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Personality, sex and capture biases: Challenges for predator monitoring and management 性格、性别和捕捉偏差:捕食者监测和管理面临的挑战
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14724
Kyla C. Johnstone, Catherine Price, Patrick M. Garvey

脊椎动物害虫(如入侵物种和滋扰性本地动物)对控制装置的行为给野生动物管理者带来了重大挑战。活体捕捉或捕杀陷阱等物理装置是必不可少的管理工具,但如果某些个体不与装置接触,这些装置的功效就会大打折扣,从而可能导致整个管理行动失败。我们需要更细致地了解目标种群中的行为变异如何影响与不同类型装置的互动,以提高未能与装置互动的顽固个体的可探测性,这些个体随后被研究和管理活动遗漏。我们测试了 28 只野生捕获的白鼬(Mustela erminea,一种在新西兰奥特亚罗瓦非常成功的入侵者)对三种装置(箱式陷阱、隧道式陷阱和抬头陷阱)的行为反应,这三种装置代表了中型食肉动物研究和管理中常用的一系列类型。我们评估了白鼬的性格、性别和装置类型对装置易感性(触发概率和潜伏期)的影响,发现这些因素都有独立和交互影响。一般来说,比较害羞、不太活跃、不太喜欢探索和不太喜欢新奇事物(对新奇事物的吸引力较低)的白鼬触发装置的时间明显较长,触发装置的概率也明显较低。不同类型的诱捕器对白鼬在初次接触时触发装置的概率有很大不同,箱式诱捕器和隧道式诱捕器针对的是性格光谱的两端。害羞的雌性白鼬对诱捕器的抗拒性(对标准控制措施的回避)最大,与雄性白鼬相比,雌性白鼬对所有装置的敏感性普遍较低。综述与应用:如果未能触发捕鼠器会导致长期、普遍地躲避捕鼠器,那么针对顽固个体的捕鼠可能会带来很大的问题。我们强调必须考虑到个体间对装置反应的差异,在野外工作中解决顽固个体的动机问题,并在数据解释过程中考虑到这些差异。
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引用次数: 0
Climate regulates the effect of land-use change on the diversity of soil microbial functional groups and soil multifunctionality 气候调节土地利用变化对土壤微生物功能群多样性和土壤多功能性的影响
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14722
Xuan Zhou, Jinshan Cai, Jingwen Xu, Shengen Liu, Bing Wang, Huiling Zhang, Linyan Yue, Liji Wu, Ying Wu, Dima Chen

尽管已有研究探讨了土壤微生物多样性和土壤多功能性如何在局部尺度上响应土地利用变化,但很少有研究在更大尺度上以及在不同气候和土壤环境条件下进行探讨。通过对长江中下游地区从天然林到农田(包括耕地和果园)的 40 个土地利用变化配对点进行取样,并结合全球荟萃分析,我们研究了土地利用变化和气候对区域尺度上土壤细菌和真菌功能群(FGs)α和β多样性及其相关土壤多功能性的影响。我们的研究结果表明,土地利用变化强烈改变了土壤细菌和真菌功能群的多样性,并降低了土壤的多功能性,我们在全球范围内进行的荟萃分析也证实了这一点。土地利用变化和气候的直接影响及其相互作用,再加上土壤环境变量的变化,是土地利用变化引起土壤细菌和真菌 FGs 多样性变化的主要决定因素。土地利用变化引起的多功能性下降主要与森林转化、土壤肥力和真菌 FGs 多样性的直接影响有关。此外,气候也通过影响长江沿岸土壤肥力和真菌 FGs 多样性来调节土地利用变化对多功能性的影响。综述与应用。综上所述,我们的研究结果强调了土地利用变化、气候及其相互作用对微生物多样性和多功能性的重要影响,并建议采取有效的土地利用管理和气候变化减缓战略,以保护长江流域的生物多样性和生态系统功能。
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引用次数: 0
A structured approach for building multi-community State and Transition Models to support conservation planning 建立多社区状态和过渡模型以支持保护规划的结构化方法
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14718
Megan K. Good, Libby Rumpff, Hannah Fraser, Elliot Gould, Christopher S. Jones, Suzanne M. Prober, Mark Bourne, Nathalie Butt, Margaret Byrne, David H. Duncan, Emma Gorrod, Carl R. Gosper, Rebecca Jordan, Sue McIntyre, Joslin L. Moore, Shana Nerenberg, Stephanie Pulsford, Anna E. Richards, Daniel J. Rogers, Steve Sinclair, Rachel J. Standish, Ayesha Tulloch, Samantha K. Travers, John Vranjic, Matthew White, Jenny Wilson, Jim Begley, John Wright, Colin Yates, Peter A. Vesk

