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Comparative Analysis of Post-Authorization Measures for Advanced Medicinal Products Authorized in the European Union and in the United States of America Between 2009 and 2023. 2009 年至 2023 年欧盟和美国先进医药产品授权后措施的比较分析》。
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3410
Diana Mandslay, Diogo Almeida, Adriana Marques, João Rocha, Frantisek Drafi, Bruno Sepodes, Carla Torre

In the current landscape, regulatory agencies face the challenge of reconciling timely authorizations for novel medicines addressing life-threatening conditions with thorough evaluations of their benefits and risks. This challenge is pronounced with advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), where expedited approval mechanisms and orphan drug designations are often applied, making post-authorization measures a crucial mechanism to address uncertainties. We compared post-authorization measures imposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency on ATMPs approvals, from 2009 to 2023. A systematic extraction of FDA postmarketing requirements (PMRs) and EMA-imposed post-authorization measures (PAMs) from publicly available regulatory documents was conducted. Descriptive analysis focused on post-authorization measure categories, objectives, study designs, and their status and registration rates. A total of 15 ATMPs were approved in both jurisdictions over the study period. For these products, the EMA imposed 53 PAMs (34 Annex II conditions and 19 Specific Obligations), whereas the FDA imposed 27 PMRs. As of December 2023, 15 EMA-imposed PAMs were fulfilled, with no explicit fulfilments indicated for FDA PMRs. Both agencies promoted real-world data use in around half of the imposed PAMs (23 by EMA vs. 15 by FDA), marking regulators' growing recognition of Real-World Evidence for decision-making. This study highlights disparities between imposed PAMs: EMA imposed more PAMs, covering efficacy, safety, and quality aspects, while the FDA required fewer measures focusing on specific safety concerns. These discrepancies primarily reflect distinct regulatory structures and approaches to further post-authorization data collection between the EMA and FDA, rather than disparities in initial benefit/risk assessments.

在当前形势下,监管机构面临的挑战是,既要及时授权治疗危及生命疾病的新药,又要对其效益和风险进行全面评估。这种挑战在先进治疗药物产品(ATMP)中尤为突出,因为这些产品通常采用快速审批机制和孤儿药认定,这使得授权后措施成为解决不确定性的重要机制。我们比较了美国食品药品管理局和欧洲药品管理局从 2009 年到 2023 年对 ATMP 批准采取的授权后措施。我们从公开的监管文件中系统地提取了美国食品药品管理局的上市后要求 (PMR) 和欧洲药品管理局的授权后措施 (PAM)。描述性分析的重点是授权后措施的类别、目标、研究设计及其状态和注册率。在研究期间,两个辖区共批准了 15 种 ATMP。对于这些产品,EMA 实施了 53 项 PAM(34 项附件 II 条件和 19 项特定义务),而 FDA 实施了 27 项 PMR。截至 2023 年 12 月,15 项 EMA 规定的 PAMs 得到了履行,而 FDA 的 PMRs 没有明确的履行情况。两家机构都在约一半的PAM中推广了真实世界数据的使用(EMA为23项,FDA为15项),这标志着监管机构越来越认可决策中的真实世界证据。本研究强调了实施的 PAM 之间的差异:EMA 规定的 PAM 更多,涵盖疗效、安全性和质量等方面,而 FDA 要求的措施较少,重点关注特定的安全性问题。这些差异主要反映了 EMA 和 FDA 之间不同的监管结构和进一步收集授权后数据的方法,而不是初始效益/风险评估方面的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of the Intra-T Lymphocyte Tacrolimus Concentration after Kidney Transplantation with Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling. 利用群体药代动力学模型预测肾移植后T淋巴细胞内他克莫司的浓度
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3419
Suwasin Udomkarnjananun, Maaike R Schagen, Helena Volarević, Daan van de Velde, Marjolein Dieterich, Maja Matic, Carla C Baan, Marlies E J Reinders, Brenda C M de Winter, Dennis A Hesselink

