Journal of cancer research and therapeutics最新文献

Introduction: Intraoperative electron radiation therapy (IOERT) is one of the most recently popular therapeutic methods for breast cancer. This study aimed to measure the skin dose near the applicator during IOERT of breast cancer patients, as well as, the incidence of acute toxicity after surgery.

Materials and methods: Thirty-six female patients participated in the current study with the prescribed dose of 21 and 12 Gy for IOERT as full and boost, respectively. The skin dose was investigated based on different applicator sizes, tumor bed thicknesses, and monitor units (MUs). The energy was chosen 8 MeV, and EBT3 film was used for the dosimetric process. In addition, the acute toxicity included healing time for the surgical wound, scaling of the skin, itching, necrosis, redness as well as seroma formation for 1 week and 1 month were recorded. The results were compared to those of 22 patients who underwent the surgery without IOERT.

Results: The highest skin dose for the patients was obtained 2.09 Gy, which is lower than the threshold dose (6 Gy). Furthermore, the findings showed that the average skin dose was higher in bigger applicator sizes and MU and lower tumor bed thicknesses. The average of wound healing for the patient underwent IOERT and without the use of IOERT (as the control group) was 19.32 and 11.67 days, respectively. One month after surgery, the volume of aspirated seroma was higher in the patients who performed IOERT compared to the control group (250 ml vs. 200 ml). It is notable that there were not observed any redness, itching, scaling, and necrosis in both investigated groups.

Conclusion: Owing to the results, the skin dose during IOERT was lower than the recommended level. The dose of IOERT as a full was higher than boost which can be related to the lower number of the patients in full method; however, there was a well-tolerated without severe acute complication, especially seroma formation and wound healing time in both full and boost methods.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are effective treatment options for both early-stage and advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Because of AIs are used long term in adjuvant therapy, side effects are also very important. It is considered that AIs may affect cognitive functions by decreasing the level of estrogen in the brain. The purpose of our study is that evaluate the relationship between duration of treatment and cognitive functions in patients with breast cancer who use AIs in adjuvant therapy.

Methods: Two-hundred patients diagnosed with breast cancer who were treated with AIs as adjuvant treatment were included. The patients were surveyed for demographic characteristics. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMT) tests were performed to evaluate patients' cognitive functions. The total scores of the tests and the orientation, short-time memory, visuospatial functions, attention, language, executive functions which are the MoCA subscales were evaluated separately. Patients were grouped as 0-6, 6-12, 12-24, 24-36, 36, and more months according to the duration of AIs using time.

Results: The total MoCA and SMMT scores were affected by factors such as age, education level, and employment status. There was no relationship between duration of treatment and cognitive functions in patients with breast cancer who use AIs in adjuvant therapy (P > 0.05). In addition, no statistically relationship was found in the evaluation of MoCA subscales (P > 0.05).

Discussion: Prolonged adjuvant treatment with AIs does not affect cognitive functions in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients.

Purpose: To estimate the fitting parameters of the sigmoidal dose response (SDR) curve of radiation-induced acute proctitis in prostate cancer patients treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for the calculation of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP).

Materials and methods: Twenty-five prostate cancer patients were enrolled and evaluated weekly for acute radiation-induced (ARI) proctitis toxicity. Their scoring was performed as per common terminology criteria for adverse events version 5.0. The radiobiological parameters namely n, m, TD₅₀, and γ₅₀ were calculated from the fitted SDR curve obtained from the clinical data of prostate cancer patients.

Results: ARI toxicity for rectum in carcinoma of prostate patients was calculated for the endpoint of acute proctitis. The n, m, TD₅₀, and γ₅₀ parameters from the SDR curve of Grade 1 and Grade 2 acute proctitis are found to be 0.13, 0.10, 30.48 ± 1.52 (confidence interval [CI] 95%), 3.18 and 0.08, 0.10, 44.37 ± 2.21 (CI 95%), 4.76 respectively.

Conclusion: This study presents the fitting parameters for NTCP calculation of Grade-1 and Grade-2 ARI rectum toxicity for the endpoint of acute proctitis. The provided nomograms of volume versus complication and dose versus complication for different grades of acute proctitis in the rectum help radiation oncologists to decide the limiting dose to reduce the acute toxicities.

