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Wave attenuation by intertidal vegetation is mediated by trade-offs between shoot- and canopy-scale plant traits 潮间带植被对波浪的衰减受植物枝叶和冠层特征之间权衡的影响
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14765
Ken Schoutens, Alexandra Silinski, Jean-Philippe Belliard, Tjeerd J. Bouma, Stijn Temmerman, Jonas Schoelynck

通过保护或(重新)创建植被海岸线,以自然为基础的解决方案被认为可以减轻海浪的影响和海岸线的侵蚀风险。众所周知,波浪衰减取决于植物的特性,随着嫩枝密度、嫩枝粗度、高度和硬度的增加,波浪衰减率也会增加。然而,根据异速缩放理论,我们假设增加嫩枝密度(树冠尺度性状)可能与减少嫩枝厚度和硬度(嫩枝尺度性状)有关,从而对总体波浪衰减产生潜在的相反影响。本研究通过现有文献研究了(1)潮间带海岸植物物种之间是否存在这种异速关系;(2)通过水槽实验研究了对海岸植被整体波浪衰减能力的权衡效应。我们的研究结果首次揭示了多年生潮间带植物物种中嫩枝尺度和冠层尺度植物特性之间的异速关系。在不同物种中,嫩枝密度的增加确实与嫩枝厚度和嫩枝硬度的降低有关。接下来,我们用模拟植物进行了波浪水槽实验,结果表明,随着嫩枝密度的增加,波浪衰减率呈对数增长,尽管嫩枝密度的增加与单个嫩枝更薄、更柔韧有关。综述与应用。我们得出的结论是,波浪衰减主要受树冠尺度特性的影响,但植被海岸的整体波浪衰减能力取决于嫩枝尺度特性的权衡。我们的研究结果表明,以自然为基础的项目(重建)植被海岸线时,应考虑到物种特有的植物特性在树冠尺度和单个嫩枝尺度上的潜在权衡效应。
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引用次数: 0
Grassland nature reserves safeguard a high species richness and biomass of grasshoppers 草地自然保护区保护了丰富的蚱蜢物种和生物量
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14774
Dominik Poniatowski, Valentina Weißgräber, Marco Drung, Felix Maximilian Freienstein, Marcel Kettermann, Gwydion Scherer, Thomas Fartmann

在土地使用变化的过程中,特别是自 20 世纪中期以来,半自然(未经改良)草原的面积急剧减少。应对这一进程的方法之一是指定自然保护区。然而,自然保护区的有效性却备受争议。我们的研究旨在评估自然保护区内草地和集约化农业景观(以下称 "更广阔的乡村")中直翅目昆虫(以下称 "蚱蜢")物种丰富度和生物量的环境驱动因素。为此,我们在景观范围内随机选择了 45 块地对蚱蜢进行采样。每个地块的面积为 5 公顷。我们在 20 块草地(每块草地 500 平方米)上记录了蚱蜢的数量,作为计算生物量的基础。此外,还在景观和栖息地尺度上确定了栖息地多样性、割草强度和植被结构等各种环境参数。我们的研究结果表明了自然保护区对保护蚱蜢的重要性。与自然保护区内的地块相比,在更广阔的农村地区的对照地块中栖息的物种更少。受威胁物种之间的差异更加明显。平均而言,自然保护区内地块的濒危物种数量几乎是郊区对照地块的两倍。比较显示了栖息地尺度上的类似模式:自然保护区内的物种数量和生物量都更高。在景观尺度上,湿草地的数量和生境多样性最能解释物种数量。我们发现,在栖息地尺度上,物种丰富度和生物量的主要驱动因素是割草强度,其次是排水程度。综述与应用:为保护自然保护区的生物多样性,我们建议:(i) 在除草时保留未修剪的保护区;(ii) 堵塞排水沟以稳定水位。这两项措施都有助于提高蚱蜢和许多其他昆虫的物种数量和丰度。提高栖息地多样性是促进广大农村物种丰富性的有效保护措施。这可以通过建立或恢复休耕岛、田边、边缘地带和树篱来实现。
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引用次数: 0
Retention forestry can maintain epiphytic lichens on living pine trees, but provides impoverished habitat for deadwood-associated lichens 保留林可以维持活松树上的附生地衣,但却为枯木相关地衣提供了贫瘠的栖息地
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14772
Aleksi Nirhamo, Aino Hämäläinen, Karoliina Hämäläinen, Jari Kouki

