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Comparing cost-effectiveness of radio and drone telemetry with playback surveys for assessing translocation outcomes 比较无线电和无人机遥测与回放调查的成本效益,以评估迁移结果
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14757
Zoë L. Stone, Kara Macdermid, Chris G. Muller, Doug P. Armstrong, Kevin A. Parker

释放后监测对于评估迁移结果至关重要。然而,从监测中获得的信息质量可能会有很大差异,而监测成本往往会导致监测工作的减少。因此,选择成本效益高且能提供高质量数据的监测策略对于评估迁移结果和做出明智的管理决策非常重要。为了比较监测策略如何影响所获得的信息,我们对新西兰奥特亚罗瓦的土拨鼠/北岛知更鸟(Petroica longipes)重新引入进行了监测,监测目标是确定存活率、地点忠诚度以及管理范围是否足够大以保护分散的个体。我们比较了通过四种监测策略实现这些目标的情况:(1) 通过地面无线电遥测和回放进行综合调查;(2) 无人机空中遥测;(3) 由训练有素的调查员进行专门回放;(4) 由捕食者控制承包商进行随机回放。我们进行了视野分析,以确定每种策略的搜索范围,并比较了探测率、效率和成本。全面的地面遥测和回放虽然成本高昂,但覆盖面积最大,能提供最准确的散布、存活和迁移结果数据。相比之下,机会性回放监测发现的个体数量要少得多,给人的错误印象是对地点的忠诚度低、存活率低,以及迁移失败。尽管无人机遥测技术在研究过程中受到了很多特定地点的限制,从而限制了其有效性,但它的探测率高、搜寻工作量小,是最具成本效益的方法。综述与应用:我们的研究显示了密集监测在促进野生动物迁移管理决策方面的价值。全面遥测和回放虽然成本高昂,但对于获得有关迁移结果的高质量信息非常宝贵。如果没有适当的监测,重新引入的结果可能难以评估,并可能导致不必要、无效或过于昂贵的管理行动。我们建议,监测强度和方法应反映地点、物种和迁移结果的不确定性水平。确定监测的优先次序有助于降低长期成本,提高所获信息的质量,做出更明智的管理决策,从而改善后续的迁移结果。
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引用次数: 0
Phenological constancy and management interventions predict population trends in at-risk butterflies in the United States 气候恒定性和管理干预可预测美国濒危蝴蝶的种群趋势
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14735
Collin B. Edwards, Cheryl B. Schultz, Steven P. Campbell, Candace Fallon, Erica H. Henry, Kelsey C. King, Mary Linders, Travis Longcore, Daniel A. Marschalek, David Sinclair, Ann Swengel, Scott Swengel, Doug J. Taron, Tyson Wepprich, Elizabeth E. Crone

物候变化是对气候变化的常见反应,但其对种群动态的影响往往模糊不清,大多数分析都忽略了高危物种。我们评估了美国 10 个州 5 个科 31 个高危物种 114 个蝴蝶种群的丰度变化与物候变化之间的关系。我们使用了每年多次收集计数数据的 Pollard-walk 和类似监测项目的数据。我们还从管理者那里收集了有关现场管理干预措施的信息。为了估算丰度,我们首先对每个地点的每个物种分别拟合平滑样条。每年的丰度是根据当年活动曲线下的面积估算的,并由此估算出我们拥有种群数据期间的丰度趋势。物候变化是通过中位活动日期、飞行季节开始时间、飞行季节持续时间和物候恒定性(中位活动日期趋势的负值)的变化来衡量的。我们还评估了生态特征(伏食性、食性广度、在地理范围内的位置、生态区域、越冬阶段和季节性)和管理(干预年份比例)与丰度和物候趋势的关联。在所有种群中,估计丰度趋势为-0.085,相当于每年下降 8.1%。丰度的正趋势与飞行日期中位数的较小变化(较高的恒定性)有关。我们还发现,丰度趋势与管理措施之间存在密切联系,管理措施的加强与丰度趋势的增加有关。总体而言,生态特征与物候学趋势或丰度趋势的关系不大。综述与应用:物候较不恒定的种群更有可能迅速衰退,而管理干预较频繁的种群则在增加。这些结果表明,管理干预的一个关键结果可能是减轻气候变化的一些影响,这反过来又可能有助于提高种群增长。这些结果还意味着,随着物种物候的变化,管理者可能需要改变适当的管理时机,以便与高危物种的活动同步。
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引用次数: 0
Combining local ecological knowledge with camera traps to assess the link between African mammal life-history traits and their occurrence in anthropogenic landscapes 将当地生态知识与相机陷阱相结合,评估非洲哺乳动物的生活史特征与其在人为景观中的出现之间的联系
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14742
Alice Bernard, Chloé Guerbois, Lizette Moolman, Melanie A. de Morney, Jan A. Venter, Hervé Fritz

了解影响物种和性状组成的因素对于预测景观改造所导致的群落变化至关重要。在南非花园大道生物圈保护区内,我们探讨了生活史特征与哺乳动物物种在人类主导的栖息地中的持久性之间的关系。我们将相机陷阱研究数据和基于当地生态知识的调查数据结合到一个综合占据模型中,分析了人为景观改造梯度上的物种出现情况。结果证实,哺乳动物在人类改造的栖息地中的出现与特定的生活史特征有关。食性更专一的物种以及体型更大的物种更有可能留在保护区内。繁殖策略缓慢的物种则占据了更多的自然区域。结合不同的监测方法使我们能够扩大空间覆盖范围,增加哺乳动物的目击数量。这种方法促进了各利益相关方参与研究,是共同设计野生动物友好型人为空间的重要一步。综合与应用。将来自标准生态学协议和结构化公民参与知识的数据进行整合,使我们能够在局部范围内确定与人为景观中哺乳动物物种出现相关的物种功能特征。这些结果倡导将各种方法明智地结合起来,并将指导以保护为导向的土地利用规划,以保护花园大道生物圈保护区的自然栖息地。这种方法将使管理者和保护者能够利用从不同协议中获得的数据,并促进公民参与生物多样性的监测和保护。
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引用次数: 0
Silvicultural regime shapes understory functional structure in European forests 造林制度塑造了欧洲森林的林下功能结构
