmann, Ecological Complexity, 40, 2019). In particular, we analyse the spatial influences of different behavioural clusters of farm managers. Our analysis finds that farms which manage strong growth substantially affect the development of farms in a spatial neighbourhood of some 10 km. Although the influence on the neighbourhood decreases with distance, the functional correlations of farm growth as well as exits are neither linear nor exponential, but eventually rather wave-like. We further discuss the spatial interdependence of farms and the related overlaps of the predator–prey phenomenon with the phenomena of farms' path dependency and agricultural structural change. We conclude that along with farmers' strategies and their abilities, the characteristics of their neighbours and the distances between neighbouring farms also determine who is ‘predator’ and who is ‘prey’.

我们提供了探索性的见解,探讨那些管理强劲和成功增长的农场如何通过土地的空间竞争影响其社区的农场。这项研究是基于对商业游戏《FarmAgriPoliS》中重复框架实验的探索性分析。Balmann,生态复杂性,40,2019)。特别地,我们分析了农场管理者不同行为集群的空间影响。我们的分析发现,那些增长强劲的农场在很大程度上影响了大约10公里空间范围内农场的发展。虽然对邻近地区的影响随着距离的增加而减小,但农场增长和出口的函数相关性既不是线性的,也不是指数的,而是最终呈波浪状的。在此基础上,进一步探讨了农场的空间相互依赖以及捕食现象与农场路径依赖和农业结构变化的相关重叠。我们的结论是,除了农民的策略和能力之外,他们邻居的特征和邻近农场之间的距离也决定了谁是“捕食者”,谁是“猎物”。
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引用次数: 1
Mobilising the public to fight poverty using anti-poverty labels in online food markets: Evidence from a real experimental auction 动员公众在网上食品市场上使用反贫困标签来对抗贫困:来自真实实验拍卖的证据
IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12502
Yu Jiang, H. Holly Wang, Shaosheng Jin

In an emerging economy like China where the domestic income inequality has dramatically increased between middle-class urban consumers and poor rural farmers, food grown by poor farmers with poverty alleviation labels may receive price premiums from consumers with multiple incentives. To reveal consumers' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for anti-poverty labelled food, we implement a non-hypothetical Becker–DeGroot–Marschak auction online experiment for apples with real shoppers. Results show that consumers are willing to pay 3.66 RMB extra for each kilogram of apples with anti-poverty labels, indicating the opportunities for using voluntary public food consumption to supplement the government's anti-poverty responsibilities. Consumers who are more empathic, who believe that anti-poverty products have higher quality, who have donated money within the past year, and who are not involve with anti-poverty related production or selling processes are willing to pay more. Additionally, three different information treatments (a beneficiary description, an appreciation certificate and a government promotion document) were found to increase consumers' WTP for anti-poverty products. Treatment effects are different among consumers with different demographic characters and perspectives about the anti-poverty label. Lastly, anti-poverty labels can attract consumers for trial purchase but are not sufficient to lead consumers to make repeat purchases.

在中国这样的新兴经济体,中产阶级城市消费者和贫穷的农村农民之间的收入差距急剧扩大,贫穷农民种植的粮食可能会从消费者那里获得多重奖励。为了揭示消费者对贴有反贫困标签的食品的支付意愿(WTP),我们在真实的购物者中实施了一个非假设的贝克尔-德格罗特-马尔沙克苹果在线拍卖实验。结果显示,消费者愿意为每公斤贴有扶贫标签的苹果多支付3.66元,这表明利用公共食品自愿消费来补充政府的扶贫责任是有机会的。更有同理心的消费者、认为扶贫产品质量更高的消费者、在过去一年内捐过款的消费者、没有参与扶贫生产或销售过程的消费者愿意支付更多的钱。此外,三种不同的信息处理(受益人描述、赞赏证书和政府推广文件)可以增加消费者对扶贫产品的WTP。不同人口特征和反贫困观点的消费者对反贫困标签的治疗效果不同。最后,反贫困标签可以吸引消费者尝试购买,但不足以引导消费者重复购买。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Journal of Agricultural Economics
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