The objective of this paper was to investigate the inhibition of acid descaling and pickling effects on API 5CT carbon steel using Schiff base ligand (C24H21N5O2) in 1 M H2SO4 solution using Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Weight Loss (WL) techniques. FTIR spectroscopy shows that there was a strong adsorption of SFBL on the carbon steel surface due to formation of a complex surface film. Corrosion rate of carbon steel decreased exceedingly from 0.0155 to 0.0002 while inhibition efficiency of SFBL rose from 78.8 % to 98.9 % between 20 ppm and 100 ppm respectively. PDP measurements revealed a mixed type inhibitor. EIS measurement reveals that the increasing charge transfer resistance was directly proportional to the increase inhibitor concentration and the double layer capacitance dropped from 1.98 to 0.61 indicating a stronger inhibition.
{"title":"Inhibition of Acid Descaling and Pickling Effects on API 5CT Carbon Steel Using Schiff Base Ligand (C24H21N5O2) in 1 M H2SO4 Solution","authors":"B. Ugi","doi":"10.4314/jasem.v28i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper was to investigate the inhibition of acid descaling and pickling effects on API 5CT carbon steel using Schiff base ligand (C24H21N5O2) in 1 M H2SO4 solution using Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Weight Loss (WL) techniques. FTIR spectroscopy shows that there was a strong adsorption of SFBL on the carbon steel surface due to formation of a complex surface film. Corrosion rate of carbon steel decreased exceedingly from 0.0155 to 0.0002 while inhibition efficiency of SFBL rose from 78.8 % to 98.9 % between 20 ppm and 100 ppm respectively. PDP measurements revealed a mixed type inhibitor. EIS measurement reveals that the increasing charge transfer resistance was directly proportional to the increase inhibitor concentration and the double layer capacitance dropped from 1.98 to 0.61 indicating a stronger inhibition.","PeriodicalId":15093,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140433715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. T. Mathew, A. Inobeme, M. Musah, Y. Azeh, A. Abdullahi, E. Y. Shaba, A. M. Salihu, E. B. Muhammad, J. G. Josiah, N. A. Jibrin, H. Ismail, A. I. Muhammad, J. Maurice, A. Mamman, M. M. Ndamitso
Green approach on wastewater treatment strategies aims to promote sustainable and environmentally friendly methods for treating wastewater while also reducing the environmental impact of traditional wastewater treatment processes. Hence, the objective of this paper was to undertake a critical review of green approach on wastewater treatment strategies using standard techniques of harvesting data from secondary sources from 2015 to 2023. Information obtained reveals that energy-efficient treatment technologies, such as anaerobic digestion and membrane bioreactors, use less energy than traditional treatment technologies. Treating wastewater for reuse can reduce the demand for freshwater resources and the energy required for water treatment. Onsite wastewater treatment systems, such as septic systems and composting toilets, can reduce the amount of wastewater that needs to be transported and treated at centralized facilities. Incorporating green infrastructure, such as rain gardens and permeable pavement, into urban areas can help reduce the amount of stormwater runoff that enters the wastewater treatment system. Extracting nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, from wastewater can be used as a fertilizer for crops, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. Overall, these green wastewater treatment strategies aim to reduce the energy consumption, chemical usage, and environmental impact of traditional wastewater treatment processes, while promoting sustainable and efficient use of resources.
