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The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the Paris Agreement need a joint work programme for climate, nature and people 昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》和《巴黎协定》需要一项针对气候、自然和人类的联合工作计划
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Journal of Applied Ecology
Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14721
Idil Boran, Nathalie Pettorelli

全球气候危机和生物多样性危机密切相关，但目前没有任何政策工具可以同时应对这两个危机。这是一个问题，因为缺乏国际平台来设计协调统一的政策框架，使生物多样性和气候变化之间的目标保持一致，这对自然和人类都构成了风险。在此，我们认为，要成功实施《巴黎协定》和《全球生物多样性框架》（GBF），就需要在《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC）和《生物多样性公约》（CBD）之间制定一项联合工作计划。这样一个联合工作计划可以填补当前的全球治理真空，解决执行方面的关键差距，同时促进气候和生物多样性行动的创新和协同作用。根据对《联合国气候变化框架公约》下现有工作计划以及与《生物多样性公约》建立的机构间和联合工作计划的审查，我们提供了关于如何建立该联合计划的概念、关于其应解决的问题类型的想法以及关于成功实施的建议。政策影响：联合国气候变化框架公约》和《生物多样性公约》是独特的平台，可为我们所需的变革提供证据和指导，但生物多样性和气候变化议程之间需要更高水平的整合，以填补《全球生物多样性框架公约》和《巴黎协定》之间的实施差距。即将召开的《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方大会（COP29）和《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会（COP16）为这两个公约提供了一个明确的政策窗口，以引入一个正式的治理结构，如本文件中提出的结构，该结构汇集了各种想法、人员、组织和程序，这些都是连接如何稳定我们的气候和恢复我们的自然所必需的。
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引用次数: 0
Density matters: How population dynamics of house mice (Mus musculus) inform the epidemiology of Leptospira 密度很重要：家鼠的种群动态如何为钩端螺旋体流行病学提供信息
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Journal of Applied Ecology
Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14714
Marie Moinet, Carlos R. Abrahão, Vinícius P. O. Gasparotto, David A. Wilkinson, Emilie Vallée, Jackie Benschop, James C. Russell

啮齿动物是多种病原体的维持宿主，它们的密度和病原体的流行程度决定了它们对其他动物或人类造成的风险。然而，密度往往被忽视。我们研究了一种捕获-标记-再捕获-取样策略，以研究引入的小鼠（Mus musculus）和钩端螺旋体（Leptospira）为模型，并展示了综合方法的优势。我们在2016年至2018年期间进行的一次重复纵向调查中估算了小鼠的种群密度和钩端螺旋体流行率。我们于春季和秋季在两个地点进行了捕捉-标记-再捕捉活动，并在每次活动结束时采集血液和肾脏样本。使用空间显式捕获-再捕获（SECR）模型估算小鼠密度和活动区域，并对钩端螺旋体阳性和阴性小鼠的密度和活动区域进行比较。钩端螺旋体暴露和脱落状况通过显微镜凝集试验以及肾脏培养和lipL32 PCR相结合的方法进行估计。春季的钩端螺旋体感染率（83%-86%）高于秋季（31%-37%），同时小鼠密度从 3.6 只/公顷到 55.9 只/公顷不等。然而，尽管流行率和密度有这些变化，受感染动物的密度在一段时间内保持相对稳定（3-8只/公顷）。感染或血清阳性也与小鼠的活动有关。感染或血清阳性小鼠的活动区域更大，血清阳性小鼠平均比血清阴性小鼠提前一天被诱捕。综述与应用：我们的研究结果表明，了解携带病原体的啮齿动物的种群动态对流行病学至关重要。阳性小鼠更广泛的移动模式和更容易遇到的情况凸显了传统流行率调查存在偏差的可能性，并对物种内和物种间的疾病传播产生了影响。重要的是，与直觉相反的是，钩端螺旋体感染率与小鼠密度呈负相关，这导致了脱落者的密度恒定，这与传统观点（即啮齿动物密度高时暴露风险更高）相矛盾。更广泛地说，这种取样设计可以改进动物和疾病控制政策，并通过提供比传统流行率调查更多的参数估计值，更好地为建模研究提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Microplastics promote the invasiveness of invasive alien species under fluctuating water regime 微塑料促进了外来入侵物种在波动水系下的入侵能力
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Journal of Applied Ecology
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14726
Rui-Feng Zhang, Yu-Jian Guo, Ya-Wen Lai, Ting-Ting Zhao, Guan-Lin Li, Zhao-Gui Yan, Yong-Jian Wang, Matthias C. Rillig