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14740
Francesco Chianucci, Francesca Napoleone, Carlo Ricotta, Carlotta Ferrara, Lina Fusaro, Lorenzo Balducci, Giovanni Trentanovi, Owen Bradley, Bence Kovacs, Marco Mina, Bruno E. L. Cerabolini, Kris Vandekerkhove, Pallieter De Smedt, Luc Lens, Lionel Hertzog, Kris Verheyen, Jeňýk Hofmeister, Jan Hošek, Radim Matula, Inken Doerfler, Jörg Müller, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Jan Helback, Peter Schall, Markus Fischer, Jacob Heilmann-Clausen, Rasmus Riis-Hansen, Irina Goldberg, Erik Aude, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas, Inger Kappel Schmidt, Torben Riis Nielsen, Anders Mårell, Yann Dumas, Philippe Janssen, Yoan Paillet, Frederic Archaux, Fotios Xystrakis, Flóra Tinya, Péter Ódor, Réka Aszalós, János Bölöni, Andrea Cutini, Simonetta Bagella, Tommaso Sitzia, Gediminas Brazaitis, Vitas Marozas, Mariana Ujházyová, Karol Ujházy, František Máliš, Björn Nordén, Sabina Burrascano

在不断变化的世界中,管理森林以维持其多样性和功能是一项重大挑战。尽管林下植被在推动森林生物多样性、再生和功能方面发挥着关键作用,但很少有研究涉及林下植被对造林管理的功能响应。我们评估了造林制度对欧洲森林林下植被功能多样性和冗余性的影响。我们收集了欧洲森林中 2000 多个地块的维管植物丰度数据,每个地块都与五种最普遍的造林制度中的一种相关联。我们使用广义线性混合模型评估了不同造林制度对林下功能多样性(拉奥二次熵)和功能冗余的影响,同时考虑了气候和土壤条件,并通过三元多样性图探讨了不同造林制度下三个多样性组成部分(功能多样性、冗余和优势)之间的相互关系。与无人管理的情况相比,集约化造林与功能多样性的减少和功能冗余的增加有关。这意味着,虽然集约化管理可以缓冲群落功能,防止物种或功能损失,但同时也限制了林下植物对环境变化的反应范围。政策影响。不同的造林制度会影响林下功能特征的不同方面。在设计符合生物多样性保护目标的造林措施时,可参考未受管理的森林,但应在景观尺度上平衡不同的造林方案,以维持人类社会日益增长的多种森林功能。
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引用次数: 0
Grassland nature reserves safeguard a high species richness and biomass of grasshoppers 草地自然保护区保护了丰富的蚱蜢物种和生物量
IF 5.7 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14774
Dominik Poniatowski, Valentina Weißgräber, Marco Drung, Felix Maximilian Freienstein, Marcel Kettermann, Gwydion Scherer, Thomas Fartmann
In the course of land‐use change, especially since the mid‐20th century, the area of semi‐natural (unimproved) grasslands has dramatically decreased. One way to counteract this process is to designate nature reserves. However, the effectiveness of nature reserves is controversial. The aim of our study was to evaluate the environmental drivers of species richness and biomass of Orthoptera (hereinafter termed ‘grasshoppers’) in grasslands inside nature reserves and within the intensively used agriculture landscape (hereinafter termed ‘wider countryside’). For this purpose, we sampled the grasshoppers at the landscape scale in 45 randomly selected plots. Each plot had a size of 5 ha. The abundance of grasshoppers, as a basis for the biomass calculation, was recorded at the habitat scale in 20 meadow patches (500 m2 each). In addition, various environmental parameters such as habitat diversity, mowing intensity and vegetation structure were determined at the landscape and habitat scale. Our results illustrate the importance of nature reserves for the conservation of grasshoppers. Control plots in the wider countryside harboured fewer species than plots within nature reserves. The differences were even clearer among threatened species. On average, plots in nature reserves had almost twice as many threatened species than control plots in the wider countryside. The comparison revealed similar patterns at the habitat scale: both the number of species and biomass were higher in nature reserves. At