{"title":"A Critical Review of Green Approach on Wastewater Treatment Strategies","authors":"J. T. Mathew, A. Inobeme, M. Musah, Y. Azeh, A. Abdullahi, E. Y. Shaba, A. M. Salihu, E. B. Muhammad, J. G. Josiah, N. A. Jibrin, H. Ismail, A. I. Muhammad, J. Maurice, A. Mamman, M. M. Ndamitso","doi":"10.4314/jasem.v28i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Green approach on wastewater treatment strategies aims to promote sustainable and environmentally friendly methods for treating wastewater while also reducing the environmental impact of traditional wastewater treatment processes. Hence, the objective of this paper was to undertake a critical review of green approach on wastewater treatment strategies using standard techniques of harvesting data from secondary sources from 2015 to 2023. Information obtained reveals that energy-efficient treatment technologies, such as anaerobic digestion and membrane bioreactors, use less energy than traditional treatment technologies. Treating wastewater for reuse can reduce the demand for freshwater resources and the energy required for water treatment. Onsite wastewater treatment systems, such as septic systems and composting toilets, can reduce the amount of wastewater that needs to be transported and treated at centralized facilities. Incorporating green infrastructure, such as rain gardens and permeable pavement, into urban areas can help reduce the amount of stormwater runoff that enters the wastewater treatment system. Extracting nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, from wastewater can be used as a fertilizer for crops, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. Overall, these green wastewater treatment strategies aim to reduce the energy consumption, chemical usage, and environmental impact of traditional wastewater treatment processes, while promoting sustainable and efficient use of resources.","PeriodicalId":15093,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140433755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Olopade, E. I. Akinola, M. E. Philemon, I. Mohammed, S. Ajao, S. O. Sangoniyi, G. Adeniran
A new model for the transmission of a pneumonia epidemic, considering awareness and a mass action incidence function, is presented. Stability analyses for disease-free and endemic equilibrium points are conducted. The Basic Reproduction Number (Ro) for pneumonia with awareness is defined and analyzed, showing stability when (Ro < 1) and transitioning to an endemic state when (Ro > 1) . Additionally, a special case is highlighted where the Basic Reproduction Number (Ro*) (without awareness) is greater than (Ro). Basic Reproduction Number with awareness, i.e. (Ro* = 1.0965 > Ro = 0.8772). Furthermore, a numerical simulation is provided to depict how awareness influences the dynamic management of the disease. The results underscore the crucial role of awareness in educating the public about infection risks, ultimately contributing to a decrease in the health burden by mitigating the epidemic peak.
{"title":"Modeling the Mathematical Transmission of a Pneumonia Epidemic Model with Awareness","authors":"I. Olopade, E. I. Akinola, M. E. Philemon, I. Mohammed, S. Ajao, S. O. Sangoniyi, G. Adeniran","doi":"10.4314/jasem.v28i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"A new model for the transmission of a pneumonia epidemic, considering awareness and a mass action incidence function, is presented. Stability analyses for disease-free and endemic equilibrium points are conducted. The Basic Reproduction Number (Ro) for pneumonia with awareness is defined and analyzed, showing stability when (Ro < 1) and transitioning to an endemic state when (Ro > 1) . Additionally, a special case is highlighted where the Basic Reproduction Number (Ro*) (without awareness) is greater than (Ro). Basic Reproduction Number with awareness, i.e. (Ro* = 1.0965 > Ro = 0.8772). Furthermore, a numerical simulation is provided to depict how awareness influences the dynamic management of the disease. The results underscore the crucial role of awareness in educating the public about infection risks, ultimately contributing to a decrease in the health burden by mitigating the epidemic peak.","PeriodicalId":15093,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140433235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The co-ordinates of the area studied are within latitudes 5o29ˈ to 5o51ˈN and longitudes 7o29ˈ to 8o00ˈE. The Nsukka Formation in the studied area consists of two facies associations; limestone-shale and cross bedded sandstone. The Limestone-shale facies association consists of the following lithofacies; rippled clayey sandstone, carbonaceous shale, heterolithic sandstone-shale, laminated grey shale, fossiliferous limestone, Fine grained sandstone, Silty shale, Medium grained sandstone and carbonaceous sandstone. The cross bedded sandstone facies association consists of only cross bedded sandstone. Representative samples of these rocks from Ohafia area were collected and stored in a polythene bag for further investigations. XRF analyses were carried out on these rock samples. The XRF oxide content of elements in sample OHA 1 of original rock was found to be CaO (76.00), Fe₂O₃ (8.35), SiO₂ (7.13), Al₂O₃ (2.46), SO₃ (2.29) and MgO (1.81) with other oxides in minor quantities. The shale-limestone lithofacies of OHA 2 of the same rock showed CaO (85.90), SiO₂ (5.13), MgO (2.56), Al₂O₃ (1.80), SO₃ (1.71), Fe₂O₃ (1.20) and P₂O₅ (1.02) with other oxides in minor quantities. OHA 3 of cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies contains SiO₂ (52.70), Fe₂O₃ (14.10), Al₂O₃ (14.50), MgO (3.74), CaO (9.00), TiO₂ (2.54), K₂O (1.41) and Cl (0.12) with other oxides in minor quantities. For OHA 4 through the XRF indicates Chloride (Cl), CaO and SiO2 contains 79.60%, 0.58% and 3.52%. The samples showed that major component were SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO and TiO₂. The presence of CaO was determined to be deposited on the surface of debris of rocks in the area. It was observed that the occurrence of CaO is amorphous in nature and not crystalline.