全球生态系统范围和状况的下降意味着对恢复和保护计划的需求越来越大。生态群落保护计划需要一个具有可衡量、有时限目标的管理框架。高效、结构化的流程对及时制定可比的保护计划至关重要,尤其是在资源有限的情况下。我们介绍了一种简化保护计划制定过程的方法,即将功能相似的群落子类型组合成一个多群落状态和过渡模型,用于指导保护计划的制定。我们在澳大利亚南部以桉树为主的林地案例研究中演示了这一方法--该生态系统在澳大利亚温带地区占据了广阔的地理范围,包括许多不同的植被群落,其中越来越多的群落已濒临灭绝或受到威胁。澳大利亚林地生态学家(根据其对三大林地亚型的了解进行分组)被要求建立因果链,以描述与林地状态之间的转变相关的所有因素,并估算在两个时间尺度上与每种转变相关的可能性。由此产生的状态和过渡模型包括桉树为主的林地常见的八种一般状态,以及描述所有合理过渡的驱动因素的 364 条独特因果链。我们还举例说明了如何将相同的信息以一系列决策树的形式呈现出来,以支持实地管理决策。该案例研究表明,可以构建一个详细的状态和转换模型,综合多个类似植被群落的知识。迄今为止,状态和过渡模型主要集中在单个群落或较小的空间范围内,而这是首次尝试通过结构化和参与式过程构建全国性的多群落状态和过渡模型。综合与应用。这种方法可应用于多个空间尺度,以改进和简化稳健保护计划的制定,从而改善我们规划、实施和衡量全球生物多样性成果的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Grassland woody plant management rapidly changes woody vegetation persistence and abiotic habitat conditions but not herbaceous community composition 草地木本植物管理会迅速改变木本植被的持久性和非生物生境条件,但不会改变草本群落组成
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14716
Katherine T. Charton, Ellen I. Damschen

草地是世界上最濒危的生态系统之一,许多草地由于失去了历史上的干扰机制以及随后的林木侵占而退化。管理实践者通常使用物理和化学管理干预措施,结合火来抵御侵蚀,分别改变地上结构和地下功能。这可能会破坏使蚕食和恢复草本群落永久化的反馈。我们利用大规模野外实验来评估不同管理干预措施对木本植被持续性、非生物栖息地条件和草本群落组成的初步影响。我们在七个跨越自然土壤湿度梯度的地点对这些效果进行了评估,以捕捉管理者经常要面对的环境异质性的一个方面。我们发现,化学干预(无论有无物理干预)在降低木本植物覆盖率和丰度方面最为有效,而且第二次施药比单独施药更能降低木本植物丰度。我们还发现,任何管理干预措施都能增加光照和气温,降低土壤湿度,其中物理干预和化学干预相结合的效果最好。最后,在研究期间,所有管理干预措施都不会影响草本植物的丰富度和功能群覆盖率,这表明对草本群落组成的影响延迟或不存在。综述与应用。我们的研究结果表明,管理应侧重于化学干预,以便对木本植物的持久性和非生物栖息地条件产生最大影响。草本群落组成的改变可能会在长期内发生,而且似乎很有可能,因为管理的短期效果成功地改变了与侵占反馈相关的过程。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond predator richness: How diversified cropping can enhance pest regulation 超越捕食者的丰富性:多样化种植如何加强害虫调控
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14719
Maria Fernanda G. V. Peñaflor

Research Highlight discussing: Heinen, J.; Dominguez, V.; Aguilera, G.; Malsher, G.; Vesterinen, E.; Roslin, T.; Bommarco, R.; Bartomeus, I. (2024). Diversified cropping strengthens herbivore regulation by providing seasonal resource continuity to predators. Journal of Applied Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14674. Crop monocultures consist of homogenous agroecosystems highly dependent on pesticides for pest regulation and mineral fertilisation for maintaining plant nutrition, representing the least resilient system. Agricultural diversification practices can increase heterogeneity in agroecosystems, resulting in greater richness of arthropod predators and enhanced ecological services. Among natural enemies of pests, generalist predators are important for pest regulation as they prey on diverse arthropod pests and be present throughout the season. However, since they consume other predators (intraguild predation) and soil fauna, it is uncertain whether enhanced richness of generalist predators translates into improved pest regulation. The study by Heinen et al. examined how diversified crop rotation and organic fertilisation influenced predator–prey interactions throughout the cropping cycle in cereal fields. The predators' diet preference shifted over the growing season, indicating that soil fauna is an important resource for recruitment and maintenance of predators early in the season. Although intraguild predation was considerably high, it decreased across the season in fields with the greatest level of diversification, where predation of pests remained stable. This study demonstrated how diversified cropping is important for providing resource continuity with alternative prey (soil fauna and predators) over crop-growing season, enhancing predator richness and herbivore regulation.

