Along with the social advancement and development of various types of economic activities, both small retailers and large-scale wholesale suppliers require the use of storage sites in different sizes to meet their needs in regard to distribution, sales, transportation, and warehousing. Thus, different types of storage warehouses are being established and due to their higher storage efficiency, better returns on investment, and lower human capital input required, automated warehouses, at present, have gradually become the main-stream systems used by the warehouse industry. In these systems, the "rack supported warehouse," as part of the building structure, has been widely accepted by the industry because of its ability to ensure smooth transportation and circulation as well as provide additional storage space. However, fire resistive materials (FRMs) and fire retardant coating cannot effectively be used to protect automated "rack supported warehouses" and in lieu of this failure to meet the respective requirement of Articles 69 and 70 of the building technical regulations on "Fire Protection Construction" and "Fire Rating," use permits for rack supported warehouses cannot be granted. This has resulted in a continuous industrial outbound transfer and challenges in regard to industrial upgrading and the enhancement of international competitiveness promoted by the government. Based on the premise of fire performance, this study examines the inspection and monitoring of fire performance of various types of automated "rack supported warehouses" as well as suggests feasible specifications or alternative fire protection principles to resolve the issue for the industry and relevant authorities.
{"title":"A study on the fire safety of automated rack supported warehouses","authors":"Bang-Lee Chang, Y. Tseng, S. Kuo","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.2.A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.2.A","url":null,"abstract":"Along with the social advancement and development of various types of economic activities, both small retailers and large-scale wholesale suppliers require the use of storage sites in different sizes to meet their needs in regard to distribution, sales, transportation, and warehousing. Thus, different types of storage warehouses are being established and due to their higher storage efficiency, better returns on investment, and lower human capital input required, automated warehouses, at present, have gradually become the main-stream systems used by the warehouse industry. In these systems, the \"rack supported warehouse,\" as part of the building structure, has been widely accepted by the industry because of its ability to ensure smooth transportation and circulation as well as provide additional storage space. However, fire resistive materials (FRMs) and fire retardant coating cannot effectively be used to protect automated \"rack supported warehouses\" and in lieu of this failure to meet the respective requirement of Articles 69 and 70 of the building technical regulations on \"Fire Protection Construction\" and \"Fire Rating,\" use permits for rack supported warehouses cannot be granted. This has resulted in a continuous industrial outbound transfer and challenges in regard to industrial upgrading and the enhancement of international competitiveness promoted by the government. Based on the premise of fire performance, this study examines the inspection and monitoring of fire performance of various types of automated \"rack supported warehouses\" as well as suggests feasible specifications or alternative fire protection principles to resolve the issue for the industry and relevant authorities.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":"23 1","pages":"115-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82615236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A wood pyrolysis model considering the influence of pressure work and gas property, to which were paid limited attention in previous researches, has been developed. Numerical results are compared with those of another two models without considering gas property and without considering pressure work. RESULTS show that the gas property hasn't a great effect to the pyrolysis process, but the pressure work significantly reduces the temperature and mass loss rate during pyrolysis. Pressure distribution in solid matrix in pyrolysis process has also been obtained. Experiment has also been conducted for validating the model, which indicates that the present model agrees with experiment better than the model without the effect of pressure work. It is concluded that pressure work in pyrolysis of wood is significant and should not be ignored.