{"title":"Evaluation of Presence of Quicklime (CaO) in Ohafia-Arochukwu Areas of Nsukka Formation, Afikpo Basin, Southeastern Nigeria","authors":"C. Ugwueze, M. U. Uzoegbu","doi":"10.4314/jasem.v28i2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.25","url":null,"abstract":"The co-ordinates of the area studied are within latitudes 5o29ˈ to 5o51ˈN and longitudes 7o29ˈ to 8o00ˈE. The Nsukka Formation in the studied area consists of two facies associations; limestone-shale and cross bedded sandstone. The Limestone-shale facies association consists of the following lithofacies; rippled clayey sandstone, carbonaceous shale, heterolithic sandstone-shale, laminated grey shale, fossiliferous limestone, Fine grained sandstone, Silty shale, Medium grained sandstone and carbonaceous sandstone. The cross bedded sandstone facies association consists of only cross bedded sandstone. Representative samples of these rocks from Ohafia area were collected and stored in a polythene bag for further investigations. XRF analyses were carried out on these rock samples. The XRF oxide content of elements in sample OHA 1 of original rock was found to be CaO (76.00), Fe₂O₃ (8.35), SiO₂ (7.13), Al₂O₃ (2.46), SO₃ (2.29) and MgO (1.81) with other oxides in minor quantities. The shale-limestone lithofacies of OHA 2 of the same rock showed CaO (85.90), SiO₂ (5.13), MgO (2.56), Al₂O₃ (1.80), SO₃ (1.71), Fe₂O₃ (1.20) and P₂O₅ (1.02) with other oxides in minor quantities. OHA 3 of cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies contains SiO₂ (52.70), Fe₂O₃ (14.10), Al₂O₃ (14.50), MgO (3.74), CaO (9.00), TiO₂ (2.54), K₂O (1.41) and Cl (0.12) with other oxides in minor quantities. For OHA 4 through the XRF indicates Chloride (Cl), CaO and SiO2 contains 79.60%, 0.58% and 3.52%. The samples showed that major component were SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO and TiO₂. The presence of CaO was determined to be deposited on the surface of debris of rocks in the area. It was observed that the occurrence of CaO is amorphous in nature and not crystalline.","PeriodicalId":15093,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management","volume":"9 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140432356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aluminum alloy have versatile applications and can be produced via a cost-effective squeeze casting technique. Existing literature has revealed that squeeze casting enhances the mechanical properties of cast products and has the advantage of producing products almost without porosity. However, squeeze casting is faced with some challenges including extrusion segregations, centerline segregation, and oxide inclusion, porosity, blistering, under fill, sticking, hot tearing, case debonding, and shrinkages. In view of minimizing these defects, casting should be done applying optimal parameters that will yield the desired result. The present study focused on the optimization of squeeze parameters of squeeze pressure, pressure duration, pouring temperature, initial die temperature in the production of the aluminium alloy (Al-12%Si). Evaluated responses are yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. The results showed that the process parameters had statistical significance on all properties at 95 % confidence level. Combined interactions of these parameters also presented significant effects on the property responses. Optimum setting for process factors as regards yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were evaluated 150MPa, 15seconds, 700oC and150oC for squeeze pressure, pressure duration, pouring temperature and initial die temperature respectively. The results obtained for the three responses which are yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, were 302.86MPa and 347.72MPa respectively.