the landscape scale, number of species were best explained by the amount of wet grassland and habitat diversity. We identified mowing intensity and to a lower extend the degree of drainage as the key drivers of species richness and biomass at the habitat scale. Synthesis and applications: To preserve biodiversity in nature reserves, we recommend (i) leaving uncut refuges during mowing and (ii) blocking drainage to stabilise the water level. Both measures contribute to a high species number and abundance of grasshoppers and many other insects. An effective conservation measure to promote species richness in the wider countryside would be to increase habitat diversity. This can be done by creating or restoring fallow islands, field margins, fringes and hedgerows.
在土地使用变化的过程中,特别是自 20 世纪中期以来,半自然(未经改良)草原的面积急剧减少。应对这一进程的方法之一是指定自然保护区。然而,自然保护区的有效性却备受争议。我们的研究旨在评估自然保护区内草地和集约化农业景观(以下称 "更广阔的乡村")中直翅目昆虫(以下称 "蚱蜢")物种丰富度和生物量的环境驱动因素。为此,我们在景观范围内随机选择了 45 块地对蚱蜢进行采样。每个地块的面积为 5 公顷。我们在 20 块草地(每块草地 500 平方米)上记录了蚱蜢的数量,作为计算生物量的基础。此外,还在景观和栖息地尺度上确定了栖息地多样性、割草强度和植被结构等各种环境参数。我们的研究结果表明了自然保护区对保护蚱蜢的重要性。与自然保护区内的地块相比,在更广阔的农村地区的对照地块中栖息的物种更少。受威胁物种之间的差异更加明显。平均而言,自然保护区内地块的濒危物种数量几乎是郊区对照地块的两倍。比较显示了栖息地尺度上的类似模式:自然保护区内的物种数量和生物量都更高。在景观尺度上,湿草地的数量和生境多样性最能解释物种数量。我们发现,在栖息地尺度上,物种丰富度和生物量的主要驱动因素是割草强度,其次是排水程度。综述与应用:为保护自然保护区的生物多样性,我们建议:(i) 在除草时保留未修剪的保护区;(ii) 堵塞排水沟以稳定水位。这两项措施都有助于提高蚱蜢和许多其他昆虫的物种数量和丰度。提高栖息地多样性是促进广大农村物种丰富性的有效保护措施。这可以通过建立或恢复休耕岛、田边、边缘地带和树篱来实现。
{"title":"Grassland nature reserves safeguard a high species richness and biomass of grasshoppers","authors":"Dominik Poniatowski, Valentina Weißgräber, Marco Drung, Felix Maximilian Freienstein, Marcel Kettermann, Gwydion Scherer, Thomas Fartmann","doi":"10.1111/1365-2664.14774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14774","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>In the course of land‐use change, especially since the mid‐20th century, the area of semi‐natural (unimproved) grasslands has dramatically decreased. One way to counteract this process is to designate nature reserves. However, the effectiveness of nature reserves is controversial.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The aim of our study was to evaluate the environmental drivers of species richness and biomass of Orthoptera (hereinafter termed ‘grasshoppers’) in grasslands inside nature reserves and within the intensively used agriculture landscape (hereinafter termed ‘wider countryside’). For this purpose, we sampled the grasshoppers at the landscape scale in 45 randomly selected plots. Each plot had a size of 5 ha. The abundance of grasshoppers, as a basis for the biomass calculation, was recorded at the habitat scale in 20 meadow patches (500 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> each). In addition, various environmental parameters such as habitat diversity, mowing intensity and vegetation structure were determined at the landscape and habitat scale.