The intracellular tacrolimus concentration in CD3+ T lymphocytes is proposed to be a better representative of the active component of tacrolimus than the whole blood concentration. However, intracellular measurements are complicated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the relationship between intracellular and whole blood tacrolimus concentrations in a population pharmacokinetic model. Twenty-eight de novo kidney transplant recipients, treated with a once-daily oral extended-release tacrolimus formulation, were followed during the first-month post-transplantation. Additional whole blood and intracellular tacrolimus concentrations were measured at day 6 ± 1 (pre-dose, 4 and 8 hours post-dose) and day 14 ± 3 (pre-dose) post-transplantation. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling software (NONMEM). The ratio between intracellular (n = 109) and whole blood (n = 248) concentrations was best described by a two-compartment whole blood model with an additional intracellular compartment without mass transfer from the central compartment. The ratio remained stable over time. Prednisolone dose influenced the absorption rate of tacrolimus, while hemoglobin, CYP3A4*22 allele carrier, and CYP3A5 expresser status were associated with the oral clearance of tacrolimus (P-value < 0.001). Furthermore, the intracellular tacrolimus concentrations were correlated with the intracellular production of interleukin-2 (P-value 0.015). The intracellular tacrolimus concentration can be predicted from a measured whole blood concentration using this model, without the need for repeated intracellular measurements. This knowledge is particularly important when the intracellular concentration is ready to be implemented into clinical practice, to overcome the complexities of cell isolation and analytical methods.

与全血浓度相比,CD3+ T 淋巴细胞内的他克莫司浓度更能代表他克莫司的活性成分。然而,细胞内的测量比较复杂。因此,本研究的目的是在群体药代动力学模型中描述细胞内他克莫司浓度与全血他克莫司浓度之间的关系。研究人员对 28 名肾移植受者进行了移植后第一个月的随访,这些受者每天口服一次他克莫司缓释制剂。在移植后第6±1天(给药前、给药后4小时和8小时)和第14±3天(给药前)测量了额外的全血和细胞内他克莫司浓度。药代动力学分析采用非线性混合效应建模软件(NONMEM)进行。细胞内浓度(n = 109)和全血浓度(n = 248)之间的比率用两室全血模型进行了最佳描述,该模型带有一个额外的细胞内室,没有来自中心室的质量转移。随着时间的推移,该比率保持稳定。泼尼松龙的剂量影响他克莫司的吸收率,而血红蛋白、CYP3A4*22 等位基因携带者和 CYP3A5 表达者的状态与他克莫司的口服清除率有关(P-value)。
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引用次数: 0
PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP4F2 PharmVar GeneFocus:CYP4F2。
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3405
Pablo Zubiaur, Cristina Rodríguez-Antona, Erin C. Boone, Ann K. Daly, Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini, Lubna Q. Khasawneh, Katrin Sangkuhl, Jorge Duconge, Mariana R. Botton, Jessica Savieo, Charity Nofziger, Michelle Whirl-Carrillo, Teri E. Klein, Andrea Gaedigk

The Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar) serves as a global repository providing star (*) allele nomenclature for the polymorphic human CYP4F2 gene. CYP4F2 genetic variation impacts the metabolism of vitamin K, which is associated with warfarin dose requirements, and the metabolism of drugs, such as imatinib or fingolimod, and certain endogenous compounds including vitamin E and eicosanoids. This GeneFocus provides a comprehensive overview and summary of CYP4F2 genetic variation including the characterization of 14 novel star alleles, CYP4F2*4 through *17. A description of how haplotype information cataloged by PharmVar is utilized by the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) is also provided.

药物基因变异联盟(PharmVar)是一个全球资料库,提供多态人类 CYP4F2 基因的星形(*)等位基因命名法。CYP4F2 基因变异会影响维生素 K 的代谢(这与华法林的剂量要求有关)以及药物(如伊马替尼或芬戈莫德)和某些内源性化合物(包括维生素 E 和二十酸)的代谢。本基因聚焦全面概述和总结了 CYP4F2 的遗传变异,包括 14 个新型星等位基因(CYP4F2*4 至 *17)的特征。此外,还介绍了药物基因组学知识库 (PharmGKB) 和临床药物基因组学实施联盟 (CPIC) 如何利用 PharmVar 编录的单倍型信息。
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引用次数: 0
Exposure Matching-Based Pediatric Dose Selection for Drugs with Renal Excretion – Lessons Learned from Pediatric Development of Direct Oral Anticoagulants 基于暴露匹配的肾脏排泄药物儿科剂量选择--从直接口服抗凝剂的儿科开发中汲取的经验教训。
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3396
Peng Zou, Tarek A. Leil

The pediatric clinical development programs of the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) edoxaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran have recently been completed, with apixaban close to the finish line. One common pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristic of these four DOACs is that renal excretion contributes 27% or more in their elimination, resulting in age-dependent drug clearance in both pediatric and adult subjects. Several lessons have been learned from adult exposure matching and pediatric dose selection for DOACs. The main goal of this tutorial is to provide an informed perspective on pediatric dose selection for renally excreted drugs, using these four DOACs as case examples. This tutorial is organized into seven steps: (1) consideration of age-related differences in disease and response to treatment; (2) consideration of age-related differences in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; (3) selection of the reference adult population and exposure for pediatric exposure matching; (4) prediction of pediatric clearance and pediatric dose selection based on data from young adults; (5) conduct and design of efficient pediatric PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) studies that inform dose selection; (6) assessment of exposure matching and dose adjustment using population PK simulation; (7) evaluation of the need for dose adjustment in pediatric sub-populations.