{"title":"Optimization of Selected Squeeze Casting Parameters on the Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy","authors":"E. V. Ojarigho, J. A. Akpobi, E. Evoke","doi":"10.4314/jasem.v28i2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum alloy have versatile applications and can be produced via a cost-effective squeeze casting technique. Existing literature has revealed that squeeze casting enhances the mechanical properties of cast products and has the advantage of producing products almost without porosity. However, squeeze casting is faced with some challenges including extrusion segregations, centerline segregation, and oxide inclusion, porosity, blistering, under fill, sticking, hot tearing, case debonding, and shrinkages. In view of minimizing these defects, casting should be done applying optimal parameters that will yield the desired result. The present study focused on the optimization of squeeze parameters of squeeze pressure, pressure duration, pouring temperature, initial die temperature in the production of the aluminium alloy (Al-12%Si). Evaluated responses are yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. The results showed that the process parameters had statistical significance on all properties at 95 % confidence level. Combined interactions of these parameters also presented significant effects on the property responses. Optimum setting for process factors as regards yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were evaluated 150MPa, 15seconds, 700oC and150oC for squeeze pressure, pressure duration, pouring temperature and initial die temperature respectively. The results obtained for the three responses which are yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, were 302.86MPa and 347.72MPa respectively.","PeriodicalId":15093,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management","volume":"6 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140432930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the global stability of the endemic equilibrium point of triple co-infection of malaria, dengue, and typhoid. By using an appropriate Lyapunov function, the results show that the model is globally asymptotically stable. This implies that the diseases can be eradicated or kept at low levels, regardless of the population. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to identify the most sensitive parameter. The results indicate that strategies to reduce malaria and dengue fever vectors should be prioritized to curb the spread of the diseases. Additionally, minimizing exposure to contaminated water and food, as well as reducing the discharge of typhoid bacteria into the environment, can help to reduce or curb the spread of typhoid in the environment.
{"title":"Global stability and Sensitivity Analysis of Malaria, Dengue and Typhoid Triple Infection","authors":"T. Oluwafemi, E. Azuaba, D. Bako, J. Dayap","doi":"10.4314/jasem.v28i2.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.27","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the global stability of the endemic equilibrium point of triple co-infection of malaria, dengue, and typhoid. By using an appropriate Lyapunov function, the results show that the model is globally asymptotically stable. This implies that the diseases can be eradicated or kept at low levels, regardless of the population. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to identify the most sensitive parameter. The results indicate that strategies to reduce malaria and dengue fever vectors should be prioritized to curb the spread of the diseases. Additionally, minimizing exposure to contaminated water and food, as well as reducing the discharge of typhoid bacteria into the environment, can help to reduce or curb the spread of typhoid in the environment.","PeriodicalId":15093,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140433027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considering that about 80 % of the world population uses herbs for the treatment of illnesses and the contamination that is prevalent at electronic waste (e-waste) disposal sites, this study evaluated the concentrations of heavy metals and health risks in the use and consumption of Rhynchospora corymbosa, Pentodon pentandrus and Cyclosorus dentatus, herbs commonly found in electronic waste disposal site in Lagos State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the plant were: 100.78±0.91, 0.16±0.02, 25.68±0.44, 258.94±1.62, and 8.51±0.04 mg/kg for Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Cr, respectively. Pentodon pentandrus had the highest Pb, Cu and Ni concentrations, Cyclosorus dentatus had the highest Cd concentration while Rhynchospora corymbosa recorded the highest concentration of Cr. The bio-accumulation factor of Cu in Pentodon pentandrus and in Rhynchospora corymbosa and of Cr in Rhynchospora corymbosa were higher than 1. The estimated daily intake of Pb and Ni in Pentodon pentandrus, Cyclosorus dentatus and Rhynchospora corymbosa exceeded the Provisional Maximum Tolerable Intake, indicating an intolerable risk to the consumers’ health. The hazard index of each of the plants indicates that the cumulative health effects of the heavy metals would cause potential health hazards to the consumers. This useful information gives an accurate indication of the levels of contamination of the plants and the potential health risk effects of the consumption of these herbs from the dumpsite.