为提高木材产量而对森林进行管理会减少古树和枯木的数量,这对依赖古树和枯木的物种有着深远的影响。保留林是指在砍伐过的林地上永久保留一些未采伐的树木,这可能会使受管理的森林中形成枯木和古树,但这些做法如何促进物种在受管理的森林中出现,尤其是长期出现,目前尚无定论。我们研究了树木保留措施对附生地衣多样性的支持能力,附生地衣是受威胁森林物种中的一个重要类别。我们将采伐地保留树木上的地衣组合与未采伐对照地树木上的地衣组合进行了比较。数据是在采伐后 21 年收集的,包括苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris)的活树、树干(立枯树)和原木(倒伏树)。活树、树干和原木上都有独特的地衣群落。木钉上的地衣多样性最高。在活树上,采伐地和未采伐地的物种丰富度相似,但物种略有更替。相比之下,未采伐地点的枯木与采伐地点的枯木相比,具有更高的物种丰富度和独特的物种群落。这些差异在冷杉上最为明显。特别是,未采伐地点含有高寿木(柚木),这些地方生长着独特的地衣群落,地衣丰富度高于其他任何研究基质,其中包括数量最多的红色名录物种和依赖枯木的物种。综述与应用。保留林可以支持与活着的欧洲赤松相关的地衣群落。然而,通过保留措施来维持枯木相关地衣的多样性却面临着巨大的挑战。枯木相关地衣多样性依赖于高寿命的杉木,而非保留林所提供的栖息地所能维持。森林管理中的生物多样性维护需要全面提供无管理森林的栖息地特征,如具有质量代表性的枯木概况,而这可能会很困难。
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引用次数: 0
Landscape patterns drive provision of nature's contributions to people by mobile species 景观模式推动流动物种为人类提供自然贡献
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14764
Sophie A. O'Brien, Dean P. Anderson, Sandra Lavorel, Hao Ran Lai, Natalie de Burgh, Jason M. Tylianakis

预测大自然对人类的贡献(NCP)在空间上如何变化仍然是一项挑战。对于由移动物种提供的 NCP,目前还不清楚预测需要如何考虑多种生境类型的影响,这些生境类型既是 NCP 的来源,也是 NCP 的吸收汇,还是 NCP 的潜在干扰因素。不考虑这些影响的现有方法可能无法准确预测实际景观中的结果。为了突破这些限制,我们将运动生态学中的定量推论方法用于探索空间生境模式如何决定新西兰入侵的普通刷尾负鼠 Trichosurus vulpecula 的负 NCP。我们使用贝叶斯模型研究了草地、本土森林和外来森林斑块的大小和距离如何共同影响11000公顷异质景观中负鼠的相对密度(通过诱捕网络的捕获概率测量)。我们发现,原生林和外来林面积是决定负鼠密度的最重要因素。虽然捕获概率随着草地面积的增加而下降,但草地的增加并没有使模型的拟合度高于以本土森林为唯一栖息地的模型。我们预计负鼠密度在栖息地边界的预测值会有所不同,例如,这是因为负鼠更喜欢在边缘觅食。我们发现,本土森林和外来森林对捕获概率的影响是相互作用的,因此,考虑到栖息地的面积,栖息地之间边缘的捕获概率比预期的要低。我们还发现,考虑到外来森林或草地(而非本地森林)的非线性生境效应的模型,在预测负鼠密度方面明显优于简单的模型。综述与应用。我们新颖的空间预测方法可应用于大自然对人类的任何贡献(NCP),并可扩展用于识别多个 NCP 之间的权衡和协同作用。例如,负鼠密度的负面 NCP 与来自本土森林的多种已知正面 NCP(包括具有文化意义的非物质性 NCP 和外来森林产生的物质性 NCP)进行了权衡。我们建议,景观管理计划在未来最大限度地提高这些积极的 NCP 的同时,也要考虑负鼠密度的风险会如何抑制净 NCP 的提供。为了最大限度地减少这种负面的 NCP,我们的研究结果支持在本土森林和外来森林中部署诱捕器。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating the effects of smolt size and migration timing on salmon marine survival using a multivariate mixed-effect model 利用多变量混合效应模型估算幼体大小和洄游时间对鲑鱼海洋存活率的影响
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14760
Morgan H. Bond, Brandon Chasco, Richard W. Zabel

