{"title":"Experimental Study on Plume Temperature Profile of Ejected Fire from a Reduced Enclosure with Influence of the Window Eaves","authors":"F. Tang, L. Hu, K. Lu","doi":"10.2190/AF.24.1.D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.24.1.D","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74889474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Cheng, Yu-Hsiang Huang, Chih-Yuan Cheng, K. Kuo
{"title":"Application of FDS Fire Simulation Software to Explore Fire Effect and Impact in the Relative Refuge Areas (Exploring in the Real-Life Case Study of Two Dead and One Injured)","authors":"T. Cheng, Yu-Hsiang Huang, Chih-Yuan Cheng, K. Kuo","doi":"10.2190/AF.24.1.A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.24.1.A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81126516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simulation Research on Smoke Containment in Large Space: Case Study of the Improvement Project of Taoyuan International Airport, Terminal 1","authors":"Yu-Chang Lin, Chieh-Hsin Tang","doi":"10.2190/AF.24.1.G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.24.1.G","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84017821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, major fire incidents in Japan, Russia, Belgium, Argentina, and Korea have led to the deaths of 6 to 23 people in elderly welfare facilities. Therefore, for the evacuation of the elderly and the disabled safety, it is necessary to provide them with a safe and effective building as an evacuation space. Directional evacuation lights with voice and sound have been developed in Europe, the United States, Japan, and China and applied to evacuation places. This study took the signs and equipment with flash or sound guidance actually installed in elderly welfare facilities in Taiwan as an example and conducted a questionnaire survey to summarize and analyze the effectiveness of such signs and facilities as well as where improvements should be made, in order to provide elderly welfare facilities with the analysis on improvement and effectiveness of evacuation guidance equipment, which may be beneficial to the use and safety of buildings. This study found that the installation of signs and equipment with flash or sound guidance could help evacuees to accurately find out the evacuation routes. Moreover, the evacuation guidance information should be comprehensible. It was advised to complete the installation of evacuation signs and equipment in places where the elderly and disabled live as soon as possible according to the laws.
{"title":"Effectiveness study on applications of evacuation guidance systems in elderly welfare facilities when fire occurs","authors":"Chung Hua, Shih-Feng Kao, Yu-shiang Wu","doi":"10.2190/AF.24.1.B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.24.1.B","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, major fire incidents in Japan, Russia, Belgium, Argentina, and Korea have led to the deaths of 6 to 23 people in elderly welfare facilities. Therefore, for the evacuation of the elderly and the disabled safety, it is necessary to provide them with a safe and effective building as an evacuation space. Directional evacuation lights with voice and sound have been developed in Europe, the United States, Japan, and China and applied to evacuation places. This study took the signs and equipment with flash or sound guidance actually installed in elderly welfare facilities in Taiwan as an example and conducted a questionnaire survey to summarize and analyze the effectiveness of such signs and facilities as well as where improvements should be made, in order to provide elderly welfare facilities with the analysis on improvement and effectiveness of evacuation guidance equipment, which may be beneficial to the use and safety of buildings. This study found that the installation of signs and equipment with flash or sound guidance could help evacuees to accurately find out the evacuation routes. Moreover, the evacuation guidance information should be comprehensible. It was advised to complete the installation of evacuation signs and equipment in places where the elderly and disabled live as soon as possible according to the laws.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75527711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The primary goal of fire safety is to ensure people's life safety when fire occurs. In this study, reliability analysis method is presented to assess the safety level of occupant evacuation in building fires. Uncertainty analysis of parameters is carried out. In order to express the uncertainty and stochastic characteristic, influencing parameters are considered to comply with a certain probability distribution. The fire growth rate, building height, and total width of exit are analyzed based on the proposed method. It is found that the failure probability increases with the increase of fire growth rate, but decreases with the increase of building height and total width of exit. Nevertheless, the failure probability will not decrease anymore when total width of exit reaches to a certain value. Finally, a building's fire safety is evaluated. The conclusions in this work would be helpful for fire safety assessment and management.