直接口服抗凝血剂(DOACs)依多沙班、利伐沙班和达比加群的儿科临床开发项目已于近期完成,阿哌沙班也接近尾声。这四种 DOACs 的一个共同药代动力学(PK)特征是,肾脏排泄占其消除的 27% 或更多,这导致儿童和成人受试者的药物清除率与年龄有关。我们从 DOACs 的成人暴露匹配和儿科剂量选择中汲取了一些经验教训。本教程的主要目的是以这四种 DOACs 为例,从知情的角度介绍肾脏排泄药物的儿科剂量选择。本教程分为七个步骤:(1) 考虑疾病和治疗反应中与年龄相关的差异;(2) 考虑药物吸收、分布、代谢和排泄中与年龄相关的差异;(3) 为儿科暴露匹配选择参考成人人群和暴露量;(4) 根据年轻成人的数据预测儿科清除率和选择儿科剂量;(5) 开展和设计高效的儿科 PK 和药效学(PD)研究,为剂量选择提供依据;(6) 利用群体 PK 模拟评估暴露匹配和剂量调整;(7) 评估儿科亚群的剂量调整需求。
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引用次数: 0
Model-informed Evidence for Clinical Non-inferiority of Every-2-Weeks Versus Standard Weekly Dosing Schedule of Cetuximab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer 西妥昔单抗每两周给药一次与标准每周给药一次在转移性结直肠癌中的临床非劣效性的模型信息证据
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3345
Ana-Marija Milenković-Grišić, Siobhán Hayes, Colm Farrell, Yoshihiro Kuroki, Mauro Bertolino, Karthik Venkatakrishnan, Pascal Girard

Cetuximab was initially developed and approved as a first-line treatment in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) for weekly administration (250 mg/m2 Q1W with 400 mg/m2 loading dose). An every-2-weeks schedule (500 mg/m2 Q2W) was approved recently by several health authorities. Being synchronized with chemotherapy, Q2W administration should improve patients' convenience and healthcare resource utilization. Herein, we present evidence of non-inferiority of Q2W cetuximab, compared with Q1W dosing using pharmacometrics modeling and clinical trial simulation (CTS). Pooled data from five phase I–III clinical trials in 852 patients with KRAS wild-type mCRC treated with Q1W or Q2W cetuximab were modeled using a population exposure–tumor size (TS) model linked to overall survival (OS); exposure was derived from a previously established population pharmacokinetic model. A semi-mechanistic TS model adapted from the Claret model incorporated killing rate proportional to cetuximab area under the concentration-time curve over 2 weeks (AUC) with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status as covariate on baseline TS. The OS was modeled with Weibull hazard using ECOG, baseline TS, primary tumor location, and predicted percent change in TS at 8 weeks as covariates. Model-based simulations revealed indistinguishable early tumor shrinkage and survival between Q2W vs. Q1W cetuximab. CTS evaluated OS non-inferiority (predefined margin of 1.25) in 1,000 trials, each with 2,000 virtual patients receiving Q2W or Q1W cetuximab (1:1), and demonstrated non-inferiority in 94% of cases. Taken together, these analyses provide model-based evidence for clinical non-inferiority of Q2W vs. Q1W cetuximab in mCRC with potential benefits to patients and healthcare providers.

