Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.57897
Suman Poudel, Sunita Ranabhat, Sharmila Shahi, Gita Pun
Background: Urinary Bladder cancer is the 7th most common cancer worldwide, with an estimated 260,000 new cases occurring each year in men and 76,000 in women. 90% of the bladder tumors are of urothelial origin. Cystoscopic examination has a limited role in staging process for which transurethral resection (TURBT) of visible tumor down to the base is required which can accurately assess depth of tumor invasion. Aim & Objectives: The aim is to study the spectrum of urinary bladder lesions according to World Health Organization / International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification and to determine age and sex distribution of urothelial tumors. Material & Method: Study included 55 TURBT specimens, conducted over a period 12 months, extending from January 2022 to December 2022. Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) stained sections were examined for morphologic diagnosis of urothelial lesions. Results: In our study, there was male preponderance with ratio of 3.2:1. Among 55 cases studied, 34.55% cases were diagnosed as invasive urothelial carcinoma, 27.27% cases were of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma, 16.36% cases were of benign urothelial neoplasm and 16.36% cases were of non-neoplastic lesions in urinary bladder. There were also 1.82% cases of adenocarcinoma, metastasis and non-diagnostic each in our study. Amongst invasive carcinoma high grade were encountered most (30.91%) cases. Maximum numbers of urothelial neoplasms (25.45%) were seen in 71-80 years of age group. Conclusion: This study revealed that neoplastic lesions are more common than non-neoplastic lesions. Urothelial tumors are seen commonly in seventh decade with overall male predominance. Also this study, documents a high frequency of invasive than non-invasive type of urothelial neoplasm.
{"title":"Spectrum of Lesions in the Urinary Bladder: A Histopathological Study in a Tertiary Level Hospital","authors":"Suman Poudel, Sunita Ranabhat, Sharmila Shahi, Gita Pun","doi":"10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.57897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.57897","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urinary Bladder cancer is the 7th most common cancer worldwide, with an estimated 260,000 new cases occurring each year in men and 76,000 in women. 90% of the bladder tumors are of urothelial origin. Cystoscopic examination has a limited role in staging process for which transurethral resection (TURBT) of visible tumor down to the base is required which can accurately assess depth of tumor invasion. Aim & Objectives: The aim is to study the spectrum of urinary bladder lesions according to World Health Organization / International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification and to determine age and sex distribution of urothelial tumors. Material & Method: Study included 55 TURBT specimens, conducted over a period 12 months, extending from January 2022 to December 2022. Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) stained sections were examined for morphologic diagnosis of urothelial lesions. Results: In our study, there was male preponderance with ratio of 3.2:1. Among 55 cases studied, 34.55% cases were diagnosed as invasive urothelial carcinoma, 27.27% cases were of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma, 16.36% cases were of benign urothelial neoplasm and 16.36% cases were of non-neoplastic lesions in urinary bladder. There were also 1.82% cases of adenocarcinoma, metastasis and non-diagnostic each in our study. Amongst invasive carcinoma high grade were encountered most (30.91%) cases. Maximum numbers of urothelial neoplasms (25.45%) were seen in 71-80 years of age group. Conclusion: This study revealed that neoplastic lesions are more common than non-neoplastic lesions. Urothelial tumors are seen commonly in seventh decade with overall male predominance. Also this study, documents a high frequency of invasive than non-invasive type of urothelial neoplasm.","PeriodicalId":15436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of College of Medical Sciences-nepal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136038236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntroductionPerioperative shivering is a common complication following spinal anesthesia. Apart from the obvious discomfort, shivering is associated with a number of potentially deleterious sequels. The objective of this research is to study the effect of intrathecal fentanyl on shivering. MethodsRetrospectively two hundred patients were included and divided into two equal groups. In group A, 3.5 ml of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine was mixed with 25 mcg (0.5 ml) of fentanyl to make 4 ml solution out of which the enrolled patients received 3.5 ml of the mixed solution. Group B received 3.5 ml of 0.5% plain heavy bupivacaine. Modified bedside shivering assessment scale was used to score the intensity of shivering.ResultsIn group A, 16 patients (16%) had severe shivering, 30 patients (30%) had moderate shivering and 46 (46%) had mild shivering. Rest of the patients (8%) did not experience shivering. In group B, all the patients had shivering. Severe shivering was observed in 28 patients (28%), moderate shivering was observed in 62 patients (62%) and mild shivering in 10 patients (10%).ConclusionsFentanyl as an adjuvant to heavy bupivacaine during spinal anesthesia decreases the incidence and severity of shivering compared to bupivacaine alone.
