Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.2198/JELECTROPH.51.27
T. Manabe, Ya Jin, Nao Yamaguchi, T. Sugiyama, Kohei Ikari
The identity of low-molecular-weight and minor protein spots, appeared in 2-DE patterns of human plasma, was examined. They were not obvious in the patterns of “Type-I” 2-DE (non-denaturing IEF followed by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis), but clearly detected in the patterns of “Type II” 2-DE (non-denaturing IEF followed by SDS gel electrophoresis) at pI 5.5-7.5 and apparent mass 8-40 kDa1). The spots were not obviously detected when the IEF gels were kept at low temperature (around 4°C) during electrophoresis, suggesting that they are the proteolysis products of plasma proteins. The minor spots were more obviously detected when human plasma was subjected to ammonium sulfate (AS) fractionation and the 0-35% saturated AS fraction was dialyzed and subjected to Type-II 2-DE. Then the 116 spots on the 2-DE pattern, detected at pI 5-7.5 and apparent mass 8-60 kDa, were excised and subjected to MALDI-MS measurements and the mass spectra were analyzed using the software of peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) Mascot and ProFound to assign the proteins. Many of the spots were assigned to contain fibrinogen α chain, especially those at pI 5.5-7.5 and apparent mass 8-40 kDa, suggesting that these spots are its fragments. The distribution of the MS-detected peptide fragments suggested that the molecular-mass heterogeneity might be caused by the cleavage of multiple sites on the α chain. Care must be taken to keep the temperature of IEF gels at around 4°C during electrophoresis, when human plasma proteins are subjected to non-denaturing IEF. The absence of the spots of fibrinogen fragments on Type-II 2-DE gels would validate the intactness of plasma proteins. The advantages of micro gel system for the analysis of intact protein mixtures are suggested.
{"title":"Cleavage of fibrinogen alpha chains during isoelectric focusing of human plasma under non-denaturing conditions analyzed by micro two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry","authors":"T. Manabe, Ya Jin, Nao Yamaguchi, T. Sugiyama, Kohei Ikari","doi":"10.2198/JELECTROPH.51.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2198/JELECTROPH.51.27","url":null,"abstract":"The identity of low-molecular-weight and minor protein spots, appeared in 2-DE patterns of human plasma, was examined. They were not obvious in the patterns of “Type-I” 2-DE (non-denaturing IEF followed by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis), but clearly detected in the patterns of “Type II” 2-DE (non-denaturing IEF followed by SDS gel electrophoresis) at pI 5.5-7.5 and apparent mass 8-40 kDa1). The spots were not obviously detected when the IEF gels were kept at low temperature (around 4°C) during electrophoresis, suggesting that they are the proteolysis products of plasma proteins. The minor spots were more obviously detected when human plasma was subjected to ammonium sulfate (AS) fractionation and the 0-35% saturated AS fraction was dialyzed and subjected to Type-II 2-DE. Then the 116 spots on the 2-DE pattern, detected at pI 5-7.5 and apparent mass 8-60 kDa, were excised and subjected to MALDI-MS measurements and the mass spectra were analyzed using the software of peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) Mascot and ProFound to assign the proteins. Many of the spots were assigned to contain fibrinogen α chain, especially those at pI 5.5-7.5 and apparent mass 8-40 kDa, suggesting that these spots are its fragments. The distribution of the MS-detected peptide fragments suggested that the molecular-mass heterogeneity might be caused by the cleavage of multiple sites on the α chain. Care must be taken to keep the temperature of IEF gels at around 4°C during electrophoresis, when human plasma proteins are subjected to non-denaturing IEF. The absence of the spots of fibrinogen fragments on Type-II 2-DE gels would validate the intactness of plasma proteins. The advantages of micro gel system for the analysis of intact protein mixtures are suggested.","PeriodicalId":15059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of capillary electrophoresis","volume":"29 1","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87929212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to substitute SELECA-VSP for SEPARAX-SP, we investigated membrane performance difference among SELECA-VSP lots and among laboratories. We examined three lots of SELECA-VSP, namely T10, T12 and T14. Automated electrophoresis system for protein fraction test used are Olympus AES series in two laboratories and JOKOH CTE series in other two laboratories. The 4 laboratories assayed common serum samples as usual procedure of each laboratory.Among different membrane lots, good correlation between each two lot was observed in the five serum protein fractions. There was statistically significant difference among the membrane lots, however, it might be only due to good reproducibility and statistics. The bias was below clinical permission limit.Among laboratories, good correlation between each two laboratory was observed in the five serum protein fractions. The bias between laboratories is below permission limit, compared with bias detected from external quality assessment program for SEPARAX-SP.In conclusion, because the bias in membrane lots and laboratories can be ignored for laboratory diagnosis of serum protein fraction test, SELECA-VSP will come onto the market to make up for SEPARAX-SP.