Introduction: With innovation of medical imaging, radiotherapy attempts to conform the high dose region to the planning target volume (PTV). The present work aimed to assess the angle of concavity in PTV can be adopted as selection criteria for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) technique in Brain tumors.

Materials and methods: Thirty previously irradiated patients with brain tumors were replanned with both 3DCRT and IMRT technique. Angle of concavity (dip) in the PTV near the organs at risk was measured in the contoured structure set images of each patient. These cases were divided into three groups where angles were 0°, >120° and <120°. Dose of 60 Gy/30# was fixed.

Results: In Group 1, the IMRT plan had better TV95% as compared to 3DCRT respectively with significant P value (P = 0.002). Mean of conformity index (CI) and Homogeneity Index (HI) were comparable. For Group 2 (angle >120°), the IMRT plan had better TV95% as compared to 3DCRT respectively with a significant P value (P = 0.021). HI and CI were not significant. For Group 3 (<120°), IMRT plan had better TV95% as compared to 3DCRT respectively with a significant P value (P = 0.001). HI and CI were better in IMRT arm with significant P value.

Conclusion: The results from this study showed that the angle of concavity can be considered as an additional objective tool for selection criteria whether tumor can be treated with IMRT or 3DCRT. Tumors where angle of concavity was <120°, HI and CI provided more uniformity and conformity of dose distribution inside PTV with significant P values.

A biomarker is a measurable indicator used to distinguish precisely/objectively either normal biological state/pathological condition/response to a specific therapeutic intervention. The use of novel molecular biomarkers within evidence-based medicine may improve the diagnosis/treatment of disease, improve health outcomes, and reduce the disease's socio-economic impact. Presently cancer biomarkers are the backbone of therapy, with greater efficacy and better survival rates. Cancer biomarkers are extensively used to treat cancer and monitor the disease's progress, drug response, relapses, and drug resistance. The highest percent of all biomarkers explored are in the domain of cancer. Extensive research using various methods/tissues is carried out for identifying biomarkers for early detection, which has been mostly unsuccessful. The quantitative/qualitative detection of various biomarkers in different tissues should ideally be done in accordance with qualification rules laid down by the Early Detection Research Network (EDRN), Program for the Assessment of Clinical Cancer Tests (PACCT), and National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. Many biomarkers are presently under investigation, but lacunae lie in the biomarker's sensitivity and specificity. An ideal biomarker should be quantifiable, reliable, of considerable high/low expression, correlate with the outcome progression, cost-effective, and consistent across gender and ethnic groups. Further, we also highlight that these biomarkers' application remains questionable in childhood malignancies due to the lack of reference values in the pediatric population. The development of a cancer biomarker stands very challenging due to its complexity and sensitivity/resistance to the therapy. In past decades, the cross-talks between molecular pathways have been targeted to study the nature of cancer. To generate sensitive and specific biomarkers representing the pathogenesis of specific cancer, predicting the treatment responses and outcomes would necessitate inclusion of multiple biomarkers.

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the fitting parameters of sigmoidal dose-response (SDR) curve of radiation-induced acute rectal mucositis in pelvic cancer patients treated with Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) for the calculation of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP).

Materials and methods: Thirty cervical cancer patients were enrolled to model the SDR curve for rectal mucositis. The patients were evaluated weekly for acute radiation-induced (ARI) rectal mucositis toxicity and their scoring was performed as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. The radiobiological parameters, namely n, m, TD50, and γ50 were calculated from the fitted SDR curve obtained from the clinical data of cervical cancer patients.

Results: ARI toxicity for rectal mucosa in carcinoma of cervical cancer patients was calculated for the endpoint rectal mucositis. The n, m, TD50, and γ50 parameters from the SDR curve of Grade 1 and Grade 2 rectal mucositis were found to be 0.328, 0.047, 25.44 ± 1.21 (confidence interval [CI]: 95%), and 8.36 and 0.13, 0.07, 38.06 ± 2.94 (CI: 95%), and 5.15, respectively.

Conclusion: This study presents the fitting parameters for NTCP calculation of Grade 1 and Grade 2 ARI rectal toxicity for the endpoint of rectal mucositis. The provided nomograms of volume versus complication and dose versus complication for different grades of rectal mucositis help radiation oncologists to decide the limiting dose to reduce the acute toxicities.

Purpose/objective(s): This study aimed to estimate the fitting parameters of sigmoidal dose-response (SDR) curve of radiation-induced acute oral and pharyngeal mucositis in head-and-neck (H and N) cancer patients treated with Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) for the calculation of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP).