{"title":"Concentration and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Herbs from Electronic Waste Disposal Site in Lagos State, Nigeria","authors":"N. C. Orji","doi":"10.4314/jasem.v28i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Considering that about 80 % of the world population uses herbs for the treatment of illnesses and the contamination that is prevalent at electronic waste (e-waste) disposal sites, this study evaluated the concentrations of heavy metals and health risks in the use and consumption of Rhynchospora corymbosa, Pentodon pentandrus and Cyclosorus dentatus, herbs commonly found in electronic waste disposal site in Lagos State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the plant were: 100.78±0.91, 0.16±0.02, 25.68±0.44, 258.94±1.62, and 8.51±0.04 mg/kg for Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Cr, respectively. Pentodon pentandrus had the highest Pb, Cu and Ni concentrations, Cyclosorus dentatus had the highest Cd concentration while Rhynchospora corymbosa recorded the highest concentration of Cr. The bio-accumulation factor of Cu in Pentodon pentandrus and in Rhynchospora corymbosa and of Cr in Rhynchospora corymbosa were higher than 1. The estimated daily intake of Pb and Ni in Pentodon pentandrus, Cyclosorus dentatus and Rhynchospora corymbosa exceeded the Provisional Maximum Tolerable Intake, indicating an intolerable risk to the consumers’ health. The hazard index of each of the plants indicates that the cumulative health effects of the heavy metals would cause potential health hazards to the consumers. This useful information gives an accurate indication of the levels of contamination of the plants and the potential health risk effects of the consumption of these herbs from the dumpsite.","PeriodicalId":15093,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management","volume":"8 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140433046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to provide the source identification and assessment of potential health associated with some organic contaminant detected in water and suspended particle matter (SPM) from the Imo River, Nigeria using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) after 1:1 ratio solvent mixture (n-hexane and dichloromethane) extraction. The findings on SPM revealed the values; pH (5.42±0.097-5.567±0.057), conductivity (74.58±5.390-87.6±0.9 uS/cm), and total organic carbon (TOC) (3.626±0.366-6.143±0.176), and surface water; pH (6.077±0.049-6.46±0.52), conductivity (49.03±1.430- 58.12±0.553 uS/cm). The total concentrations of both low and high molecular PAHs in SPM recorded at stations1-3 were 4.384 mg/kg, 16.87 mg/kg, and (22.69 mg/kg); surface water 2.329 mg/L, 7.428 mg/L and 6.657 mg/L. The source apportionment of PAHs in SPM and surface water via molecular diagnostic ratios identified both petrogenic source (crude oil, petroleum spillages, and seepages) and pyrogenic sources (combustion of grass, wood, coal, and gas flaring). A further analysis with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed two principal components, with 65.568% for component 1 and 34.432% for component 2 for SPM, and 62.80% for principal components and 37.2% for principal component 2 for surface water. The correlation analysis of PAHs affirmed common sources such as petrogenic and pyrogenic origins. The toxic equivalent factor of total benzo(a)pyrene for 6 ∑PAHs in SPM was recorded as 3.693 mg/kg, 1.605 mg/kg, and 0.453 mg/kg; surface water was recorded as 0.823 mg/L, 1.858 mg/L, and 0.353 mg/L, while the mutagenic equivalency quantities of SPM were recorded as 3.693mg/kg, 1.146 mg/kg, and 0.316 mg/kg; surface water 0.739 mg/L, 0.938, and 0.577 for stations 1-3. The effect of carcinogenic PAHs in SPM was higher in adults than in children, with regards to ILCR analysis. Users of Imo Rivers should be guided on the exposure of SPM and surface water since the toxic, mutagenic, and cancer risk levels of the river are above the permissible limit in some stations.