{"title":"新規セルロースアセテート膜'セレカ-VSP'の血清タンパク分画検査への評価 : ロット間差および施設間差の多施設共同研究","authors":"弘子 渡邊, 綾 杉浦, 和子 大竹, 皓子 大竹, 深田 比呂子, 康司 堀井, 満 村田, 和代 中村, 秋恵 須郷, 栄治 宮島, 京子 宮﨑, 正芳 米山, 照夫 江上, 卓 渡邊, 芝 紀代子, 真人 前川","doi":"10.2198/SBK.51.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2198/SBK.51.135","url":null,"abstract":"In order to substitute SELECA-VSP for SEPARAX-SP, we investigated membrane performance difference among SELECA-VSP lots and among laboratories. We examined three lots of SELECA-VSP, namely T10, T12 and T14. Automated electrophoresis system for protein fraction test used are Olympus AES series in two laboratories and JOKOH CTE series in other two laboratories. The 4 laboratories assayed common serum samples as usual procedure of each laboratory.Among different membrane lots, good correlation between each two lot was observed in the five serum protein fractions. There was statistically significant difference among the membrane lots, however, it might be only due to good reproducibility and statistics. The bias was below clinical permission limit.Among laboratories, good correlation between each two laboratory was observed in the five serum protein fractions. The bias between laboratories is below permission limit, compared with bias detected from external quality assessment program for SEPARAX-SP.In conclusion, because the bias in membrane lots and laboratories can be ignored for laboratory diagnosis of serum protein fraction test, SELECA-VSP will come onto the market to make up for SEPARAX-SP.","PeriodicalId":15059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of capillary electrophoresis","volume":"28 1","pages":"135-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88684905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Serum protein fractionation has been performed by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane in clinical laboratory and has been applied to diagnostic procedure for pathological states. In Japan SEPARAX-SP (Fuji film Co.) has been used as the supporting media of cellulose acetate membrane for about twenty years and will finish its production soon. A new cellulose acetate membrane, SELECA-VSP (Toyo Roshi Kaisha Ltd.) has been developed instead of SEPARAX-SP. The SELECA-VSP has almost similar features and function. In this study we evaluated quality and utility of SELECA-VSP by automated electrophoresis system (Olympus AES320). Protein fractionation using SELECA-VSP was not worse than that of SEPARAX-SP. Separation sensitivity was higher in SELECA-VSP. However, irregularly smeared bands were sometimes observed adjacent to monoclonal protein bands. Areas of each fraction are highly correlated in between SEPARAX-SP and SELECA-VSP. The fraction area of α1-globulin was significantly different in SEPARAX-SP and SELECA-VSP, and about 0.01 g / dl higher in SELECA-VSP. After the presence of the difference is recognized, automated classification system for pathological states by protein fractionation could be utilized for routine laboratory testing.In conclusion, the new cellulose acetate membrane, SELECA-VSP will replace SEPARAX-SP as electrophoretic supporting media for serum protein fractionation.
