The purpose of this project is to create an actual-size, anatomically accurate human head model that contains a void for the upper airway. The model is intended to be used for studying the acoustic properties of the breathing sound. The model was constructed with silicone rubber that has acoustic properties similar to those of soft tissues. The main challenge of the project was to construct the model with a single, homogenous piece of silicone, which is necessary to avoid any interface affecting the sound transmission. The model included the head, portion of the neck containing the suprasternal notch, a functioning airway with nasal and oral passageways, sinuses, and the trachea. A technique developed in this study was the development of an airway model made of gelatin. The gelatin model occupied the space in the head model mold when silicone rubber was poured. The gelatin was later removed by boiling the model in water to leave the void of the airway inside the model.
{"title":"A Silicone Human Head Model for Testing Acoustic Properties of the Upper Airway","authors":"T. Shanker, Gemma Downey, E. Chabot, Ying Sun","doi":"10.1109/NEBEC.2013.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBEC.2013.45","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this project is to create an actual-size, anatomically accurate human head model that contains a void for the upper airway. The model is intended to be used for studying the acoustic properties of the breathing sound. The model was constructed with silicone rubber that has acoustic properties similar to those of soft tissues. The main challenge of the project was to construct the model with a single, homogenous piece of silicone, which is necessary to avoid any interface affecting the sound transmission. The model included the head, portion of the neck containing the suprasternal notch, a functioning airway with nasal and oral passageways, sinuses, and the trachea. A technique developed in this study was the development of an airway model made of gelatin. The gelatin model occupied the space in the head model mold when silicone rubber was poured. The gelatin was later removed by boiling the model in water to leave the void of the airway inside the model.","PeriodicalId":153112,"journal":{"name":"2013 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"67 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132443011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a neural network that mimics the timing, firing rate and synchrony of the neuronal populations involved in the execution of horizontal saccades. While each involved neuron encompasses dendritic, axonal and synaptic components, the control mechanism of the saccades is also investigated in our study. The proposed saccade generator captures in essence the neural dynamics of the Hodgkin-Huxley model and a time-varying FitzHugh-Nagumo model. It evolves so that a burst discharge (pulse) from the agonist motoneurons and a pause in firing from antagonist motoneurons serve as the neural inputs to the agonist and antagonist muscles. The importance of simulating horizontal saccades is that it provides a framework for early diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained during the mild traumatic brain injury.
{"title":"Development of a Neural Network Model for Controlling Horizontal Saccadic Eye Movements","authors":"A. Ghahari, Xiu Zhai, J. Enderle","doi":"10.1109/NEBEC.2013.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBEC.2013.81","url":null,"abstract":"We present a neural network that mimics the timing, firing rate and synchrony of the neuronal populations involved in the execution of horizontal saccades. While each involved neuron encompasses dendritic, axonal and synaptic components, the control mechanism of the saccades is also investigated in our study. The proposed saccade generator captures in essence the neural dynamics of the Hodgkin-Huxley model and a time-varying FitzHugh-Nagumo model. It evolves so that a burst discharge (pulse) from the agonist motoneurons and a pause in firing from antagonist motoneurons serve as the neural inputs to the agonist and antagonist muscles. The importance of simulating horizontal saccades is that it provides a framework for early diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained during the mild traumatic brain injury.","PeriodicalId":153112,"journal":{"name":"2013 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131079064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Wang, Brian J. Roscoe, Z. Alamgir, X. Cai, S. Sani, Charles J. Robinson
The source of periodic vibrations picked up by accelerometers during human postural control experiments is investigated. Evidence is provided suggesting the source of the vibrations is the heart. The implications of this finding are also examined.
{"title":"Manifestation of Periodic Vibrations in Postural Control Experiments","authors":"R. Wang, Brian J. Roscoe, Z. Alamgir, X. Cai, S. Sani, Charles J. Robinson","doi":"10.1109/NEBEC.2013.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBEC.2013.112","url":null,"abstract":"The source of periodic vibrations picked up by accelerometers during human postural control experiments is investigated. Evidence is provided suggesting the source of the vibrations is the heart. The implications of this finding are also examined.","PeriodicalId":153112,"journal":{"name":"2013 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131196434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. R. Newman, N. Kazi, C. Dumont, G. Dai, D. Thompson
Laminar shear stress from fluid flow influences endothelial cell (EC) behavior by increasing the production of specific growth factors (GFs). Moreover, fluid flow affects extracellular matrix (ECM) binding kinetics. This study investigates the effects of fluid flow on ECs for 5 and 12 h. Epithelial GF (EGF) and basic fibroblast GF (bFGF), in both free floating and ECM bound form, were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Both bound and free floating EGF and bFGF were found to be increased in cultures under flow compared to cultures under static conditions. These results give a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic EC microenvironment and will be used in future studies for manipulation of neural stem cell cultures.