Materials and methods: Thirty H-and-N cancer patients were enrolled to model the SDR curve for oral and pharyngeal mucositis. The patients were evaluated weekly for acute radiation-induced (ARI) oral and pharyngeal mucositis toxicity, and their scoring was performed as per the common terminology criteria adverse events version 5.0. The radiobiological parameters, namely n, m, TD50, and γ50 were calculated from the fitted SDR curve obtained from the clinical data of H-and-N cancer patients.

Results: ARI toxicity for oral and pharyngeal mucosa in carcinoma of H-and-N cancer patients was calculated for the endpoint oral mucositis and pharyngeal mucositis. The n, m, TD50, and γ50 parameters from the SDR curve of Grade 1 and Grade 2 oral mucositis were found to be [0.10, 0.32, 12.35 ± 3.90 (confidence interval [CI] 95%) and 1.26] and [0.06, 0.33, 20.70 ± 6.95 (CI 95%) and 1.19] respectively. Similarly for pharyngeal mucositis, n, m, TD50, and γ50 parameters for Grade 1 and Grade 2 were found to be [0.07, 0.34, 15.93 ± 5.48 (CI. 95%) and 1.16 ] and [0.04, 0.25, 39.02 ± 9.98(CI. 95%) and 1.56] respectively.

Conclusion: This study presents the fitting parameters for NTCP calculation of Grade 1 and Grade 2 ARI toxicity for the endpoint of oral and pharyngeal mucositis. The provided nomograms of volume versus complication and dose versus complication for different grades of oral mucositis and pharyngeal mucositis help radiation oncologists to decide the limiting dose to reduce the acute toxicities.

Background: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are the main component of inflammation along with leukocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts together form a tumor microenvironment, with immune cells representing its vital component. Many studies suggested that TAMs cumulating in tumors correlate with a poor prognosis. In prostate cancer, TAMs can increase cancer cell invasion by stimulating tumor angiogenesis, degrading the extracellular matrix, and also suppresses the antitumor functions of cytotoxic T cells resulting in poor prognosis.

Aims and objectives: : 1. To determine the expression of M1 (CD68) and M2 (CD163) in prostate carcinoma (Pca). 2. To find the association between M1, M2 macrophage with Gleason's score and stage of Pca.

Materials and methods: : This is a retrospective observational study. All transurethral resection prostatic (TURP) chips positive for Pca and the clinical details were collected. Radiologic findings with respect to stage of disease, size of lesion, were noted.

Results: Among the 62 cases studied, majority of the cases were in-between the age of 61-70 years. Highest cases were seen in Gleason's score 8, 9, and 10 (62%), prostatic specific antigen (PSA) levels 20-80 ng/mL (64%), tumor size 3-6 cm (51.6%), T3 stage (40.3%), N1 lymph node stage (70.9%). M1 stage of (31%). CD68 and CD163 expression was analyzed with Gleason's score, TNM stage and PSA levels. CD68 score 3 correlated with low distant and nodal metastasis 6.2% and 6.8%, respectively. CD163 score 3 correlated with high metastasis to lymph nodes and distant metastasis of 86.3% and 25%, respectively. On further analysis, statistically convincing association between the CD163 expression and Gleason's score, PSA levels, nodal and distant metastasis was found.

Conclusion: CD68 expression was correlated with good prognosis with less nodal and distant metastasis and Cd163 expression has poor outcome with increased chances of nodal and distant metastasis. Further exploration of TAM mechanisms and immune checkpoints in the prostate tumor microenvironment can furnish new light and motives for the treatment of Pca.

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC), a low-grade malignant neoplasm of glandular origin, most commonly involves major and occasionally minor salivary glands. It is rare in minor salivary glands such as hard and soft palate, buccal mucosa, tongue, and so on, frequently affecting geriatric females. EMC comprises diverse histo-pathologic features of an epithelial, myoepithelial de-lineating biphasic pattern along with clear cells, sometimes oncocytic differentiation. Aberrant histo-pathologic features in EMC need judicious discrimination from alike entities, which facilitates appropriate surgical management. Here, we present an unusual case report of EMC in the left retro-molar trigone region in a 60-year-old male patient, the complete diagnosis of which was based on clinical, radiological, histo-pathological, and immuno-histo-chemical features.