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results illustrate the importance of nature reserves for the conservation of grasshoppers. Control plots in the wider countryside harboured fewer species than plots within nature reserves. The differences were even clearer among threatened species. On average, plots in nature reserves had almost twice as many threatened species than control plots in the wider countryside. The comparison revealed similar patterns at the habitat scale: both the number of species and biomass were higher in nature reserves. At the landscape scale, number of species were best explained by the amount of wet grassland and habitat diversity. We identified mowing intensity and to a lower extend the degree of drainage as the key drivers of species richness and biomass at the habitat scale.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>Synthesis and applications</jats:italic>: To preserve biodiversity in nature reserves, we recommend (i) leaving uncut refuges during mowing and (ii) blocking drainage to stabilise the water level. Both measures contribute to a high species number and abundance of grasshoppers and many other insects. An effective conservation measure to promote species richness in the wider countryside would be to increase habitat diversity. This can be done by creating or restoring fallow islands, field margins, fringes and hedgerows.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":15016,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wave attenuation by intertidal vegetation is mediated by trade‐offs between shoot‐ and canopy‐scale plant traits 潮间带植被对波浪的衰减受植物枝叶和冠层特征之间权衡的影响
IF 5.7 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14765
Ken Schoutens, Alexandra Silinski, Jean‐Philippe Belliard, Tjeerd J. Bouma, Stijn Temmerman, Jonas Schoelynck
Nature‐based solutions, through conservation or (re)creation of vegetated shorelines, are recognized to mitigate the impact of waves and erosion risks on shorelines. Wave attenuation is known to be dependent on plant traits, resulting in increasing wave attenuation rates with increasing shoot density, shoot thickness, height, and stiffness. However, following the allometric scaling theory, we hypothesize that increasing shoot density (a canopy‐scale trait) may be associated with decreasing shoot thickness and stiffness (a shoot‐scale trait), with potential opposing effects on overall wave attenuation. This study investigates (1) the presence of such allometric relations across intertidal shore plant species via existing literature and (2) the trade‐off effects on the overall wave attenuation capacity of shore vegetation through a flume experiment. Our results reveal for the first time the presence of allometric relationships between shoot‐scale and canopy‐scale plant properties in perennial intertidal plant species. Across different species, increasing shoot densities are indeed associated with decreasing shoot thickness and shoot stiffness. Next, we performed a wave flume experiment with plant mimics, showing that wave attenuation rate follows a logarithmic increase with increasing shoot density, even though the increasing shoot density was associated with thinner and more flexible individual shoots. Synthesis and applications. We conclude that wave attenuation is predominantly governed by canopy‐scale properties, but a trade‐off with shoot‐scale properties mediates the overall wave attenuation capacity of the vegetated shore. Our findings imply that nature‐based projects (re‐)creating vegetated shorelines should account for potential trade‐off effects of species‐specific plant traits at the canopy scale and individual shoot scale.