西妥昔单抗最初被开发并批准作为不可切除转移性结直肠癌(mCRC)患者的一线治疗药物,每周给药(250 毫克/平方米 Q1W,400 毫克/平方米负荷剂量)。最近,一些卫生机构批准了每两周一次的用药计划(500 毫克/平方米 Q2W)。Q2W与化疗同步进行,应能提高患者的便利性和医疗资源的利用率。在此,我们通过药物计量学建模和临床试验模拟(CTS),证明西妥昔单抗 Q2W 给药与 Q1W 给药相比无劣效性。我们使用与总生存期(OS)相关的群体暴露-肿瘤大小(TS)模型,对来自五项 I-III 期临床试验的 852 名 KRAS 野生型 mCRC 患者接受 Q1W 或 Q2W 西妥昔单抗治疗的汇总数据进行了建模;暴露量来自之前建立的群体药代动力学模型。半机制 TS 模型改编自 Claret 模型,纳入了与西妥昔单抗 2 周内浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)成比例的杀伤率,并将东部合作肿瘤学组(ECOG)状态作为基线 TS 的协变量。OS 采用 Weibull 危险模型,以 ECOG、基线 TS、原发肿瘤位置和 8 周时 TS 的预测变化百分比作为协变量。基于模型的模拟显示,Q2W 与 Q1W 西妥昔单抗的早期肿瘤缩小率和生存率无差别。CTS 在 1,000 项试验中评估了 OS 非劣效性(预定义差为 1.25),每项试验有 2,000 名虚拟患者接受 Q2W 或 Q1W 西妥昔单抗治疗(1:1),结果显示 94% 的病例具有非劣效性。综上所述,这些分析为 Q2W 与 Q1W 西妥昔单抗在 mCRC 中的临床非劣效性提供了基于模型的证据,并为患者和医疗服务提供者带来了潜在的益处。
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引用次数: 0
Item Response Theory Quantifies the Relationship Between Improvements in Serum Phosphate and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Adults With X-Linked Hypophosphatemia 项目反应理论量化了 X-连锁低磷血症成人血清磷酸盐改善与患者自述结果之间的关系。
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3406
Krina Mehta, Nathalie H. Gosselin, Karl Insogna, Olivier Barriere, Emilia Quattrocchi, Matthew W. Hruska, Douglas Marsteller

Burosumab is indicated for treatment of a rare bone disease, X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the relationship between a treatment response biomarker and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Longitudinal data for PROs were obtained from adults with XLH from a phase III study. Individual rich time profiles of the biomarker, serum phosphate were simulated using a prior population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model to calculate serum phosphate exposure metrics for each 28-day treatment cycle, which were then merged with PROs data. Item response theory parameters were first estimated to map a latent variable, ψ, that is, disability score, relative to baseline. Next, the relationships between serum phosphate exposures and ψ were modeled using a nonlinear mixed-effect (NLME) modeling approach. A combined item response theory–NLME model with average serum phosphate as a predictor of ψ described PROs data well. The model estimates suggested 28%, 31%, and 25% reduction in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, brief pain inventory, and brief fatigue inventory scores, respectively, with every unit increase in average serum phosphate from the lower limit of normal (2.5 mg/dL). Additionally, a time effect of ~ 0.08% improvements each week was estimated. The analysis suggested that burosumab treatment-induced improvements in serum phosphate levels are associated with improvements in PROs in adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia. The analyses confirmed the importance of prolonged serum phosphate level correction in adult patients with XLH. These results can be useful to guide the design of further studies and to design treatment optimization strategies.

布罗苏单抗适用于治疗一种罕见的骨病--X连锁低磷血症(XLH)。这项分析旨在评估治疗反应生物标志物与患者报告结果(PROs)之间的关系。我们从一项三期研究中获得了XLH成人患者的PROs纵向数据。使用先验的群体药代动力学-药效学模型模拟了生物标记物血清磷酸盐的个体丰富时间曲线,以计算每个 28 天治疗周期的血清磷酸盐暴露指标,然后将其与患者报告结果数据合并。首先对项目反应理论参数进行估计,以绘制相对于基线的潜在变量ψ,即残疾评分。然后,使用非线性混合效应(NLME)建模方法对血清磷酸盐暴露与ψ之间的关系进行建模。以平均血清磷酸盐作为ψ的预测因子的项目反应理论-NLME组合模型很好地描述了PROs数据。模型估计结果表明,平均血清磷酸盐从正常值下限(2.5 毫克/分升)每增加一个单位,西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数、简短疼痛清单和简短疲劳清单得分分别降低 28%、31% 和 25%。此外,据估计,每周的时间效应约为 0.08%。分析表明,布罗苏单抗治疗引起的血清磷酸盐水平的改善与X连锁低磷酸盐血症成人患者PROs的改善有关。分析结果证实了延长XLH成人患者血清磷酸盐水平校正时间的重要性。这些结果有助于指导进一步研究的设计和治疗优化策略的设计。
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引用次数: 0
Questioning the Design of Non-Inferiority Trials: The Strange Case for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Absence in Phase III Trials. 质疑非劣效性试验的设计:第三阶段试验中治疗药物监测缺失的奇怪案例》。
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3408
Florian Lemaitre, Sébastien Lalanne, Marie-Clémence Verdier
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引用次数: 0
The Value of Clinical Pharmacogenomic Guidelines That Recommend Standard of Care Over Genotype-Based Prescribing 临床药物基因组学指南的价值在于推荐标准治疗而非基于基因型的处方。
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3401
Roseann S. Donnelly, Michelle Whirl-Carrillo, Teri E. Klein, Kelly E. Caudle
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Low-Dose Colchicine on the Phenotype and Function of Neutrophils and Monocytes in Patients with Chronic Coronary Artery Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Study 小剂量秋水仙碱对慢性冠心病患者中性粒细胞和单核细胞表型和功能的影响:双盲随机安慰剂对照交叉研究》。
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3394
Helin Tercan, Amber van Broekhoven, Harsh Bahrar, Tjerk Opstal, Benjamin C. Cossins, Nils Rother, Laura Rodwell, Siroon Bekkering, Saloua El Messaoudi, Niels P. Riksen, Jan H. Cornel