{"title":"自動電気泳動装置（AES320）による新規セルロースアセテート膜，セレカ-VSPの臨床検査性能の評価","authors":"弘子 渡邊, 綾 杉浦, 真人 前川","doi":"10.2198/SBK.51.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2198/SBK.51.125","url":null,"abstract":"Serum protein fractionation has been performed by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane in clinical laboratory and has been applied to diagnostic procedure for pathological states. In Japan SEPARAX-SP (Fuji film Co.) has been used as the supporting media of cellulose acetate membrane for about twenty years and will finish its production soon. A new cellulose acetate membrane, SELECA-VSP (Toyo Roshi Kaisha Ltd.) has been developed instead of SEPARAX-SP. The SELECA-VSP has almost similar features and function. In this study we evaluated quality and utility of SELECA-VSP by automated electrophoresis system (Olympus AES320). Protein fractionation using SELECA-VSP was not worse than that of SEPARAX-SP. Separation sensitivity was higher in SELECA-VSP. However, irregularly smeared bands were sometimes observed adjacent to monoclonal protein bands. Areas of each fraction are highly correlated in between SEPARAX-SP and SELECA-VSP. The fraction area of α1-globulin was significantly different in SEPARAX-SP and SELECA-VSP, and about 0.01 g / dl higher in SELECA-VSP. After the presence of the difference is recognized, automated classification system for pathological states by protein fractionation could be utilized for routine laboratory testing.In conclusion, the new cellulose acetate membrane, SELECA-VSP will replace SEPARAX-SP as electrophoretic supporting media for serum protein fractionation.","PeriodicalId":15059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of capillary electrophoresis","volume":"22 1","pages":"125-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76627558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-01DOI: 10.2198/JELECTROPH.51.15
Y. Tsujimoto, N. Taguchi, Kiyoo Hirooka, Naohiro Tomari, Akiko Okami, T. Nishikawa, Y. Nakazawa, Kunihiko Watanabe, H. Matsui, Yoshihiro Yamamoto
Proteome analysis of membrane proteins by two-dimentional electrophoresis (2-DE) is still insufficient due to the problem of membrane proteins solubilization. Additionally, nucleic acids and lipids are known to interfere with the profile on 2-DE, and removal of these substances is often required. In this study, three reagents from Bio-X Inc. were used to remove these interfering substances from protein. Prior to loading, samples were treated with the reagents for 30-60 min at 30°C. Pretreatment with the reagents led to high-resolution separations of proteins. Here, we describe how sample pretreatment using the reagents improved proteomic maps of proteins extracted from Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To remove lipids enhanced the solubility and separation of membrane proteins from cells.
{"title":"Comparison of solubilization and preparation procedures for membrane-enriched proteome analysis","authors":"Y. Tsujimoto, N. Taguchi, Kiyoo Hirooka, Naohiro Tomari, Akiko Okami, T. Nishikawa, Y. Nakazawa, Kunihiko Watanabe, H. Matsui, Yoshihiro Yamamoto","doi":"10.2198/JELECTROPH.51.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2198/JELECTROPH.51.15","url":null,"abstract":"Proteome analysis of membrane proteins by two-dimentional electrophoresis (2-DE) is still insufficient due to the problem of membrane proteins solubilization. Additionally, nucleic acids and lipids are known to interfere with the profile on 2-DE, and removal of these substances is often required. In this study, three reagents from Bio-X Inc. were used to remove these interfering substances from protein. Prior to loading, samples were treated with the reagents for 30-60 min at 30°C. Pretreatment with the reagents led to high-resolution separations of proteins. Here, we describe how sample pretreatment using the reagents improved proteomic maps of proteins extracted from Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To remove lipids enhanced the solubility and separation of membrane proteins from cells.","PeriodicalId":15059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of capillary electrophoresis","volume":"78 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88103682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MS Spectrometer application in life sciences : Developments of sample preparation and differential analysis as a data analysis platform","authors":"Masato Ushiyama, Y. Ishizuka, J. Hirano","doi":"10.2198/SBK.51.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2198/SBK.51.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of capillary electrophoresis","volume":"1 1","pages":"7-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89644007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masako Nakahara, K. Saeki, Yoshiko Yogiashi, A. Kimura, A. Horiuchi, Naoko Nakamura, Asako Yoneda, Koichi Saeki, Satoko Matsuyama, Megumi Nakamura, T. Toda, Yasushi Kondo, Y. Kaburagi, A. Yuo