微塑料（MP）污染和外来植物入侵是陆地生态系统面临的两大威胁。微塑料会改变土壤的物理和化学特性，从而可能影响外来植物的生长。然而，以往的研究忽略了天气对受微粒塑料污染地区入侵植物的影响。随着全球极端降雨事件的增加，重新定义微塑料与入侵植物之间的相关性势在必行。在此，我们在气候室中进行了一项实验，以研究在恒定和波动水系（FWR）条件下，MPs 对本地植物和外来入侵植物生长发育的影响。FWR模拟了中国武汉2016-2020年生长季节的极端水脉冲。结果表明，外来入侵植物和本地物种的生物量积累和根系发育都受到水条件和MP污染的影响。两类植物物种受影响的程度各不相同。FWR促进了入侵植物的生长和细根发育，但降低了本地植物光系统II的最大量子效率（Fv/Fm）和非光化学淬灭（NPQ）指数。此外，FWR 还减轻了聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS，可降解 MPs）对生物量和根系特征（长度、表面积和尖端）的负面影响。FWR 弥补了 MPs 对入侵物种 Paspalum dilatatum 和 Sphagneticola trilobata 的总生物量和地下生物量的负面影响，但对本地物种没有影响。因此，在 MPs 和 FWR 的共同作用下，入侵物种在生物量增长和叶绿素荧光的细根发育方面表现优于本地物种。综述与应用。我们的研究结果表明，在明显的干湿水循环条件下，MP 污染会增强外来入侵物种对本地物种的竞争力，从而可能影响生态系统的组成和生物多样性。因此，控制 MP 污染应成为保护生物多样性和生态系统的管理策略的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Interacting effects of surface water and temperature on wild and domestic large herbivore aggregations and contact rates 地表水和温度对野生和家养大型食草动物聚集和接触率的交互影响
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Journal of Applied Ecology
Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14728
Viviana Martinez, John Mantas, Jenna Hulke, Benard Gituku, Nickson Ndiema, Malik Elkouby, Asher Thompson, Joelle CantoAdams, Serena Yeh, Adam VanLeeuwen, Hillary Young, Georgia Titcomb

地球的气候正在迅速变化，这带来了家养动物和野生动物将如何改变其行为以应对气温升高和旱地扩大的问题。可用水量的减少很可能会影响动物的行为和觅水行为，可能会增加动物的聚集和种间接触。这些种间接触对于野生动物和家畜之间的竞争、捕食和疾病传播尤为重要。在这项研究中，我们在肯尼亚中部一个保护区的水操纵实验点，利用两年的相机陷阱数据分析了野生动物和牛的种间接触。我们发现，平均而言，水源地每小时发生任何种间接触的概率是排水水源地的约 3.4 倍，是周围基质区的 18 倍，而且这种关系在干燥和炎热的条件下会放大。物种特异性分析表明，野生动物和家畜的反应程度各不相同，但所有动物在炎热条件下与其他物种在水源处的种间接触概率都比其他条件下高约 2-3 倍。值得注意的是，我们观察到相对不依赖水的物种的行为变化最大，例如长颈鹿，在炎热条件下与水源的种间接触概率是其他条件下的 3.6 倍。综述与应用。这些研究结果表明，随着未来气候变化，气温升高将变得越来越普遍，这将增加关键水资源周围的种间接触。在野生动物与家畜混合的系统中，保持野生动物专用水源可能是一种实用的管理工具，可以减少人与野生动物之间的冲突以及疾病在这一界面的传播，尤其是在干燥和炎热的条件下。
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引用次数: 0
Personality, sex and capture biases: Challenges for predator monitoring and management 性格、性别和捕捉偏差：捕食者监测和管理面临的挑战
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Journal of Applied Ecology
Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14724
Kyla C. Johnstone, Catherine Price, Patrick M. Garvey