{"title":"Uncertainty analysis of parameters on occupant evacuation in building fires","authors":"Zhanli Mao, Huahua Xiao, Honglin Mu, Jinhua Sun","doi":"10.2190/AF.24.1.E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.24.1.E","url":null,"abstract":"The primary goal of fire safety is to ensure people's life safety when fire occurs. In this study, reliability analysis method is presented to assess the safety level of occupant evacuation in building fires. Uncertainty analysis of parameters is carried out. In order to express the uncertainty and stochastic characteristic, influencing parameters are considered to comply with a certain probability distribution. The fire growth rate, building height, and total width of exit are analyzed based on the proposed method. It is found that the failure probability increases with the increase of fire growth rate, but decreases with the increase of building height and total width of exit. Nevertheless, the failure probability will not decrease anymore when total width of exit reaches to a certain value. Finally, a building's fire safety is evaluated. The conclusions in this work would be helpful for fire safety assessment and management.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79869876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Population density of different occupant types is the most critical factor affecting pedestrian evacuation in supermarket. Unfortunately, the experimental population density, especially on weekdays and holidays, is very scarce for reference. In order to obtain exact experimental occupant density, six investigations and experiments have been conducted in a Carrefour supermarket on workdays and holidays. Four occupant types (male, female, elderly and child), about 154,327 customers, were separately recorded in 6 days. By analyzing the experiment data with black-box model of occupant density built in this article, we found that the proportion of female, male, elderly, and child are 52.3%, 38.4%, 5.1%, and 7.2% respectively. Proportion of child on weekdays is about 3.6% but it rapidly rises to 10.9% on holidays while the number of the elderly is relatively stable, which is about 1,200 each day. Furthermore, the average peak value of occupant density in the market at the rush hours is about 0.15 persons/m2 appearing at 16:00~20:00 on weekdays while it is about 0.32 persons/m2 emerging at 13:00~19:00 on holidays. At last, based on the experimental data, two numerical simulations on supermarket evacuation are conducted. By simulating, we find that the total evacuation time on holidays is about twice as long as that on weekdays. These data and conclusions obtained from this experiment would provide valuable reference to evacuation model, evacuation simulation, and fire protection design of market.
{"title":"Experimental study on population density of different occupant types in supermarket evacuation","authors":"Guowei Zhang, Guoqing Zhu, Lili Huang","doi":"10.2190/AF.24.1.H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.24.1.H","url":null,"abstract":"Population density of different occupant types is the most critical factor affecting pedestrian evacuation in supermarket. Unfortunately, the experimental population density, especially on weekdays and holidays, is very scarce for reference. In order to obtain exact experimental occupant density, six investigations and experiments have been conducted in a Carrefour supermarket on workdays and holidays. Four occupant types (male, female, elderly and child), about 154,327 customers, were separately recorded in 6 days. By analyzing the experiment data with black-box model of occupant density built in this article, we found that the proportion of female, male, elderly, and child are 52.3%, 38.4%, 5.1%, and 7.2% respectively. Proportion of child on weekdays is about 3.6% but it rapidly rises to 10.9% on holidays while the number of the elderly is relatively stable, which is about 1,200 each day. Furthermore, the average peak value of occupant density in the market at the rush hours is about 0.15 persons/m2 appearing at 16:00~20:00 on weekdays while it is about 0.32 persons/m2 emerging at 13:00~19:00 on holidays. At last, based on the experimental data, two numerical simulations on supermarket evacuation are conducted. By simulating, we find that the total evacuation time on holidays is about twice as long as that on weekdays. These data and conclusions obtained from this experiment would provide valuable reference to evacuation model, evacuation simulation, and fire protection design of market.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85671001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Indicative Fire Tests to Investigate Heat Insulation Scenario of Fixed Iron Window Blinds Sprayed with Fire Retardant Paint","authors":"Bang-Lee Chang, Y. Tseng, S. Kuo","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.1.E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.1.E","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85053877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daoliang Zhao, Xiaoqun Wang, Tingyong Fang, Chen Wang
The simulation model of buildingEXODUS is applied to simulate occupant evacuation in a high-rise dormitory building. Three cases are simulated to analyze the influence of the route selection on evacuation efficiency. The result of buildingEXODUS is compared with those of Japan's empirical formula and Pauls' empirical formula. The evacuation time calculated by Pauls' formula is the shortest because route selection and different use ratio of each staircase are not taken into account. The result simulated by buildingEXODUS is the longest because the details of human behavior, occupant property, building structure, and environment are all taken into account. Shorter evacuation time can be obtained by assigning some occupants to less occupied areas instead of taking the shortest routes and balancing the use ratio of each staircase and exit.