研究亮点讨论:Heinen, J.; Dominguez, V.; Aguilera, G.; Malsher, G.; Vesterinen, E.; Roslin, T.; Bommarco, R.; Bartomeus, I. (2024)。多样化种植通过为食肉动物提供季节性资源连续性来加强对食草动物的调控。应用生态学杂志》,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14674。作物单一种植由同质的农业生态系统组成,高度依赖杀虫剂调节虫害和矿物肥料维持植物营养,是复原力最低的系统。农业多样化实践可以增加农业生态系统的异质性,从而增加节肢动物捕食者的丰富性,增强生态服务。在害虫的天敌中,通性捕食者对害虫的调控非常重要,因为它们捕食各种节肢害虫,并在整个季节都存在。然而,由于它们会消耗其他捕食者(群落内捕食)和土壤动物,因此尚不确定通性捕食者数量的增加是否会转化为害虫调节能力的提高。Heinen 等人的研究考察了多样化轮作和有机施肥如何影响谷物田整个种植周期中捕食者与被捕食者之间的相互作用。捕食者对食物的偏好随生长季节而变化,这表明土壤动物群是季节早期捕食者招募和维持的重要资源。虽然谷物内的捕食率相当高,但在多样化程度最高的田块中,捕食率在整个季节都有所下降,害虫的捕食率保持稳定。这项研究表明,多样化种植对于在作物生长季节提供可供选择的猎物(土壤动物和捕食者)的资源连续性、提高捕食者的丰富度和食草动物的调节能力非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Earthworms promote crop growth by enhancing the connections among soil microbial communities 蚯蚓通过加强土壤微生物群落之间的联系促进作物生长
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14713
Jin-Hua Shi, Xin-Jun Hu, Zi-Xuan Zeng, Ze Sun, Chao Wang, Hazem Abdelnabby, Huanan Jin, Man-Qun Wang

蚯蚓有利于植物生长,并在塑造土壤微生物群落方面发挥着重要作用。然而,蚯蚓如何改变土壤微生物并进而影响植物生长仍不清楚。虽然肥料会改变微生物群落的组成,但仍需进一步研究肥料类型对蚯蚓、土壤微生物群落和植物之间关系的影响。我们在田间和温室实验中评估了有机肥和化肥条件下蚯蚓在土壤微生物和玉米植物生长特性中的作用。我们探讨了不同肥料类型下蚯蚓、土壤微生物群落和植物生长之间的关系。我们发现,蚯蚓的存在促进了植物的生长,增加了植物根部渗出物的数量,增强了根圈细菌、真菌和原生生物群落之间的联系。蚯蚓和施肥都极大地改变了土壤细菌、真菌和原生生物群落的结构。与施用化肥相比,施用有机肥的土壤微生物群落网络的复杂性有所增加。温室实验表明,玉米植株在施用有机肥或化肥的灭菌土壤中生长时,蚯蚓对植物生长的影响减弱。综述与应用:我们的研究提供了确凿的证据,证明在施用不同肥料的条件下,蚯蚓对植物的影响主要依赖于土壤微生物。这可能为通过加强蚯蚓和土壤微生物的作用来减少化肥用量提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Reduced count size can provide a robust and more efficient diatom assessment of environmental conditions 减少计数量可对环境条件进行更可靠、更有效的硅藻评估
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14715
Luisa Riato, John L. Stoddard, Alan T. Herlihy, Karen A. Blocksom