当迁徙物种遇到的条件变化很大时,迁徙的时机和迁徙者的状况对其生存至关重要。美国西北部蛇河春/夏流大鳞鲑(Chinook salmon)被美国《濒危物种法》列为濒危物种,原因是数十年来成鱼回归率低;幼鱼到成鱼的存活率通常为 0.5% 或更低。幼鱼在通往海洋的途中要经过八个水坝,尽管水电系统发生了变化,但最近的存活率几乎没有改善。我们分析了洄游日期、鱼体长度及其相互作用对 409747 尾野生大鳞大麻哈鱼幼鱼成年存活率的影响,这些幼鱼在洄游过程中穿过了一个大型、动态的河流生态系统,并通过海洋存活了 20 年。参数二维平滑器通常用于量化空间上无法解释的异质性;然而,这些相同的统计模型也可应用于二维数据集,以揭示对管理行动非常重要的两个生物过程的协方差模式。我们采用高斯马尔可夫随机场(GMRF)和二维平滑器估算鱼类存活率,以确定鱼类存活率随鱼体长度和日期变化的性质。我们发现,鱼体长度、洄游日期以及日期与鱼体长度的交互作用对河流和海洋存活率有明显影响。与边际估计值所显示的存活率随长度和时间的逐渐变化不同,我们表明,在同一年内,存活率随长度和时间的变化往往比以前认为的更为突然。综合与应用:我们发现,鱼体长度和洄游时间的不同组合会导致幼鱼到成鱼的存活率升高。这些 "热点 "区域的鱼体尺寸通常大于 100 毫米,通过时间仅为一周或两周,这表明即使鱼体尺寸和洄游时间发生微小变化,也会对存活率产生重大影响。进一步的研究可以集中在这些不同的年度时期,以确定以前难以捉摸的死亡来源。
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引用次数: 0
Conservation triage in action: Planning, governance and knowledge co-production for biodiversity protection 行动中的保护分流:保护生物多样性的规划、治理和知识共同生产
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14763
Maria José Martínez-Harms, Rodrigo A. Estévez, Eduardo Álvarez-Miranda

保护分流是一种不断发展的战略,旨在分配有限的资源,以应对因其对生物多样性和人类福祉的基本生态系统服务造成的后果而需要采取紧急行动的压力。本视角提出了一个基于结构化、道德和包容性的保护分流框架,以利用有限的资源有效地解决生物多样性保护中的社会生态要求。基于三大支柱--保护规划、政策和治理以及知识的共同生产,我们的目标是将保护分流作为一种务实而全面的方法加以推广。最近,智利制定了 "保护与人类福祉 "计划,这是一项以科学为基础的倡议,旨在促进智利独特生物多样性的保护,并为保护政策的制定提供信息。综合与应用。这一观点为科学家和从业人员提供了指导,帮助他们在进行保护分流时,如何在考虑资源限制的同时确定保护工作的优先次序。它强调了整合伦理问题、促进决策过程中的多元化观点和合作性知识共同生产的重要性。通过将战略资源分配与社会生态方面结合起来,这种方法为开发公平、均衡的保护成果提供了启示,并可应用于其他地理和环境环境。
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引用次数: 0
Everywhere we look around: Aerial eDNA to capture fungal diversity 环顾四周航空电子 DNA 捕获真菌多样性
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14766
Nahuel Policelli

Research Highlight discussing: Runnel, K., Lõhmus, P., Küngas, K., Marmor-Ohtla, L., Palo, A., Pütsepp, G., Tamm, H., Tammekänd, I., & Lõhmus, A. (2024). Aerial eDNA contributes vital information for fungal biodiversity assessment. Journal of Applied Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14691. Fungi play key roles in ecosystems, yet it is not clear how best to capture their diversity or monitor their presence, especially for those species of particular conservation concern. In this issue of the Journal of Applied Ecology Runnel et al. address this problem by comparing different methodologies to estimate the diversity of lichen-forming fungi and wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes at a forest stand scale. Pairing aerial eDNA sampling with visual observation-based surveys better captured the full spectrum of fungal diversity, including cryptic species and those of particular conservation interest. Certain fungal groups that are underrepresented in air samples might be better captured by sampling eDNA directly from wood or soil, but visual surveys should be considered as a more cost-effective complementary method at least at a local scale. Their results highlight the importance of using multiple methods simultaneously in biodiversity assessments and the need for standardized methods to study and monitor fungal diversity.