{"title":"Research on occupant evacuation in a high-rise dormitory building based on buildingEXODUS","authors":"Daoliang Zhao, Xiaoqun Wang, Tingyong Fang, Chen Wang","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.2.I","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.2.I","url":null,"abstract":"The simulation model of buildingEXODUS is applied to simulate occupant evacuation in a high-rise dormitory building. Three cases are simulated to analyze the influence of the route selection on evacuation efficiency. The result of buildingEXODUS is compared with those of Japan's empirical formula and Pauls' empirical formula. The evacuation time calculated by Pauls' formula is the shortest because route selection and different use ratio of each staircase are not taken into account. The result simulated by buildingEXODUS is the longest because the details of human behavior, occupant property, building structure, and environment are all taken into account. Shorter evacuation time can be obtained by assigning some occupants to less occupied areas instead of taking the shortest routes and balancing the use ratio of each staircase and exit.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87495127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Computer-based models are widely used today as part of fire safety design. There is, though, considerable concern about whether or not the use of such models may be leading to unacceptable options being adopted. This concern covers all types of models, including those based on computational fluid dynamics. Models should only ever be used as an aid within a context of fire knowledge and experience and certainly not as a sole source of decision-making. Models are not the real world. The limitations and conditions of applicability of a model need to be thoroughly understood by users. This article discusses these and related issues.
{"title":"Problems with computer models","authors":"A. Beard","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.2.F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.2.F","url":null,"abstract":"Computer-based models are widely used today as part of fire safety design. There is, though, considerable concern about whether or not the use of such models may be leading to unacceptable options being adopted. This concern covers all types of models, including those based on computational fluid dynamics. Models should only ever be used as an aid within a context of fire knowledge and experience and certainly not as a sole source of decision-making. Models are not the real world. The limitations and conditions of applicability of a model need to be thoroughly understood by users. This article discusses these and related issues.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81021436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multisensor technology has been widely accepted as the next generation fire detection technology. The objective of this research is to explore influence of various feature subset combinations on multisensor fire detection performances. ANN models of BP, RBF, and PNN are selected as fire detection classifier. Four fire signatures, namely temperature, smoke obscuration, CO, and CO2 concentrations, are used to generate possible fire detection combinations. Fire detection performance of reliability and sensitivity are investigated of different combinations using parameters of wrong alarm rate and detected fire point respectively. RESULTS indicate that fire detection performance declines with increasing number of ANN in multisensor fire detection. Various combinations with the same ANN number can still produce dramatically different multisensor fire detection performance, and ANN models can overcome the disadvantage of various combinations to a large extent. Performance of PNN is highlighted of all the three selected ANN models by investigation results.
{"title":"Exploring the role of feature subset combinations on performance of multisensor fire detection","authors":"Xuegui Wang, S. Lo, Heping Zhang","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.2.E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.2.E","url":null,"abstract":"Multisensor technology has been widely accepted as the next generation fire detection technology. The objective of this research is to explore influence of various feature subset combinations on multisensor fire detection performances. ANN models of BP, RBF, and PNN are selected as fire detection classifier. Four fire signatures, namely temperature, smoke obscuration, CO, and CO2 concentrations, are used to generate possible fire detection combinations. Fire detection performance of reliability and sensitivity are investigated of different combinations using parameters of wrong alarm rate and detected fire point respectively. RESULTS indicate that fire detection performance declines with increasing number of ANN in multisensor fire detection. Various combinations with the same ANN number can still produce dramatically different multisensor fire detection performance, and ANN models can overcome the disadvantage of various combinations to a large extent. Performance of PNN is highlighted of all the three selected ANN models by investigation results.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82173607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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