Global gene and protein expression analyses have had great impacts on scientific progresses in this new era of bioinformatics. Although studies using murine and human materials can fully exploit the large volume of their databases, there are quite a few inconveniences for an investigation on non-human primate materials due to still insufficient data collections. Here we examined the availability of human databases for the protein identification process using the two-dimensional electrophoresis-based proteomic study in cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem (ES) cells. Querying public human protein databases, we successfully identified multiple protein spots via mass spectrometric analysis using MALDI-TOF apparatus. The results of the protein identification were confirmed by western blotting using polyclonal antibodies raised against human epitopes. Interestingly, the results of western blotting further identified the existence of previously unreported multiple isoforms of common proteins including glycolytic pathway enzymes. Thus, combined analyses of the mass spectrometry querying the Homo sapience databases and the western blotting using polyclonal antibodies is highly effective in determining protein expressions in monkey cells. Our success in obtaining a draft protein expression profile of cynomolgus monkey ES cells will contribute to the promotion of non-human primate ES cell researches.
{"title":"The protein expression profile of cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: a successful identification of multiple proteins using human databases","authors":"Masako Nakahara, K. Saeki, Yoshiko Yogiashi, A. Kimura, A. Horiuchi, Naoko Nakamura, Asako Yoneda, Koichi Saeki, Satoko Matsuyama, Megumi Nakamura, T. Toda, Yasushi Kondo, Y. Kaburagi, A. Yuo","doi":"10.2198/JELECTROPH.51.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2198/JELECTROPH.51.1","url":null,"abstract":"Global gene and protein expression analyses have had great impacts on scientific progresses in this new era of bioinformatics. Although studies using murine and human materials can fully exploit the large volume of their databases, there are quite a few inconveniences for an investigation on non-human primate materials due to still insufficient data collections. Here we examined the availability of human databases for the protein identification process using the two-dimensional electrophoresis-based proteomic study in cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem (ES) cells. Querying public human protein databases, we successfully identified multiple protein spots via mass spectrometric analysis using MALDI-TOF apparatus. The results of the protein identification were confirmed by western blotting using polyclonal antibodies raised against human epitopes. Interestingly, the results of western blotting further identified the existence of previously unreported multiple isoforms of common proteins including glycolytic pathway enzymes. Thus, combined analyses of the mass spectrometry querying the Homo sapience databases and the western blotting using polyclonal antibodies is highly effective in determining protein expressions in monkey cells. Our success in obtaining a draft protein expression profile of cynomolgus monkey ES cells will contribute to the promotion of non-human primate ES cell researches.","PeriodicalId":15059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of capillary electrophoresis","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88754713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toyoji Sato, T. Kaneko, N. Ishikawa, Takako Toyama, S. Enomoto, T. Ōhashi, Yukio Shima, A. Kimura, H. Hatano, T. Uchiyama, Hiroyuki Segawa, Hiroto Kobayashi, T. Morita
Using a 5–20% (linear gradient) polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, we studied the urinary protein collected from a 14-year-old girl with osteosarcoma during high-dose methotrexate (MTX) and leucovorin rescue therapy. A distinct protein band of approximately 30 kDa (P-30 protein) was observed in addition to albumin. We have never before encountered a 30 kDa urinary protein. Therefore, we first studied the P-30 protein by peptide mass fingerprinting and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We obtained the amino acid sequence “YDPSLKPLSVSYDQATSLR”, which is the same as that of amino acids (40–58) of human carbonic anhydrase II (CAII). Then, we confirmed this protein by Western blotting using anti-human CAII antibody. This enzyme distributes widely in the human bodies, in erythrocytes, kidney, and pancreas. We considered that this CAII originated from the kidney in association with high-dose MTX and leucovorin rescue therapy.