{"title":"Numerical and experimental study of the influence of pressure work on pyrolysis of wood exposed to radiation","authors":"Yafei Wang, Xiaoping Zheng","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.3.E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.3.E","url":null,"abstract":"A wood pyrolysis model considering the influence of pressure work and gas property, to which were paid limited attention in previous researches, has been developed. Numerical results are compared with those of another two models without considering gas property and without considering pressure work. RESULTS show that the gas property hasn't a great effect to the pyrolysis process, but the pressure work significantly reduces the temperature and mass loss rate during pyrolysis. Pressure distribution in solid matrix in pyrolysis process has also been obtained. Experiment has also been conducted for validating the model, which indicates that the present model agrees with experiment better than the model without the effect of pressure work. It is concluded that pressure work in pyrolysis of wood is significant and should not be ignored.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"319-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73212687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review on Fire-Resistant Glass with High Rating","authors":"M. Wu, W. Chow","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.1.D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.1.D","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"59-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87474315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hua Yang, R. Yuen, Xudong Cheng, Yanwei Chen, Sen Li, Heping Zhang
The multiple parallel bottlenecks, such as ticket entrance and station exit, are common facilities in the Transportation Hub Complex (THC) of China. The interaction between adjacent openings of multiple parallel bottlenecks on pedestrian flow has been rarely investigated by previous researchers. In this article, the microscopic moving behavior parameters of pedestrians passing through multiple bottlenecks, such as flow rate, velocity, time interval between two sequential pedestrians, and specific flow rate, were extracted based on video image processing technology. To investigate the effect of opening numbers of multiple bottlenecks on pedestrian flow movement, three different opening numbers, namely one, two, and three openings, were considered in the simulation experiments. In the scenarios of two and three openings, three opening widths, namely 0.75 m, 0.85 m, and 0.95 m, were respectively considered. Meanwhile, the distance intervals between adjacent openings of bottleneck were also explored in this study. Through analyzing the microscopic movement behavior parameters of pedestrians, it is found that the change of those parameters with the increasing bottleneck width can be divided into three domains according to the openings number in these scenarios. Those parameters in different domains show mutually independent change trend with increasing bottleneck width. The results also indicate that those parameters show certain regularities with the increase of distance interval. This study provides fundamental data and analysis of the pedestrian flow passing through the multiple parallel bottlenecks. The results will be useful for the development and verification of evacuation models.
{"title":"Experimental study and quantitative analysis on microscopic movement characteristics of pedestrian through multiple parallel bottleneck in transportation hub complex","authors":"Hua Yang, R. Yuen, Xudong Cheng, Yanwei Chen, Sen Li, Heping Zhang","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.2.G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.2.G","url":null,"abstract":"The multiple parallel bottlenecks, such as ticket entrance and station exit, are common facilities in the Transportation Hub Complex (THC) of China. The interaction between adjacent openings of multiple parallel bottlenecks on pedestrian flow has been rarely investigated by previous researchers. In this article, the microscopic moving behavior parameters of pedestrians passing through multiple bottlenecks, such as flow rate, velocity, time interval between two sequential pedestrians, and specific flow rate, were extracted based on video image processing technology. To investigate the effect of opening numbers of multiple bottlenecks on pedestrian flow movement, three different opening numbers, namely one, two, and three openings, were considered in the simulation experiments. In the scenarios of two and three openings, three opening widths, namely 0.75 m, 0.85 m, and 0.95 m, were respectively considered. Meanwhile, the distance intervals between adjacent openings of bottleneck were also explored in this study. Through analyzing the microscopic movement behavior parameters of pedestrians, it is found that the change of those parameters with the increasing bottleneck width can be divided into three domains according to the openings number in these scenarios. Those parameters in different domains show mutually independent change trend with increasing bottleneck width. The results also indicate that those parameters show certain regularities with the increase of distance interval. This study provides fundamental data and analysis of the pedestrian flow passing through the multiple parallel bottlenecks. The results will be useful for the development and verification of evacuation models.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":"67 1","pages":"205-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84060594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metal Complex-Based Fire and Smoke Retardant Intumescent Coating for Power Cables","authors":"N. K. Saxena, S. Sharma, A. Gupta","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.4.F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.4.F","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":"85 1","pages":"453-466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81595067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The statistical figures of Government showed, by the end of 2006, there were 13,579,885 motorcycles registered in Taiwan. Most of people in Taiwan are used to parking the motorcycles around buildings and the motorcycles are made of multifarious plastic materials (such as ABS, PP, PC, PU, PMMA, PA, etc.). Therefore, there were heavy casualties and property losses when motorcycle fires occurred. For research concerning motorcycles' combustion characteristics, the data is obtained via Cone Calorimeter, video recording, and other apparatuses. According to the experiment results, a full-scale motorcycle combustion, for which the fire growth model is α t2, the maximum heat release rate is about 1.106 MW, the fire decline model is a - b x ln (t + c), the average of flame height is 3.5 m, and the maximum temperature is 870.9°C.