通过保护或(重新)创建植被海岸线,以自然为基础的解决方案被认为可以减轻海浪的影响和海岸线的侵蚀风险。众所周知,波浪衰减取决于植物的特性,随着嫩枝密度、嫩枝粗度、高度和硬度的增加,波浪衰减率也会增加。然而,根据异速缩放理论,我们假设增加嫩枝密度(树冠尺度性状)可能与减少嫩枝厚度和硬度(嫩枝尺度性状)有关,从而对总体波浪衰减产生潜在的相反影响。本研究通过现有文献研究了(1)潮间带海岸植物物种之间是否存在这种异速关系;(2)通过水槽实验研究了对海岸植被整体波浪衰减能力的权衡效应。我们的研究结果首次揭示了多年生潮间带植物物种中嫩枝尺度和冠层尺度植物特性之间的异速关系。在不同物种中,嫩枝密度的增加确实与嫩枝厚度和嫩枝硬度的降低有关。接下来,我们用模拟植物进行了波浪水槽实验,结果表明,随着嫩枝密度的增加,波浪衰减率呈对数增长,尽管嫩枝密度的增加与单个嫩枝更薄、更柔韧有关。综述与应用。我们得出的结论是,波浪衰减主要受树冠尺度特性的影响,但植被海岸的整体波浪衰减能力取决于嫩枝尺度特性的权衡。我们的研究结果表明,以自然为基础的项目(重建)植被海岸线时,应考虑到物种特有的植物特性在树冠尺度和单个嫩枝尺度上的潜在权衡效应。
{"title":"Wave attenuation by intertidal vegetation is mediated by trade‐offs between shoot‐ and canopy‐scale plant traits","authors":"Ken Schoutens, Alexandra Silinski, Jean‐Philippe Belliard, Tjeerd J. Bouma, Stijn Temmerman, Jonas Schoelynck","doi":"10.1111/1365-2664.14765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14765","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Nature‐based solutions, through conservation or (re)creation of vegetated shorelines, are recognized to mitigate the impact of waves and erosion risks on shorelines. Wave attenuation is known to be dependent on plant traits, resulting in increasing wave attenuation rates with increasing shoot density, shoot thickness, height, and stiffness. However, following the allometric scaling theory, we hypothesize that increasing shoot density (a canopy‐scale trait) may be associated with decreasing shoot thickness and stiffness (a shoot‐scale trait), with potential opposing effects on overall wave attenuation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>This study investigates (1) the presence of such allometric relations across intertidal shore plant species via existing literature and (2) the trade‐off effects on the overall wave attenuation capacity of shore vegetation through a flume experiment.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results reveal for the first time the presence of allometric relationships between shoot‐scale and canopy‐scale plant properties in perennial intertidal plant species. Across different species, increasing shoot densities are indeed associated with decreasing shoot thickness and shoot stiffness.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Next, we performed a wave flume experiment with plant mimics, showing that wave attenuation rate follows a logarithmic increase with increasing shoot density, even though the increasing shoot density was associated with thinner and more flexible individual shoots.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>Synthesis and applications</jats:italic>. We conclude that wave attenuation is predominantly governed by canopy‐scale properties, but a trade‐off with shoot‐scale properties mediates the overall wave attenuation capacity of the vegetated shore. Our findings imply that nature‐based projects (re‐)creating vegetated shorelines should account for potential trade‐off effects of species‐specific plant traits at the canopy scale and individual shoot scale.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":15016,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Retention forestry can maintain epiphytic lichens on living pine trees, but provides impoverished habitat for deadwood‐associated lichens 保留林可以维持活松树上的附生地衣,但却为枯木相关地衣提供了贫瘠的栖息地
IF 5.7 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14772
Aleksi Nirhamo, Aino Hämäläinen, Karoliina Hämäläinen, Jari Kouki
Managing forests for timber yields reduces the amounts of old trees and deadwood, which has profound effects on species that are dependent on them. Retention forestry, where some trees are permanently left unharvested on clear‐cut sites, may enable the formation of deadwood and old trees in managed forests, but it is unresolved how well these practices facilitate the occurrence of species in managed forests, especially in the long term. We studied the capacity of tree retention practices to support the diversity of epiphytic lichens, a key group among threatened forest species. We compared lichen assemblages on retained trees in harvested sites to those on trees in unharvested control sites. The data were collected 21‐year post‐harvest and included living trees, snags (standing dead trees) and logs (fallen trees) of Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine). Living trees, snags and logs each hosted distinct lichen communities. The highest lichen diversity was found on snags. On living trees, species richness was similar in harvested and unharvested sites, but there was slight species turnover. In contrast, deadwood in unharvested sites hosted higher species richness and distinct species assemblages compared to deadwood in harvested sites. These differences were most pronounced on snags. Specifically, unharvested sites contained high‐longevity snags (kelo trees), which hosted unique lichen communities with higher lichen richness than any other studied substrate, including the highest numbers of red‐listed and deadwood‐dependent species. Synthesis and applications. Retention forestry can support lichen assemblages associated with living Pinus sylvestris. However, maintaining deadwood‐associated lichen diversity through retention practices entails significant challenges. Deadwood‐associated lichen diversity relies on high‐longevity snags and is not sustained by the habitats provided in retention forestry. Biodiversity maintenance in forest management requires comprehensive provision of the habitat features of unmanaged forests, such as a qualitatively representative deadwood profile, which can prove difficult.