{"title":"Carbonic anhydrase II was detected in urine of a patient with osteosarcoma during high-dose methotrexate and leucovorin rescue therapy","authors":"Toyoji Sato, T. Kaneko, N. Ishikawa, Takako Toyama, S. Enomoto, T. Ōhashi, Yukio Shima, A. Kimura, H. Hatano, T. Uchiyama, Hiroyuki Segawa, Hiroto Kobayashi, T. Morita","doi":"10.2198/JELECTROPH.51.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2198/JELECTROPH.51.9","url":null,"abstract":"Using a 5–20% (linear gradient) polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, we studied the urinary protein collected from a 14-year-old girl with osteosarcoma during high-dose methotrexate (MTX) and leucovorin rescue therapy. A distinct protein band of approximately 30 kDa (P-30 protein) was observed in addition to albumin. We have never before encountered a 30 kDa urinary protein. Therefore, we first studied the P-30 protein by peptide mass fingerprinting and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We obtained the amino acid sequence “YDPSLKPLSVSYDQATSLR”, which is the same as that of amino acids (40–58) of human carbonic anhydrase II (CAII). Then, we confirmed this protein by Western blotting using anti-human CAII antibody. This enzyme distributes widely in the human bodies, in erythrocytes, kidney, and pancreas. We considered that this CAII originated from the kidney in association with high-dose MTX and leucovorin rescue therapy.","PeriodicalId":15059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of capillary electrophoresis","volume":"37 1","pages":"9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78400335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stable supply of the cellulose acetate membrane (SEPARAX-SP) for electrophoresis support media became difficult with production device deterioration. Therefore, Toyo Roshi Kaisha, Ltd. was transferred production technology from Fuji Co. and tried to develop a new membrane with similar performance. At the beginning physical properties of the membrane differed slightly possibly due to the difference of production device; however, recently a new membrane with similar performance to SEPARAX-SP has been completed and named SELECA-VSP.Physical properties, such as tearing strength and elasticity, electrophoretic properties of SELECA-VSP were similar to those of SEPARAX-SP. By scanning electron microscope, SELECA-VSP membrane surface and cross section showed similar image and uniformly pored.To investigate a practical use of SELECA-VSP in clinical laboratory, a working group was organized by Japanese Electrophoresis Society and has examined basic and clinical performance of SELECA-VSP. Because the results have been revealed almost good performance, we go on developing for placing SELECA-VSP on the market.
{"title":"セパラックス-SP（富士フイルム製）からセレカ-VSP（東洋濾紙製）への移行","authors":"英孝 岡田, 俊憲 新城","doi":"10.2198/sbk.51.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2198/sbk.51.101","url":null,"abstract":"The stable supply of the cellulose acetate membrane (SEPARAX-SP) for electrophoresis support media became difficult with production device deterioration. Therefore, Toyo Roshi Kaisha, Ltd. was transferred production technology from Fuji Co. and tried to develop a new membrane with similar performance. At the beginning physical properties of the membrane differed slightly possibly due to the difference of production device; however, recently a new membrane with similar performance to SEPARAX-SP has been completed and named SELECA-VSP.Physical properties, such as tearing strength and elasticity, electrophoretic properties of SELECA-VSP were similar to those of SEPARAX-SP. By scanning electron microscope, SELECA-VSP membrane surface and cross section showed similar image and uniformly pored.To investigate a practical use of SELECA-VSP in clinical laboratory, a working group was organized by Japanese Electrophoresis Society and has examined basic and clinical performance of SELECA-VSP. Because the results have been revealed almost good performance, we go on developing for placing SELECA-VSP on the market.","PeriodicalId":15059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of capillary electrophoresis","volume":"1 1","pages":"101-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88848793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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