脊椎动物害虫（如入侵物种和滋扰性本地动物）对控制装置的行为给野生动物管理者带来了重大挑战。活体捕捉或捕杀陷阱等物理装置是必不可少的管理工具，但如果某些个体不与装置接触，这些装置的功效就会大打折扣，从而可能导致整个管理行动失败。我们需要更细致地了解目标种群中的行为变异如何影响与不同类型装置的互动，以提高未能与装置互动的顽固个体的可探测性，这些个体随后被研究和管理活动遗漏。我们测试了 28 只野生捕获的白鼬（Mustela erminea，一种在新西兰奥特亚罗瓦非常成功的入侵者）对三种装置（箱式陷阱、隧道式陷阱和抬头陷阱）的行为反应，这三种装置代表了中型食肉动物研究和管理中常用的一系列类型。我们评估了白鼬的性格、性别和装置类型对装置易感性（触发概率和潜伏期）的影响，发现这些因素都有独立和交互影响。一般来说，比较害羞、不太活跃、不太喜欢探索和不太喜欢新奇事物（对新奇事物的吸引力较低）的白鼬触发装置的时间明显较长，触发装置的概率也明显较低。不同类型的诱捕器对白鼬在初次接触时触发装置的概率有很大不同，箱式诱捕器和隧道式诱捕器针对的是性格光谱的两端。害羞的雌性白鼬对诱捕器的抗拒性（对标准控制措施的回避）最大，与雄性白鼬相比，雌性白鼬对所有装置的敏感性普遍较低。综述与应用：如果未能触发捕鼠器会导致长期、普遍地躲避捕鼠器，那么针对顽固个体的捕鼠可能会带来很大的问题。我们强调必须考虑到个体间对装置反应的差异，在野外工作中解决顽固个体的动机问题，并在数据解释过程中考虑到这些差异。
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引用次数: 0
Climate regulates the effect of land-use change on the diversity of soil microbial functional groups and soil multifunctionality 气候调节土地利用变化对土壤微生物功能群多样性和土壤多功能性的影响
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Journal of Applied Ecology
Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14722
Xuan Zhou, Jinshan Cai, Jingwen Xu, Shengen Liu, Bing Wang, Huiling Zhang, Linyan Yue, Liji Wu, Ying Wu, Dima Chen

尽管已有研究探讨了土壤微生物多样性和土壤多功能性如何在局部尺度上响应土地利用变化，但很少有研究在更大尺度上以及在不同气候和土壤环境条件下进行探讨。通过对长江中下游地区从天然林到农田（包括耕地和果园）的 40 个土地利用变化配对点进行取样，并结合全球荟萃分析，我们研究了土地利用变化和气候对区域尺度上土壤细菌和真菌功能群（FGs）α和β多样性及其相关土壤多功能性的影响。我们的研究结果表明，土地利用变化强烈改变了土壤细菌和真菌功能群的多样性，并降低了土壤的多功能性，我们在全球范围内进行的荟萃分析也证实了这一点。土地利用变化和气候的直接影响及其相互作用，再加上土壤环境变量的变化，是土地利用变化引起土壤细菌和真菌 FGs 多样性变化的主要决定因素。土地利用变化引起的多功能性下降主要与森林转化、土壤肥力和真菌 FGs 多样性的直接影响有关。此外，气候也通过影响长江沿岸土壤肥力和真菌 FGs 多样性来调节土地利用变化对多功能性的影响。综述与应用。综上所述，我们的研究结果强调了土地利用变化、气候及其相互作用对微生物多样性和多功能性的重要影响，并建议采取有效的土地利用管理和气候变化减缓战略，以保护长江流域的生物多样性和生态系统功能。
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引用次数: 0
A structured approach for building multi-community State and Transition Models to support conservation planning 建立多社区状态和过渡模型以支持保护规划的结构化方法
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Journal of Applied Ecology
Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14718
Megan K. Good, Libby Rumpff, Hannah Fraser, Elliot Gould, Christopher S. Jones, Suzanne M. Prober, Mark Bourne, Nathalie Butt, Margaret Byrne, David H. Duncan, Emma Gorrod, Carl R. Gosper, Rebecca Jordan, Sue McIntyre, Joslin L. Moore, Shana Nerenberg, Stephanie Pulsford, Anna E. Richards, Daniel J. Rogers, Steve Sinclair, Rachel J. Standish, Ayesha Tulloch, Samantha K. Travers, John Vranjic, Matthew White, Jenny Wilson, Jim Begley, John Wright, Colin Yates, Peter A. Vesk