为提高木材产量而对森林进行管理会减少古树和枯木的数量,这对依赖古树和枯木的物种有着深远的影响。保留林是指在砍伐过的林地上永久保留一些未采伐的树木,这可能会使受管理的森林中形成枯木和古树,但这些做法如何促进物种在受管理的森林中出现,尤其是长期出现,目前尚无定论。我们研究了树木保留措施对附生地衣多样性的支持能力,附生地衣是受威胁森林物种中的一个重要类别。我们将采伐地保留树木上的地衣组合与未采伐对照地树木上的地衣组合进行了比较。数据是在采伐后 21 年收集的,包括苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris)的活树、树干(立枯树)和原木(倒伏树)。活树、树干和原木上都有独特的地衣群落。木钉上的地衣多样性最高。在活树上,采伐地和未采伐地的物种丰富度相似,但物种略有更替。相比之下,未采伐地点的枯木与采伐地点的枯木相比,具有更高的物种丰富度和独特的物种群落。这些差异在冷杉上最为明显。特别是,未采伐地点含有高寿木(柚木),这些地方生长着独特的地衣群落,地衣丰富度高于其他任何研究基质,其中包括数量最多的红色名录物种和依赖枯木的物种。综述与应用。保留林可以支持与活着的欧洲赤松相关的地衣群落。然而,通过保留措施来维持枯木相关地衣的多样性却面临着巨大的挑战。枯木相关地衣多样性依赖于高寿命的杉木,而非保留林所提供的栖息地所能维持。森林管理中的生物多样性维护需要全面提供无管理森林的栖息地特征,如具有质量代表性的枯木概况,而这可能会很困难。
{"title":"Retention forestry can maintain epiphytic lichens on living pine trees, but provides impoverished habitat for deadwood‐associated lichens","authors":"Aleksi Nirhamo, Aino Hämäläinen, Karoliina Hämäläinen, Jari Kouki","doi":"10.1111/1365-2664.14772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14772","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Managing forests for timber yields reduces the amounts of old trees and deadwood, which has profound effects on species that are dependent on them. Retention forestry, where some trees are permanently left unharvested on clear‐cut sites, may enable the formation of deadwood and old trees in managed forests, but it is unresolved how well these practices facilitate the occurrence of species in managed forests, especially in the long term.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We studied the capacity of tree retention practices to support the diversity of epiphytic lichens, a key group among threatened forest species. We compared lichen assemblages on retained trees in harvested sites to those on trees in unharvested control sites. The data were collected 21‐year post‐harvest and included living trees, snags (standing dead trees) and logs (fallen trees) of <jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris</jats:italic> (Scots pine).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Living trees, snags and logs each hosted distinct lichen communities. The highest lichen diversity was found on snags.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>On living trees, species richness was similar in harvested and unharvested sites, but there was slight species turnover. In contrast, deadwood in unharvested sites hosted higher species richness and distinct species assemblages compared to deadwood in harvested sites. These differences were most pronounced on snags. Specifically, unharvested sites contained high‐longevity snags (kelo trees), which hosted unique lichen communities with higher lichen richness than any other studied substrate, including the highest numbers of red‐listed and deadwood‐dependent species.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>Synthesis and applications</jats:italic>. Retention forestry can support lichen assemblages associated with living <jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris</jats:italic>. However, maintaining deadwood‐associated lichen diversity through retention practices entails significant challenges. Deadwood‐associated lichen diversity relies on high‐longevity snags and is not sustained by the habitats provided in retention forestry. Biodiversity maintenance in forest management requires comprehensive provision of the habitat features of unmanaged forests, such as a qualitatively representative deadwood profile, which can prove difficult.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":15016,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Landscape patterns drive provision of nature's contributions to people by mobile species 景观模式推动流动物种为人类提供自然贡献
IF 5.7 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14764
Sophie A. O'Brien, Dean P. Anderson, Sandra Lavorel, Hao Ran Lai, Natalie de Burgh, Jason M. Tylianakis
Predicting how nature's contributions to people (NCP) vary spatially remains a challenge. For NCP provided by mobile species, it is unclear how predictions need to account for the influence of multiple habitat types that act as sources, sinks and potential distractors of the NCP‐providing species. Existing approaches that do not account for these effects may inaccurately predict outcomes in real landscapes. To move beyond these limitations, we transfer quantitative inference approaches from movement ecology to explore how spatial habitat patterns determine the negative NCP of the invasive common brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula in New Zealand. We used a Bayesian model to investigate how the size of, and distance from, grassland and indigenous and exotic forest patches together contribute to relative possum density (measured by capture probability across a trapping network) in a heterogeneous 11,000‐ha landscape. We found that indigenous and exotic forest area were the most important factors in determining possum density. Although capture probability declined with increasing grassland area, the addition of grassland did not improve the relative model fit above one with indigenous forest as the only habitat. We expected differences in predicted possum density at habitat boundaries, for example, due to preferential foraging at edges. We found that indigenous and exotic forests contributed to capture probability interactively, such that capture probability at the between‐habitat edge was lower than expected, given the habitat area. We also found that models allowing for non‐linear habitat effects of exotic forests or grasslands, but not indigenous forests, were significantly better at predicting possum density than simpler models. Synthesis and applications. Our novel approach for spatial prediction can be applied to any of nature's contributions to people (NCP), and extended to identify trade‐offs and synergies among multiple NCP. For example, the negative NCP of possum density trades off with multiple known positive NCP from indigenous forests, including culturally significant non‐material NCP, and material NCP produced by exotic forests. We recommend that landscape management plans to maximise these positive NCP in future scenarios also consider how the risk of possum density may dampen net NCP provision. To minimise this negative NCP, our results support trap deployment in both indigenous and exotic forest.