{"title":"Source Apportionment and Health Risk of Some Organic Contaminants in Water and Suspended Particulate Matter from Imo River, Nigeria","authors":"P. J. Nna, K. J. Orie, N. A. S. Kalu","doi":"10.4314/jasem.v28i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to provide the source identification and assessment of potential health associated with some organic contaminant detected in water and suspended particle matter (SPM) from the Imo River, Nigeria using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) after 1:1 ratio solvent mixture (n-hexane and dichloromethane) extraction. The findings on SPM revealed the values; pH (5.42±0.097-5.567±0.057), conductivity (74.58±5.390-87.6±0.9 uS/cm), and total organic carbon (TOC) (3.626±0.366-6.143±0.176), and surface water; pH (6.077±0.049-6.46±0.52), conductivity (49.03±1.430- 58.12±0.553 uS/cm). The total concentrations of both low and high molecular PAHs in SPM recorded at stations1-3 were 4.384 mg/kg, 16.87 mg/kg, and (22.69 mg/kg); surface water 2.329 mg/L, 7.428 mg/L and 6.657 mg/L. The source apportionment of PAHs in SPM and surface water via molecular diagnostic ratios identified both petrogenic source (crude oil, petroleum spillages, and seepages) and pyrogenic sources (combustion of grass, wood, coal, and gas flaring). A further analysis with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed two principal components, with 65.568% for component 1 and 34.432% for component 2 for SPM, and 62.80% for principal components and 37.2% for principal component 2 for surface water. The correlation analysis of PAHs affirmed common sources such as petrogenic and pyrogenic origins. The toxic equivalent factor of total benzo(a)pyrene for 6 ∑PAHs in SPM was recorded as 3.693 mg/kg, 1.605 mg/kg, and 0.453 mg/kg; surface water was recorded as 0.823 mg/L, 1.858 mg/L, and 0.353 mg/L, while the mutagenic equivalency quantities of SPM were recorded as 3.693mg/kg, 1.146 mg/kg, and 0.316 mg/kg; surface water 0.739 mg/L, 0.938, and 0.577 for stations 1-3. The effect of carcinogenic PAHs in SPM was higher in adults than in children, with regards to ILCR analysis. Users of Imo Rivers should be guided on the exposure of SPM and surface water since the toxic, mutagenic, and cancer risk levels of the river are above the permissible limit in some stations.","PeriodicalId":15093,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140433376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Globalisation has given rise to an increase in the amount of noise generated around us, such that man has adjusted to this increment without considering the possible risks associated with it. This study aims to measure the equivalent noise level in eighteen (18) locations in some commercial areas of Warri and Benin Metropolis in Nigeria using a noise level metre (Model: CEL-231). The assessment was done twice daily, during the day and at night. The results obtained revealed that the daytime equivalent noise level of both cities ranged from 48–68, 78–102 dBA for minimum and maximum noise levels, while the nighttime equivalent noise level ranged from 39–59, 59–83 dBA for minimum and maximum levels, respectively. It was observed that the daytime noise level values in some locations for both cities were higher than the nighttime values and also higher than the recommended standard noise quality description for daytime and nighttime duration as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and some existing literature in Nigeria and across the globe. The reason for this noise level elevation is due to the activities of automobiles and tricycles plying the road incessantly, and again, these are major industrial cities with a lot of activities during the daytime. However, it can be recommended that those whose daily activities confine them to areas with unhealthy noise levels ensure at least 10 hours of recovery time in areas where the sound level is less than 65 dBA and also encourage the planting of trees in this vicinity