研究亮点讨论:Runnel, K., Lõhmus, P., Küngas, K., Marmor-Ohtla, L., Palo, A., Pütsepp, G., Tamm, H., Tammekänd, I., & Lõhmus, A. (2024)。航空 eDNA 为真菌生物多样性评估提供了重要信息。应用生态学杂志》,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14691。真菌在生态系统中发挥着关键作用,但目前尚不清楚如何才能最好地捕捉其多样性或监测其存在,尤其是那些需要特别保护的物种。在本期《应用生态学杂志》上,Runnel 等人通过比较不同的方法来估算林分尺度上地衣形成真菌和林木栖息基枝真菌的多样性,从而解决了这一问题。将空中 eDNA 采样与基于目测的调查相结合,能更好地捕捉到真菌多样性的全部内容,包括隐蔽物种和具有特殊保护意义的物种。直接从木材或土壤中采集 eDNA 样本可能会更好地捕获某些在空气样本中代表性不足的真菌群,但至少在局部范围内,目测调查应被视为一种更具成本效益的补充方法。他们的研究结果强调了在生物多样性评估中同时使用多种方法的重要性,以及研究和监测真菌多样性的标准化方法的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Organic farming and annual flower strips reduce parasite prevalence in honeybees and boost colony growth in agricultural landscapes 有机耕作和一年生花卉带可降低蜜蜂寄生虫的流行率,促进农业景观中蜂群的生长
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14723
Patrycja Pluta, Kathrin Czechofsky, Annika Hass, Lena Frank, Ansgar Westerhoff, Heiner Klingenberg, Panagiotis Theodorou, Catrin Westphal, Robert J. Paxton

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引用次数: 0
Taxon-specific response of natural enemies to different flower strip mixtures 天敌对不同花带混合物的分类群特异性反应
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-18 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14761
Simon Blümel, Lukas Beule, Nicolai Bissantz, Wolfgang H. Kirchner, Verena Haberlah-Korr

花卉带是一项重要的农业环境计划,其核心目标是促进生物多样性和维护相关的生态系统服务。通过花带增加资源可用性来促进天敌是一种很有前景的害虫综合治理方法。在一项为期三年的实地研究中,在德国三个不同的研究地点测试了两种一年生和两种多年生花带混合物以及一种草混合物对天敌的吸引力。我们使用扫网和坑式诱捕器对天敌进行了九轮采样,每年采样一次,采样周期为 10 天。为了评估可用的花卉资源,我们估算了特定物种的花卉覆盖率,并将物种划分为不同的花卉类型。花带混合物对天敌的吸引力各不相同。处理对节肢动物活动密度的影响在第二年和第三年最为明显。总体而言,对大多数天敌而言,多年生花带混合物比一年生花带混合物更具吸引力,但不同分类群对花带混合物的反应差异很大。例如,与一年生花带相比,多年生花带的植栖蜘蛛和寄生蜂活动密度增加了两到四倍,捕食蝽和啮小蠹的幼虫数量也增加了。相比之下,一年生花带混合物对地甲虫的吸引力最大。此外,不同的天敌类群与不同的花带特征有关,如花的类型比例、食草动物的可用性和植物物种的丰富度。综述与应用。我们发现了天敌分类群对不同花带的特异性反应,这为花带的花卉组成提供了指导,以最大限度地发挥其自然控制害虫的效果。我们建议使用头花(菊科)和圆盘花(尤其是繖形花科、茜草科、十字花科)比例较高的多年生混合物,但也可使用旗花(豆科),因为这些花卉类型与多个天敌类群呈正相关。不过,由于我们发现对花卉类型的反应不一,具体的花带组成最终将取决于其目标。
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引用次数: 0
Cost-effective portfolio allocation across quarantine, surveillance and eradication using info-gap theory 利用信息差距理论,在检疫、监测和根除工作中进行具有成本效益的投资组合分配
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-17 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14762
Yang Liu, Penghao Wang, Grey T. Coupland, Melissa L. Thomas, Dan Zheng, Simon J. McKirdy

生物安保活动主要包括边境前和边境检疫、边境后监测和边境后根除。分配给检疫和监控活动的预算最终会影响根除活动的支出和成功率。以往研究中的最佳投资组合分配容易受到生态学和入侵物种行为本身潜在的严重不确定性的影响。这些不确定性加上有限的预算,使得决策者难以将管理预算总额稳健地分配给每项生物安全活动。信息差距决策理论被用来模拟入侵物种管理中的严重不确定性,并稳健地优化总管理成本。这项研究表明,将边境前检疫和边境检疫(降低入侵概率)与边境后监测(实现早期检测和快速反应)相结合,可使决策者更稳健地应对潜在的不确定性。此外,据报告,根据预防原则,成本效益更高的检疫投资应超过监测投资。提高监测检测的估计人口阈值也能提高稳健性。综述与应用:本研究中提出的组合分配方案为决策者提供了一种方法,通过稳健地分配管理预算总额,在空间上、成本效益上和信心上管理入侵物种。本研究概述的方法不仅可以应用于入侵物种,还可以应用于濒危物种的保护,因为濒危物种的保护受到生态建模的严重不确定性和有限资源的限制。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Applied Ecology
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