预测大自然对人类的贡献(NCP)在空间上如何变化仍然是一项挑战。对于由移动物种提供的 NCP,目前还不清楚预测需要如何考虑多种生境类型的影响,这些生境类型既是 NCP 的来源,也是 NCP 的吸收汇,还是 NCP 的潜在干扰因素。不考虑这些影响的现有方法可能无法准确预测实际景观中的结果。为了突破这些限制,我们将运动生态学中的定量推论方法用于探索空间生境模式如何决定新西兰入侵的普通刷尾负鼠 Trichosurus vulpecula 的负 NCP。我们使用贝叶斯模型研究了草地、本土森林和外来森林斑块的大小和距离如何共同影响11000公顷异质景观中负鼠的相对密度(通过诱捕网络的捕获概率测量)。我们发现,原生林和外来林面积是决定负鼠密度的最重要因素。虽然捕获概率随着草地面积的增加而下降,但草地的增加并没有使模型的拟合度高于以本土森林为唯一栖息地的模型。我们预计负鼠密度在栖息地边界的预测值会有所不同,例如,这是因为负鼠更喜欢在边缘觅食。我们发现,本土森林和外来森林对捕获概率的影响是相互作用的,因此,考虑到栖息地的面积,栖息地之间边缘的捕获概率比预期的要低。我们还发现,考虑到外来森林或草地(而非本地森林)的非线性生境效应的模型,在预测负鼠密度方面明显优于简单的模型。综述与应用。我们新颖的空间预测方法可应用于大自然对人类的任何贡献(NCP),并可扩展用于识别多个 NCP 之间的权衡和协同作用。例如,负鼠密度的负面 NCP 与来自本土森林的多种已知正面 NCP(包括具有文化意义的非物质性 NCP 和外来森林产生的物质性 NCP)进行了权衡。我们建议,景观管理计划在未来最大限度地提高这些积极的 NCP 的同时,也要考虑负鼠密度的风险会如何抑制净 NCP 的提供。为了最大限度地减少这种负面的 NCP,我们的研究结果支持在本土森林和外来森林中部署诱捕器。
{"title":"Landscape patterns drive provision of nature's contributions to people by mobile species","authors":"Sophie A. O'Brien, Dean P. Anderson, Sandra Lavorel, Hao Ran Lai, Natalie de Burgh, Jason M. Tylianakis","doi":"10.1111/1365-2664.14764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14764","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Predicting how nature's contributions to people (NCP) vary spatially remains a challenge. For NCP provided by mobile species, it is unclear how predictions need to account for the influence of multiple habitat types that act as sources, sinks and potential distractors of the NCP‐providing species. Existing approaches that do not account for these effects may inaccurately predict outcomes in real landscapes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>To move beyond these limitations, we transfer quantitative inference approaches from movement ecology to explore how spatial habitat patterns determine the negative NCP of the invasive common brushtail possum <jats:italic>Trichosurus vulpecula</jats:italic> in New Zealand. We used a Bayesian model to investigate how the size of, and distance from, grassland and indigenous and exotic forest patches together contribute to relative possum density (measured by capture probability across a trapping network) in a heterogeneous 11,000‐ha landscape.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We found that indigenous and exotic forest area were the most important factors in determining possum density. Although capture probability declined with increasing grassland area, the addition of grassland did not improve the relative model fit above one with indigenous forest as the only habitat.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We expected differences in predicted possum density at habitat boundaries, for example, due to preferential foraging at edges. We found that indigenous and exotic forests contributed to capture probability interactively, such that capture probability at the between‐habitat edge was lower than expected, given the habitat area. We also found that models allowing for non‐linear habitat effects of exotic forests or grasslands, but not indigenous forests, were significantly better at predicting possum density than simpler models.