政府统计数据显示，截至2006年底，台湾共有13579885辆摩托车登记在册。台湾大多数人习惯在建筑物周围停放摩托车，摩托车由各种塑料材料制成(如ABS, PP, PC, PU, PMMA, PA等)。因此，摩托车火灾发生时，造成了重大的人员伤亡和财产损失。对于摩托车燃烧特性的研究，数据是通过锥形量热仪、录像等设备获取的。实验结果表明，全尺寸摩托车燃烧的火焰增长模型为α t2，最大放热速率约为1.106 MW，火焰下降模型为a - b x ln (t + c)，火焰平均高度为3.5 m，最高温度为870.9℃。
{"title":"Experimental investigation of a motorcycle burning scenario","authors":"Bang-Lee Chang, M. Hus, Y. Tseng, S. Kuo","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.1.B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.1.B","url":null,"abstract":"The statistical figures of Government showed, by the end of 2006, there were 13,579,885 motorcycles registered in Taiwan. Most of people in Taiwan are used to parking the motorcycles around buildings and the motorcycles are made of multifarious plastic materials (such as ABS, PP, PC, PU, PMMA, PA, etc.). Therefore, there were heavy casualties and property losses when motorcycle fires occurred. For research concerning motorcycles' combustion characteristics, the data is obtained via Cone Calorimeter, video recording, and other apparatuses. According to the experiment results, a full-scale motorcycle combustion, for which the fire growth model is α t2, the maximum heat release rate is about 1.106 MW, the fire decline model is a - b x ln (t + c), the average of flame height is 3.5 m, and the maximum temperature is 870.9°C.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":"130 1","pages":"15-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84003807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianping Yuan, Zheng Fang, Zhi Tang, Jun-heng Wang
{"title":"Study on Pre-Movement Behavior of Chinese People in Residential Buildings Under Fire Situations","authors":"Jianping Yuan, Zheng Fang, Zhi Tang, Jun-heng Wang","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.4.B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.4.B","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":"94 1","pages":"395-407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85706398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, major disasters occur frequently due to changes in climate and social patterns. Regardless of natural or man-made disasters, it poses great challenges and threats to firefighters implementing various relief operations. Therefore, professional fitness and skills of firefighters can be gradually enhanced by varied in-service training. With Taiwan's New Taipei City Fire Department as an example, this study explores whether the implementation of the rescue training process can help to enhance the disaster response capacity of firefighters. Moreover, with personnel participating in training as the study sample, and in accordance with Kirkpatrick's "Four Levels," this study analyzed the reaction level, learning level, behavior level, and results level of the trainees by questionnaire survey. The statistical data was applied with SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) 12.0 to understand the overall training results.
近年来，由于气候和社会格局的变化，重大灾害频繁发生。无论是天灾还是人祸，都给消防员执行各种救援任务带来了巨大的挑战和威胁。因此，消防员的专业素质和技能可以通过各种在职培训逐步提高。本研究以台湾新北市消防局为例，探讨实施救援训练过程是否有助于提升消防员的灾害应变能力。此外，本研究以参加培训的人员为研究样本，按照Kirkpatrick的“四个层次”，采用问卷调查的方式，分析了受训人员的反应层次、学习层次、行为层次和结果层次。统计数据应用SPSS (statistical Product and Service Solutions) 12.0了解整体培训结果。
{"title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of physical training on fire department rescue","authors":"Shao-Hua Shang, Yu-shiang Wu, Kuan-yung Chang, Shih-Feng Kao, Chi-Jan Huang","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.3.C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.3.C","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, major disasters occur frequently due to changes in climate and social patterns. Regardless of natural or man-made disasters, it poses great challenges and threats to firefighters implementing various relief operations. Therefore, professional fitness and skills of firefighters can be gradually enhanced by varied in-service training. With Taiwan's New Taipei City Fire Department as an example, this study explores whether the implementation of the rescue training process can help to enhance the disaster response capacity of firefighters. Moreover, with personnel participating in training as the study sample, and in accordance with Kirkpatrick's \"Four Levels,\" this study analyzed the reaction level, learning level, behavior level, and results level of the trainees by questionnaire survey. The statistical data was applied with SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) 12.0 to understand the overall training results.","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":"28 1","pages":"299-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75107259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Species Concentrations in Enclosure Fires","authors":"Rajiv Kumar, Narendra Kumar","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.4.K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.4.K","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"529-550"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79913748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Different Waiting Hall Forms of Train Station on Evacuation","authors":"Jing Wang, Tingyong Fang, Tingting Han","doi":"10.2190/AF.23.4.C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/AF.23.4.C","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15005,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Fire Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"409-421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89985878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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