淡水评估中常规使用的生物评估指数是通过通常耗时较长的计数方法计算得出的。对于主要基于耗时的活瓣计数的硅藻评估,尽管需要进行具有成本效益的生物评估和生物监测,但人们很少关注如何优化当前的计数方法。我们以计数大小是否足够为重点,检查了来自美国 3000 条河流和溪流的硅藻样本,以评估减少 600 个硅藻瓣膜的标准计数大小对最近发布的、基于属级特征的多计量硅藻指数(MMIs)及其组成指标的影响。硅藻数据由美国环境保护署的国家河流和溪流评估(NRSA)收集。基于 NRSA 数据设计的 MMIs 用于评估美国东部、平原和西部三大生态区的河流和溪流生态状况。我们发现,减少标准的 600 个阀门计数会带来成分指标值的变化,尤其是分类群百分比指标,但这种变化对实际 MMI 的性能影响不大。平原和东部生态区域 90% 以上的子样本以及西部生态区域 80% 以上的子样本,无论采用 600 个还是 100 个计数,都被归入同一条件类别。此外,使用 100 个瓣膜和 600 个瓣膜时,各分量指标和 MMI 区分受干扰最少和最严重地点的能力仍然相同。综合与应用。一般认为,计算大量硅藻瓣膜可获得反应更灵敏、更稳健的指数,与此相反,我们的研究表明,计算相当少的硅藻瓣膜仍可获得良好的指数性能。较少的计数总数不仅能减少分析工作量,还能减少质量保证/质量控制工作量。对于大范围的生物评估计划来说,减少计数数量可以节省大量资源,从而有可能对更多地点进行评估。我们采用子取样方法来确定最佳计数大小,是一种既省时又经济的样本处理有效方法,可用于任何生物群体。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of agricultural intensification on pollinator pesticide exposure, food acquisition and diversity 农业集约化对授粉者接触农药、获取食物和多样性的影响
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14701
Xiaoyu Shi, Changsheng Ma, Joop de Kraker, Shanxing Gong, Jenny A. Hodgson, Shudong Luo, Jozef J. M. van der Steen, Haijun Xiao, Fang Wang, Xiaowei Tie, Zheng Chen, Yi Zou

传粉昆虫对于维持可持续的作物生产至关重要,而传粉昆虫的减少却引起了广泛关注。农业集约化是昆虫授粉者减少的主要原因之一。农业集约化通常会导致非作物半自然栖息地减少,授粉昆虫接触农药的机会增加。然而,农业集约化、杀虫剂暴露增加、传粉昆虫食物来源减少和传粉昆虫多样性之间的因果联系仍未得到充分探索。我们评估了华南地区水稻比例从 11% 到 85% 的景观梯度上的传粉昆虫多样性。我们将蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)和石蜂(Osmia excavata)置于这些景观中,并调查了蜜蜂觅食者和花粉以及石蜂花粉和筑巢材料中的农药暴露情况。我们还评估了泥瓦匠蜂获取食物的情况。我们发现,在稻田比例较高的地区,蜜蜂觅食者和蜜蜂花粉样本中的农药检测频率较高。石匠蜂的食物获取与半自然栖息地的比例之间存在很强的正相关关系,而除了半自然栖息地的影响外,没有发现农药暴露对传粉昆虫多样性的显著影响。综述与应用:我们的研究结果表明,由于农业集约化,授粉昆虫群落接触农药的风险可能增加,而对授粉昆虫多样性的负面影响主要来自栖息地的丧失和/或食物来源的减少。这项研究强调了保护半自然栖息地以减轻授粉者多样性下降原因的重要性。我们还建议开展长期、多年的研究,以进一步了解农业景观中传粉昆虫丧失背后的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Migration of humans fleeing conflict in the Lake Chad region may increase pressures on natural resources in Lake Fitri (Chad): A case study on waterbirds 逃离乍得湖地区冲突的人口迁移可能会增加菲特里湖(乍得)自然资源的压力:水鸟案例研究
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14700
Nicolas Carenton, Pierre Defos du Rau, Abakar Saleh Wachoum, Delphine Ducros, Marie Suet, Clémence Deschamps, Maxime Rotoudjimbaye Betoloum, Julien Birard, M' Baïti Narcisse Djimasngar, Yves Kayser, Ib Krag Petersen, Jaime Dias, Mahamat Adoum Wachoum, Bruno Portier, Audrey Mbagogo Koumbraït, Sébastien Le Bel, Jean-Yves Mondain-Monval