全球生态系统范围和状况的下降意味着对恢复和保护计划的需求越来越大。生态群落保护计划需要一个具有可衡量、有时限目标的管理框架。高效、结构化的流程对及时制定可比的保护计划至关重要，尤其是在资源有限的情况下。我们介绍了一种简化保护计划制定过程的方法，即将功能相似的群落子类型组合成一个多群落状态和过渡模型，用于指导保护计划的制定。我们在澳大利亚南部以桉树为主的林地案例研究中演示了这一方法--该生态系统在澳大利亚温带地区占据了广阔的地理范围，包括许多不同的植被群落，其中越来越多的群落已濒临灭绝或受到威胁。澳大利亚林地生态学家（根据其对三大林地亚型的了解进行分组）被要求建立因果链，以描述与林地状态之间的转变相关的所有因素，并估算在两个时间尺度上与每种转变相关的可能性。由此产生的状态和过渡模型包括桉树为主的林地常见的八种一般状态，以及描述所有合理过渡的驱动因素的 364 条独特因果链。我们还举例说明了如何将相同的信息以一系列决策树的形式呈现出来，以支持实地管理决策。该案例研究表明，可以构建一个详细的状态和转换模型，综合多个类似植被群落的知识。迄今为止，状态和过渡模型主要集中在单个群落或较小的空间范围内，而这是首次尝试通过结构化和参与式过程构建全国性的多群落状态和过渡模型。综合与应用。这种方法可应用于多个空间尺度，以改进和简化稳健保护计划的制定，从而改善我们规划、实施和衡量全球生物多样性成果的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Grassland woody plant management rapidly changes woody vegetation persistence and abiotic habitat conditions but not herbaceous community composition 草地木本植物管理会迅速改变木本植被的持久性和非生物生境条件，但不会改变草本群落组成
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Journal of Applied Ecology
Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14716
Katherine T. Charton, Ellen I. Damschen

草地是世界上最濒危的生态系统之一，许多草地由于失去了历史上的干扰机制以及随后的林木侵占而退化。管理实践者通常使用物理和化学管理干预措施，结合火来抵御侵蚀，分别改变地上结构和地下功能。这可能会破坏使蚕食和恢复草本群落永久化的反馈。我们利用大规模野外实验来评估不同管理干预措施对木本植被持续性、非生物栖息地条件和草本群落组成的初步影响。我们在七个跨越自然土壤湿度梯度的地点对这些效果进行了评估，以捕捉管理者经常要面对的环境异质性的一个方面。我们发现，化学干预（无论有无物理干预）在降低木本植物覆盖率和丰度方面最为有效，而且第二次施药比单独施药更能降低木本植物丰度。我们还发现，任何管理干预措施都能增加光照和气温，降低土壤湿度，其中物理干预和化学干预相结合的效果最好。最后，在研究期间，所有管理干预措施都不会影响草本植物的丰富度和功能群覆盖率，这表明对草本群落组成的影响延迟或不存在。综述与应用。我们的研究结果表明，管理应侧重于化学干预，以便对木本植物的持久性和非生物栖息地条件产生最大影响。草本群落组成的改变可能会在长期内发生，而且似乎很有可能，因为管理的短期效果成功地改变了与侵占反馈相关的过程。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond predator richness: How diversified cropping can enhance pest regulation 超越捕食者的丰富性：多样化种植如何加强害虫调控
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Journal of Applied Ecology
Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14719
Maria Fernanda G. V. Peñaflor