Recent landmark trials showed that colchicine provides a substantial benefit in reducing major cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Yet, its exact mechanism of action is still poorly understood. This study aimed to unravel the effect of colchicine on monocyte and neutrophil phenotype and function. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over intervention study was executed in patients with a history of myocardial infarction. In neutrophils, colchicine treatment decreased CD62L expression and NGAL release upon ex vivo stimulation and increased PMA-induced ROS production. The effects of colchicine on monocytes were limited to a decrease in HLA-DR expression in the intermediate and nonclassical monocytes. Also, on the level of RNA expression, colchicine did not affect monocyte phenotype, while affecting various immunomodulating genes in neutrophils. Overall, our study suggests that treatment with colchicine affects neutrophil function, particularly by reducing neutrophil recruitment, lowering concentrations of NGAL, and changing the expression of various genes with immunomodulatory potential, whereas the effect on monocytes is limited.

最近进行的具有里程碑意义的试验表明,秋水仙碱在减少冠状动脉疾病患者的主要心血管事件方面大有裨益。然而,人们对其确切的作用机制仍知之甚少。本研究旨在揭示秋水仙碱对单核细胞和中性粒细胞表型和功能的影响。在有心肌梗死病史的患者中开展了一项随机双盲安慰剂对照交叉干预研究。在中性粒细胞中,秋水仙碱治疗可减少体内外刺激时 CD62L 的表达和 NGAL 的释放,并增加 PMA 诱导的 ROS 的产生。秋水仙碱对单核细胞的影响仅限于减少中性和非典型单核细胞的 HLA-DR 表达。此外,在 RNA 表达水平上,秋水仙碱不影响单核细胞表型,但影响中性粒细胞的各种免疫调节基因。总之,我们的研究表明,秋水仙碱会影响中性粒细胞的功能,特别是通过减少中性粒细胞的募集、降低 NGAL 的浓度和改变各种具有免疫调节潜能的基因的表达,而对单核细胞的影响是有限的。
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引用次数: 0
Pharmacogenomic Prescribing Guidelines: Are They Always Useful? 药物基因组处方指南:它们总是有用吗?
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3403
Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
<p> <b>An extensive review of the literature exploring the relationship between beta-blocker response and genetic variants associated with six polymorphic genes, culminating in a comprehensive guideline exceeding 130 pages for the clinical use of beta-blockers, is published in this issue of CPT. However, the authors found no genetically related significant effects warranting clinical guidance. This commentary questions the necessity of pharmacogenomic guidelines in such instances and advocates for shorter targeted easily understandable guidelines focused on phenotypes with clear clinical relevance useful in various healthcare settings.</b> </p><p>Pharmacogenomics is still largely in its infancy. Currently, we possess only about 30–40% understanding of the genetic inheritance basis relevant to pharmacogenomics. Many rare diseases are caused by mutations in regulatory gene regions, and recent evidence shows that a significant portion of important SNP-dependent regulation of clinically important CYPs is located within a 1 Mb distance from the gene. This indicates that much more information is required before we can enhance the clinical applicability of pharmacogenomic predictions.