{"title":"Evaluation of Equivalent Noise Levels across Some Commercial Areas of Warri and Benin Metropolis in Nigeria","authors":"A. Akpolile, A. C. Tobi, F. E. Abdul","doi":"10.4314/jasem.v28i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Globalisation has given rise to an increase in the amount of noise generated around us, such that man has adjusted to this increment without considering the possible risks associated with it. This study aims to measure the equivalent noise level in eighteen (18) locations in some commercial areas of Warri and Benin Metropolis in Nigeria using a noise level metre (Model: CEL-231). The assessment was done twice daily, during the day and at night. The results obtained revealed that the daytime equivalent noise level of both cities ranged from 48–68, 78–102 dBA for minimum and maximum noise levels, while the nighttime equivalent noise level ranged from 39–59, 59–83 dBA for minimum and maximum levels, respectively. It was observed that the daytime noise level values in some locations for both cities were higher than the nighttime values and also higher than the recommended standard noise quality description for daytime and nighttime duration as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and some existing literature in Nigeria and across the globe. The reason for this noise level elevation is due to the activities of automobiles and tricycles plying the road incessantly, and again, these are major industrial cities with a lot of activities during the daytime. However, it can be recommended that those whose daily activities confine them to areas with unhealthy noise levels ensure at least 10 hours of recovery time in areas where the sound level is less than 65 dBA and also encourage the planting of trees in this vicinity","PeriodicalId":15093,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140432321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In traditional medicine, Commelina erecta L. has been used as antiviral, for the treatment of hemorrhages, skin rashes and sores, and for the treatment of infections. It is also used as a wild edible plant in salads, preserves or decorating the dishes. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the morpho-anatomical and epidermal properties of Commelina erecta L of Commelinaceae using appropriate standard methods. Results revealed C. erecta as a Broadleaf and vivacious branching up to 20 to 55 cm in length as it trails and roots at nodes, having leaves which are elliptical, oval to lanceolate and sub sessile about 2.5 ± 0.5 cm long and 1.5 ± 0.5 cm wide; the leaf sheath is closed and united at base. The stomata are anomocytic, tetracytic and paracytic stomata with pentagonal to heptagonal epidermal cells and trichomes (piloses) including glandular trichomes which are amphistomatic. Anatomical sections showcased root pith, vascular bundles scattered and concentrated towards the ground tissues. These information would assist for further delimitation of the species.
{"title":"Investigation of the Morpho-Anatomical and Epidermal Properties of Commelina erecta L.","authors":"C. Wahua, R. B. Peter","doi":"10.4314/jasem.v28i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"In traditional medicine, Commelina erecta L. has been used as antiviral, for the treatment of hemorrhages, skin rashes and sores, and for the treatment of infections. It is also used as a wild edible plant in salads, preserves or decorating the dishes. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the morpho-anatomical and epidermal properties of Commelina erecta L of Commelinaceae using appropriate standard methods. Results revealed C. erecta as a Broadleaf and vivacious branching up to 20 to 55 cm in length as it trails and roots at nodes, having leaves which are elliptical, oval to lanceolate and sub sessile about 2.5 ± 0.5 cm long and 1.5 ± 0.5 cm wide; the leaf sheath is closed and united at base. The stomata are anomocytic, tetracytic and paracytic stomata with pentagonal to heptagonal epidermal cells and trichomes (piloses) including glandular trichomes which are amphistomatic. Anatomical sections showcased root pith, vascular bundles scattered and concentrated towards the ground tissues. These information would assist for further delimitation of the species.","PeriodicalId":15093,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140432697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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