Research Highlight discussing: Heinen, J.; Dominguez, V.; Aguilera, G.; Malsher, G.; Vesterinen, E.; Roslin, T.; Bommarco, R.; Bartomeus, I. (2024). Diversified cropping strengthens herbivore regulation by providing seasonal resource continuity to predators. Journal of Applied Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14674. Crop monocultures consist of homogenous agroecosystems highly dependent on pesticides for pest regulation and mineral fertilisation for maintaining plant nutrition, representing the least resilient system. Agricultural diversification practices can increase heterogeneity in agroecosystems, resulting in greater richness of arthropod predators and enhanced ecological services. Among natural enemies of pests, generalist predators are important for pest regulation as they prey on diverse arthropod pests and be present throughout the season. However, since they consume other predators (intraguild predation) and soil fauna, it is uncertain whether enhanced richness of generalist predators translates into improved pest regulation. The study by Heinen et al. examined how diversified crop rotation and organic fertilisation influenced predator–prey interactions throughout the cropping cycle in cereal fields. The predators' diet preference shifted over the growing season, indicating that soil fauna is an important resource for recruitment and maintenance of predators early in the season. Although intraguild predation was considerably high, it decreased across the season in fields with the greatest level of diversification, where predation of pests remained stable. This study demonstrated how diversified cropping is important for providing resource continuity with alternative prey (soil fauna and predators) over crop-growing season, enhancing predator richness and herbivore regulation.

研究亮点讨论：Heinen, J.; Dominguez, V.; Aguilera, G.; Malsher, G.; Vesterinen, E.; Roslin, T.; Bommarco, R.; Bartomeus, I. (2024)。多样化种植通过为食肉动物提供季节性资源连续性来加强对食草动物的调控。应用生态学杂志》，https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14674。作物单一种植由同质的农业生态系统组成，高度依赖杀虫剂调节虫害和矿物肥料维持植物营养，是复原力最低的系统。农业多样化实践可以增加农业生态系统的异质性，从而增加节肢动物捕食者的丰富性，增强生态服务。在害虫的天敌中，通性捕食者对害虫的调控非常重要，因为它们捕食各种节肢害虫，并在整个季节都存在。然而，由于它们会消耗其他捕食者（群落内捕食）和土壤动物，因此尚不确定通性捕食者数量的增加是否会转化为害虫调节能力的提高。Heinen 等人的研究考察了多样化轮作和有机施肥如何影响谷物田整个种植周期中捕食者与被捕食者之间的相互作用。捕食者对食物的偏好随生长季节而变化，这表明土壤动物群是季节早期捕食者招募和维持的重要资源。虽然谷物内的捕食率相当高，但在多样化程度最高的田块中，捕食率在整个季节都有所下降，害虫的捕食率保持稳定。这项研究表明，多样化种植对于在作物生长季节提供可供选择的猎物（土壤动物和捕食者）的资源连续性、提高捕食者的丰富度和食草动物的调节能力非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Earthworms promote crop growth by enhancing the connections among soil microbial communities 蚯蚓通过加强土壤微生物群落之间的联系促进作物生长
IF 5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Journal of Applied Ecology
Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14713
Jin-Hua Shi, Xin-Jun Hu, Zi-Xuan Zeng, Ze Sun, Chao Wang, Hazem Abdelnabby, Huanan Jin, Man-Qun Wang

蚯蚓有利于植物生长，并在塑造土壤微生物群落方面发挥着重要作用。然而，蚯蚓如何改变土壤微生物并进而影响植物生长仍不清楚。虽然肥料会改变微生物群落的组成，但仍需进一步研究肥料类型对蚯蚓、土壤微生物群落和植物之间关系的影响。我们在田间和温室实验中评估了有机肥和化肥条件下蚯蚓在土壤微生物和玉米植物生长特性中的作用。我们探讨了不同肥料类型下蚯蚓、土壤微生物群落和植物生长之间的关系。我们发现，蚯蚓的存在促进了植物的生长，增加了植物根部渗出物的数量，增强了根圈细菌、真菌和原生生物群落之间的联系。蚯蚓和施肥都极大地改变了土壤细菌、真菌和原生生物群落的结构。与施用化肥相比，施用有机肥的土壤微生物群落网络的复杂性有所增加。温室实验表明，玉米植株在施用有机肥或化肥的灭菌土壤中生长时，蚯蚓对植物生长的影响减弱。综述与应用：我们的研究提供了确凿的证据，证明在施用不同肥料的条件下，蚯蚓对植物的影响主要依赖于土壤微生物。这可能为通过加强蚯蚓和土壤微生物的作用来减少化肥用量提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
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