{"title":"Quantification of Free Floating and Matrix Bound Growth Factors Secreted by Dynamically-Stimulated Endothelial Cells","authors":"M. R. Newman, N. Kazi, C. Dumont, G. Dai, D. Thompson","doi":"10.1109/NEBEC.2013.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBEC.2013.130","url":null,"abstract":"Laminar shear stress from fluid flow influences endothelial cell (EC) behavior by increasing the production of specific growth factors (GFs). Moreover, fluid flow affects extracellular matrix (ECM) binding kinetics. This study investigates the effects of fluid flow on ECs for 5 and 12 h. Epithelial GF (EGF) and basic fibroblast GF (bFGF), in both free floating and ECM bound form, were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Both bound and free floating EGF and bFGF were found to be increased in cultures under flow compared to cultures under static conditions. These results give a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic EC microenvironment and will be used in future studies for manipulation of neural stem cell cultures.","PeriodicalId":153112,"journal":{"name":"2013 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132705439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alex Vogel, S. Sani, Brian J. Roscoe, Z. Alamgir, X. Cai, Charles J. Robinson
A special test jig was constructed for the purpose of calibrating a 3-axis accelerometer. Test angles of 0, 6, 14.5, 19.5 and 30 degrees were set separately, in pairs, or in triplets for roll, pitch and yaw. Pitch and roll data are discussed here.
{"title":"Calibrating Translating 3-Axix Accelerometers","authors":"Alex Vogel, S. Sani, Brian J. Roscoe, Z. Alamgir, X. Cai, Charles J. Robinson","doi":"10.1109/NEBEC.2013.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBEC.2013.60","url":null,"abstract":"A special test jig was constructed for the purpose of calibrating a 3-axis accelerometer. Test angles of 0, 6, 14.5, 19.5 and 30 degrees were set separately, in pairs, or in triplets for roll, pitch and yaw. Pitch and roll data are discussed here.","PeriodicalId":153112,"journal":{"name":"2013 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130842168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Shi, Daniel Hoff, L. Sheikh, S. Bhattacharya, S. Nayar, T. Webster
In the present study, using murine brain endothelioma cells, an in vitro blood-brain barrier model was developed and confirmed. Confirmation of the blood-brain barrier model was completed by examining the permeability of FITC-Dextran at increasing exposure times in serum-free medium and comparing such values with values in the literature. After such confirmation, the permeability of five different nanoparticle samples was determined by this blood-brain barrier model. Through such experiments, magnetic nanoparticles suitable for MRI use which would not pass through the blood brain barrier and magnetic nanoparticles suitable for drug delivery to the brain which would pass through the blood brain model were identified.
{"title":"Using an in vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model to Characterize Magnetic Nanoparticle Permeability","authors":"D. Shi, Daniel Hoff, L. Sheikh, S. Bhattacharya, S. Nayar, T. Webster","doi":"10.1109/NEBEC.2013.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBEC.2013.150","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, using murine brain endothelioma cells, an in vitro blood-brain barrier model was developed and confirmed. Confirmation of the blood-brain barrier model was completed by examining the permeability of FITC-Dextran at increasing exposure times in serum-free medium and comparing such values with values in the literature. After such confirmation, the permeability of five different nanoparticle samples was determined by this blood-brain barrier model. Through such experiments, magnetic nanoparticles suitable for MRI use which would not pass through the blood brain barrier and magnetic nanoparticles suitable for drug delivery to the brain which would pass through the blood brain model were identified.","PeriodicalId":153112,"journal":{"name":"2013 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133532520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous research in our lab has shown that when injected intravenously, drug-loaded polymeric ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) accumulate within the liver and spleen likely caused by recognition of the UCA by the complement proteins within the blood and uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system. This study investigates two means of incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG), a well-researched molecule used for immune system avoidance, into the shell of UCAs to facilitate avoidance mechanisms. The first route used a PEG-polylactic acid (PLA) copolymer to create the UCAs via a water-oil-water emulsion technique. A second approach used d-α tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) as a surfactant during the creation of UCAs with PLA. The resulting formulations of pegylated UCAs were compared to control UCAs created from PLA and a surfactant solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The impact of adding PEG on size, surface charge, surface morphology, acoustic enhancement, and UCA stability was determined under simulated body conditions. It was seen that complete replacement of PLA with PEG-PLA or PVA with TPGS did not result in functional UCAs. However, PEG could be added by both means in conjunction with PLA and PVA to create UCAs with minimal changes to properties.