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>Synthesis and applications</jats:italic>. Our novel approach for spatial prediction can be applied to any of nature's contributions to people (NCP), and extended to identify trade‐offs and synergies among multiple NCP. For example, the negative NCP of possum density trades off with multiple known positive NCP from indigenous forests, including culturally significant non‐material NCP, and material NCP produced by exotic forests. We recommend that landscape management plans to maximise these positive NCP in future scenarios also consider how the risk of possum density may dampen net NCP provision. To minimise this negative NCP, our results support trap deployment in both indigenous and exotic forest.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":15016,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Estimating the effects of smolt size and migration timing on salmon marine survival using a multivariate mixed-effect model 利用多变量混合效应模型估算幼体大小和洄游时间对鲑鱼海洋存活率的影响
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14760
Morgan H. Bond, Brandon Chasco, Richard W. Zabel

当迁徙物种遇到的条件变化很大时,迁徙的时机和迁徙者的状况对其生存至关重要。美国西北部蛇河春/夏流大鳞鲑(Chinook salmon)被美国《濒危物种法》列为濒危物种,原因是数十年来成鱼回归率低;幼鱼到成鱼的存活率通常为 0.5% 或更低。幼鱼在通往海洋的途中要经过八个水坝,尽管水电系统发生了变化,但最近的存活率几乎没有改善。我们分析了洄游日期、鱼体长度及其相互作用对 409747 尾野生大鳞大麻哈鱼幼鱼成年存活率的影响,这些幼鱼在洄游过程中穿过了一个大型、动态的河流生态系统,并通过海洋存活了 20 年。参数二维平滑器通常用于量化空间上无法解释的异质性;然而,这些相同的统计模型也可应用于二维数据集,以揭示对管理行动非常重要的两个生物过程的协方差模式。我们采用高斯马尔可夫随机场(GMRF)和二维平滑器估算鱼类存活率,以确定鱼类存活率随鱼体长度和日期变化的性质。我们发现,鱼体长度、洄游日期以及日期与鱼体长度的交互作用对河流和海洋存活率有明显影响。与边际估计值所显示的存活率随长度和时间的逐渐变化不同,我们表明,在同一年内,存活率随长度和时间的变化往往比以前认为的更为突然。综合与应用:我们发现,鱼体长度和洄游时间的不同组合会导致幼鱼到成鱼的存活率升高。这些 "热点 "区域的鱼体尺寸通常大于 100 毫米,通过时间仅为一周或两周,这表明即使鱼体尺寸和洄游时间发生微小变化,也会对存活率产生重大影响。进一步的研究可以集中在这些不同的年度时期,以确定以前难以捉摸的死亡来源。
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引用次数: 0
Conservation triage in action: Planning, governance and knowledge co-production for biodiversity protection 行动中的保护分流:保护生物多样性的规划、治理和知识共同生产
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14763
Maria José Martínez-Harms, Rodrigo A. Estévez, Eduardo Álvarez-Miranda

保护分流是一种不断发展的战略,旨在分配有限的资源,以应对因其对生物多样性和人类福祉的基本生态系统服务造成的后果而需要采取紧急行动的压力。本视角提出了一个基于结构化、道德和包容性的保护分流框架,以利用有限的资源有效地解决生物多样性保护中的社会生态要求。基于三大支柱--保护规划、政策和治理以及知识的共同生产,我们的目标是将保护分流作为一种务实而全面的方法加以推广。最近,智利制定了 "保护与人类福祉 "计划,这是一项以科学为基础的倡议,旨在促进智利独特生物多样性的保护,并为保护政策的制定提供信息。综合与应用。这一观点为科学家和从业人员提供了指导,帮助他们在进行保护分流时,如何在考虑资源限制的同时确定保护工作的优先次序。它强调了整合伦理问题、促进决策过程中的多元化观点和合作性知识共同生产的重要性。通过将战略资源分配与社会生态方面结合起来,这种方法为开发公平、均衡的保护成果提供了启示,并可应用于其他地理和环境环境。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Applied Ecology
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