</p><p>In oncology, our knowledge of clinically meaningful pharmacogenomic applications for predicting drug response is more advanced. However, in other areas such as cardiovascular disease, the gene–drug pair clopidogrel-CYP2C19 is one of the few with some, albeit limited, clinical utilities.<span><sup>1, 2</sup></span> </p><p>In the study by Duarte et al.,<span><sup>3</sup></span> the authors conducted a thorough and high-quality literature investigation of the relationship between beta-blocker exposure and response in relation to the distribution of genetic variants of <i>CYP2D6, ADRB1, ADRB2, ADRA2C, GRK4</i>, and <i>GRK5</i>. Their survey found that after treatment with metoprolol, a decrease in heart rate by 3–8 beats per minute more in CYP2D6-PMs than in CYP2D6-NMs appeared to occur, whereas no significant CYP2D6-related effects were observed after treatment with other beta-blockers such as carvedilol, propranolol, labetalol, and nebivolol. On this basis, the authors provide an extensive guideline with therapeutic recommendations regarding the genetically predicted CYP2D6 metabolizer status and metoprolol therapy.</p><p>This raises questions about the cost–benefit impact of pharmacogenomic guidelines on clinical practice and metoprolol treatment in particular. The value of pharmacogenomics lies in identifying relevant gene–drug pairs where genetic variants cause clinically significant interindividual differences in drug response and side effects. When these pairs are clinically applicable and beneficial for patients, regulatory guidelines are essential to assist healthcare providers. However, in the case of beta-blocker action, such relationships are virtually absent,<span><sup>4-6</sup></span> making regulatory guidelines of less
6 根据 CPIC 和 DPWG 指南,在 54 种存在可操作的基因-药物相互作用的药物中,只有 50% 的相应 SmPCs 或药物标签包含可操作的药物基因组学信息。在这 54 种药物中,只有 10 种(18%)的 FDA、EMA/FM、CPIC 和 DPWG 建议是一致的。此外,我们还检查了另外 450 种没有 CPIC 或 DPWG 建议的药物,根据 FDA 和/或 EMA/FM 的规定,确定了 126 种药物的遗传学标签具有可操作性。对于这 126 种药物和 54 种原始药物,FDA 和 EMA/FM 在可用药物基因组标签方面的一致率仅为 54%。这些差异削弱了药物基因组咨询的临床重要性,主要原因是许多已发表研究的科学和临床基础薄弱。这些问题可能与以下因素有关:(i) 研究动力不足;(ii) 所研究的药物基因对选择不相关;(iii) 开放标签临床试验导致明显的安慰剂效应;(iv) 疾病分类不统一;(v) 研究数量不足。因此,提出的许多结论都无法重复。此外,该领域的许多荟萃分析也不够均匀,例如在(i) 药物浓度、(ii) 药物选择、(iii) 治疗时机和(iv) 最初的病理生理学定义方面(参见参考文献 [9])。显然,更多有意义的分层临床试验应能促使权威机构之间达成更多共识,这将极大地改善药物基因组学药物标签在临床实践中的实施。在这方面,美国食品及药物管理局(FDA)有一个有趣的网站10 ,其中列出了与药物遗传学相关的基因-药物配对:(i) 治疗管理建议,(ii) 对安全性或反应的影响,(iii) 对药物动力学特性的影响。FDA 提供的这些药物基因组关联涉及药物代谢酶的基因变异、基因转运体以及与某些不良事件易感性相关的基因变异。有趣的是,在第 1 组的 124 个药物基因组生物标志物中,有 70% 只与 CYP2C9、CYP2C19 或 CYP2D6 基因的遗传变异有关,63% 的生物标志物与中枢神经系统或肿瘤治疗领域有关,只有普罗帕酮和华法林与心血管领域有关。11 对于药物基因组学领域的科学家来说,在大多数欧美国家,药物基因组学信息在常规临床实践中的应用显然还不够成熟或利用不足。更多针对临床医生常规护理的清晰、简明指南将改善未来的实施情况。在这种情况下,重要的是要将这些指南局限于与影响药物反应和不良事件个体间变异性的其他因素相比,遗传方面确实具有重大影响的情况,即只关注导致 PM 或 UM 表型的相关遗传变异(见图 1)。这些指南主要针对该领域的专业人士,其中许多人是该领域的利益相关者--生物技术行业的专业人士。然而,如前所述,目前还缺乏纯粹以临床为背景、涵盖不同治疗领域药物基因组学最重要部分的指南。可以说,制定需要大量工作且侧重于临床相关性有限或没有临床相关性的药物疗法的指南是在浪费时间。然而,未来与不同治疗领域的医生密切合作制定并定期更新的有针对性的指南将有利于药物基因组学在医疗保健领域的应用,并带来更具成本效益和更个体化的药物治疗。
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Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
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