{"title":"Development of Stealth Polymeric Ultrasound Contrast Agents","authors":"James I. Andorko, M. Wheatley","doi":"10.1109/NEBEC.2013.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBEC.2013.84","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research in our lab has shown that when injected intravenously, drug-loaded polymeric ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) accumulate within the liver and spleen likely caused by recognition of the UCA by the complement proteins within the blood and uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system. This study investigates two means of incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG), a well-researched molecule used for immune system avoidance, into the shell of UCAs to facilitate avoidance mechanisms. The first route used a PEG-polylactic acid (PLA) copolymer to create the UCAs via a water-oil-water emulsion technique. A second approach used d-α tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) as a surfactant during the creation of UCAs with PLA. The resulting formulations of pegylated UCAs were compared to control UCAs created from PLA and a surfactant solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The impact of adding PEG on size, surface charge, surface morphology, acoustic enhancement, and UCA stability was determined under simulated body conditions. It was seen that complete replacement of PLA with PEG-PLA or PVA with TPGS did not result in functional UCAs. However, PEG could be added by both means in conjunction with PLA and PVA to create UCAs with minimal changes to properties.","PeriodicalId":153112,"journal":{"name":"2013 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"280 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132241608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Synthetic biology enables bioengineers to generate biological systems that carry out a specified plan. Understanding factors that enable predictable gene regulation and expression can be useful for construction of predictable biological circuits in this field. In these experiments, we explore the effect of multiple consecutive lac promoters on gene expression. We measure the amount of Beta-galactosidase gene expression from plasmids that contain increasing numbers of lac promoters and combine experimental results with mathematical modeling. We find an increase from one to three promoters results in greater range of gene expression and a mathematical model generated based on experimental data predicts a further increase in number of regulation units results in further increase in gene expression range.
{"title":"Study of the Effect of Tandem Promoters on Gene Expression","authors":"Jihyung Hong, Jea-Young Park","doi":"10.1109/NEBEC.2013.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBEC.2013.141","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic biology enables bioengineers to generate biological systems that carry out a specified plan. Understanding factors that enable predictable gene regulation and expression can be useful for construction of predictable biological circuits in this field. In these experiments, we explore the effect of multiple consecutive lac promoters on gene expression. We measure the amount of Beta-galactosidase gene expression from plasmids that contain increasing numbers of lac promoters and combine experimental results with mathematical modeling. We find an increase from one to three promoters results in greater range of gene expression and a mathematical model generated based on experimental data predicts a further increase in number of regulation units results in further increase in gene expression range.","PeriodicalId":153112,"journal":{"name":"2013 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115118230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent studies have shown that solid state, optically thin, electrically conductive biosensors have the potential to quantify live cell-drug interactions. These sensors have many potential applications in pharmaceutical testing, cytotoxicity screening, personalized medicine, and many other research areas. The materials used to fabricate these novel sensors, however, do not necessarily promote the long term cellular attachment and growth for studies over several days to weeks. The objective of this study is, therefore, to improve the long term cellular attachment to these sensors using synthetic hydrogel coatings. The choice of charged and neutral monomers is carefully examined to produce long term cellular attachment on optically thin electro-conductive biosensors without impeding the biosensor performance. A combination of cellular attachment studies on different hydrogels, swelling measurements, and electrically conductive measurements are examined to determine the optimal hydrogel composition. The results of this study show that copolymerizing 2-hydroxyethylmethacylate and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate with acidic and basic monomers has the potential to significantly improve the long term performance of solid state optically thin, electrically conductive cellular biosensors.
{"title":"Endothelial Cell Hydrogel Based Biosensor","authors":"M. J. Maguire, A. English, A. Moy","doi":"10.1109/NEBEC.2013.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBEC.2013.89","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies have shown that solid state, optically thin, electrically conductive biosensors have the potential to quantify live cell-drug interactions. These sensors have many potential applications in pharmaceutical testing, cytotoxicity screening, personalized medicine, and many other research areas. The materials used to fabricate these novel sensors, however, do not necessarily promote the long term cellular attachment and growth for studies over several days to weeks. The objective of this study is, therefore, to improve the long term cellular attachment to these sensors using synthetic hydrogel coatings. The choice of charged and neutral monomers is carefully examined to produce long term cellular attachment on optically thin electro-conductive biosensors without impeding the biosensor performance. A combination of cellular attachment studies on different hydrogels, swelling measurements, and electrically conductive measurements are examined to determine the optimal hydrogel composition. The results of this study show that copolymerizing 2-hydroxyethylmethacylate and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate with acidic and basic monomers has the potential to significantly improve the long term performance of solid state optically thin, electrically conductive cellular biosensors.","PeriodicalId":153112,"journal":{"name":"2013 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131789355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are used to aid persons who have limited or no natural motor control. The mu rhythm is often used a neural control signal because it can be voluntarily modulated using motor imagery or relaxation. Practically using mu-rhythm BCIs presents issues involving long training times, variable accuracy, and even the exclusion of some participants due to lack of control. This study used a bilateral mu-based BCI to investigate whether giving participants specific instructions on how to modulate their mu rhythm would increase mu rhythm control as compared to the usual vague instructions given.
{"title":"Improving Mu Rhythm Brain-Computer Interface Performance by Providing Specific Instructions for Control","authors":"V. Corbit, L. Gabel, Y. Yu","doi":"10.1109/NEBEC.2013.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBEC.2013.166","url":null,"abstract":"Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are used to aid persons who have limited or no natural motor control. The mu rhythm is often used a neural control signal because it can be voluntarily modulated using motor imagery or relaxation. Practically using mu-rhythm BCIs presents issues involving long training times, variable accuracy, and even the exclusion of some participants due to lack of control. This study used a bilateral mu-based BCI to investigate whether giving participants specific instructions on how to modulate their mu rhythm would increase mu rhythm control as compared to the usual vague instructions given.","PeriodicalId":153112,"journal":{"name":"2013 39th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125723096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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