可持续捕获野生动物是粮食安全和保护的一个主要问题。在非洲,捕获野生动物主要是为了维持生计,这仍然是一个挑战。在这项研究中,我们以水鸟为自然资源模型,通过菲特里湖(乍得)的副渔获物评估了捕捞的可持续性。我们通过连续四年(2018-2021 年)的空中距离采样估算了 24 个目标分类群的丰度,同时通过采访约 5500 名渔民中的 105 个样本估算了捕获鸟类的数量。通过对其潜在的过度增长进行建模,我们发现包括濒临灭绝的黑冠鹤 Balearica pavonina 在内的四个物种存在过度开发的高风险,这可能是由于逃离博科圣地安全危机的渔民大量涌入菲特里湖所致。综述与应用:这项工作很可能是对非洲鸟类收获可持续性的首次定量研究。它有助于填补《非洲-欧亚水鸟协定》和《拉姆萨尔公约》等多个多边环境协定战略规划中的方法和信息空白。特别是,这项工作有助于在拉姆萨尔遗址管理计划中实施自然资源(包括鸟类)的适应性管理。菲特里湖等非洲湿地在中期内可能无法为武装冲突迫使流离失所的平民进入这些生物多样性据点提供足够的自然资源。
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引用次数: 0
Balancing bioenergy expansion and restoration: Global shifts in biodiversity intactness 平衡生物能源扩张与恢复:生物多样性完整性的全球变化
IF 5.7 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14695
Sophie Jane Tudge, Richard Murphy, Zoe M. Harris, Adriana De Palma
To combat climate change, bioenergy is expected to play a more substantial role in the global energy mix, necessitating the expansion of energy crop plantations during the 21st century. Low‐quality or abandoned agricultural land is commonly proposed for growing energy crops. However, restoring such agricultural land back to natural vegetation is also key for global biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. Thus, understanding the ecological implications of land‐use changes involving both energy crop plantations and restoration is required. Here, we use biodiversity data to calculate the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) in different land uses, including energy crop plantations. We combine our BII models with maps of land use, crop yields and priority areas for restoration to estimate the effects on BII of changes in land use, from the current day, due to bioenergy expansion. We then compare the effects on BII of replacing either any land with energy crops, or only existing agricultural land that is a priority for restoration. Finally, we contrast the effects on BII of planting energy crops versus restoring natural vegetation in priority areas for restoration. Planting energy crops in places with relatively high amounts of natural vegetation and high BII would substantially reduce BII. Planting energy crops only on existing agricultural land that is a priority for restoration would result in less negative effects on BII than planting such crops in high BII areas, and small increases in BII in places with less remaining natural vegetation. However, restoring natural vegetation in priority areas, rather than expanding energy crops, would result in better outcomes for BII. Contrasting the spatial effects on BII of planting energy crops compared with restoring natural vegetation highlights places where energy crops could be the least detrimental to BII, such as Central Europe and the east coasts of the USA and China. Synthesis and applications. While restoration is the best strategy for biodiversity, planting energy crops on agricultural land rather than replacing natural vegetation could minimise losses in biodiversity intactness. However, achieving targets for bioenergy, climate change and restoration will require strategic land‐use planning to minimise ecological compromises.
为了应对气候变化,预计生物能源将在全球能源组合中发挥更大的作用,因此有必要在 21 世纪扩大能源作物种植。低质量或废弃的农田通常被建议用于种植能源作物。然而,将这些农田恢复为自然植被也是保护全球生物多样性和固碳的关键。因此,需要了解涉及能源作物种植和恢复的土地利用变化对生态的影响。在此,我们利用生物多样性数据来计算不同土地用途(包括能源作物种植园)的生物多样性完好性指数(BII)。我们将生物多样性完好指数模型与土地利用、作物产量和优先恢复区域地图相结合,以估算生物能源扩张导致的土地利用变化对生物多样性完好指数的影响。然后,我们比较了用能源作物替代任何土地或仅替代优先恢复的现有农业用地对 BII 的影响。最后,我们对比了在优先恢复区域种植能源作物和恢复自然植被对生物多样性指数的影响。在自然植被相对较多且生物多样性指数较高的地方种植能源作物,将大大降低生物多样性指数。与在高 BII 地区种植能源作物相比,仅在优先恢复的现有农业用地上种植能源作物对 BII 的负面影响较小,而在剩余自然植被较少的地方种植能源作物,BII 会略有增加。然而,在重点地区恢复自然植被,而不是扩大能源作物种植,会对生物多样性指数产生更好的结果。对比种植能源作物和恢复自然植被对生物圈保护区的空间影响,可以发现能源作物对生物圈保护区的损害最小的地区,如中欧、美国东海岸和中国。综述与应用。虽然恢复是生物多样性的最佳策略,但在农业用地上种植能源作物而不是取代自然植被,可以最大限度地减少生物多样性完整性的损失。然而,要实现生物能源、气候变化和恢复的目标,就必须进行战略性土地利用规划,以尽量减少对生态的损害。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Applied Ecology
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