围手术期寒战是脊髓麻醉后常见的并发症。除了明显的不适之外，颤抖还与许多潜在的有害后果有关。本研究的目的是研究鞘内芬太尼对寒战的影响。方法回顾性分析200例患者，随机分为两组。在A组，3.5 ml 0.5%重布比卡因与25 mcg (0.5 ml)芬太尼混合成4 ml溶液，其中入组患者接受3.5 ml混合溶液。B组给予0.5%普通重布比卡因3.5 ml。采用改良的床边寒战评定量表对寒战强度进行评分。结果A组16例(16%)患者出现严重寒战，30例(30%)患者出现中度寒战，46例(46%)患者出现轻度寒战。其余的患者(8%)没有感到颤抖。B组患者均有寒颤。28例(28%)患者出现严重寒战，62例(62%)患者出现中度寒战，10例(10%)患者出现轻度寒战。结论与单用布比卡因相比，芬太尼辅助大剂量布比卡因腰麻时可降低寒战发生率和严重程度。
{"title":"Effect of Intrathecal Fentanyl on Shivering During Spinal Anesthesia","authors":"Ajay Singh Thapa, Rakesh Sah, Rajesh Kumar Yadav, Anish Bhattarai","doi":"10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.58643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.58643","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionPerioperative shivering is a common complication following spinal anesthesia. Apart from the obvious discomfort, shivering is associated with a number of potentially deleterious sequels. The objective of this research is to study the effect of intrathecal fentanyl on shivering. MethodsRetrospectively two hundred patients were included and divided into two equal groups. In group A, 3.5 ml of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine was mixed with 25 mcg (0.5 ml) of fentanyl to make 4 ml solution out of which the enrolled patients received 3.5 ml of the mixed solution. Group B received 3.5 ml of 0.5% plain heavy bupivacaine. Modified bedside shivering assessment scale was used to score the intensity of shivering.ResultsIn group A, 16 patients (16%) had severe shivering, 30 patients (30%) had moderate shivering and 46 (46%) had mild shivering. Rest of the patients (8%) did not experience shivering. In group B, all the patients had shivering. Severe shivering was observed in 28 patients (28%), moderate shivering was observed in 62 patients (62%) and mild shivering in 10 patients (10%).ConclusionsFentanyl as an adjuvant to heavy bupivacaine during spinal anesthesia decreases the incidence and severity of shivering compared to bupivacaine alone.","PeriodicalId":15436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of College of Medical Sciences-nepal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136038237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.58581
Ashis Pun, Amit Dhungana, Ronit Kumar Shrestha, Hari Prasad Upadhyay
Introduction: Liver function test (LFT) is a useful tool to differentiate between the obstructive and hepatocellular cause for biliary obstruction. Therefore this study was done to see the accuracy of LFT in predicting common bile duct (CBD) stones. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out on patient undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for CBD stones at Bharatpur Hospital and Dev Hospital from 2021 June 15 to 2022 October 15. Ethical clearance was taken from Institutional Review Committee Bharatpur Hospital reference number 079/80-013. The convenient sampling method was applied. Data were collected and analyzed in statistical package for the social sciences version 22. Results: Out of 95 patients higher aged female predominance was seen. The overall incidence of abnormal LFT in CBD stones was 85.3%. All the parameters of LFT were raised in majority of the cases of CBD stones and among these, SGOT was mostly increased (75.6%). In patients with ERCP findings of sludge in bile duct have increased total, direct and indirect bilirubin than in patient with CBD stone and this finding was found to be statistically significant. However, other liver parameters were comparable.Similarly, total, direct and indirect bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were equally raised with both group of CBD stones with and without cholecystitis. Conclusion: Liver function test was equally raised in both case of CBD stone with and without cholecystitis. Although ALP and total bilirubin represented the most reliable predictors in obstructive jaundice, SGOT might also be added tool to exclude choledocholithiasis.
{"title":"Analysis of Liver Function Test in Common Bile Duct Stone: A Descriptive Cross sectional study","authors":"Ashis Pun, Amit Dhungana, Ronit Kumar Shrestha, Hari Prasad Upadhyay","doi":"10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.58581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.58581","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Liver function test (LFT) is a useful tool to differentiate between the obstructive and hepatocellular cause for biliary obstruction. Therefore this study was done to see the accuracy of LFT in predicting common bile duct (CBD) stones. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out on patient undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for CBD stones at Bharatpur Hospital and Dev Hospital from 2021 June 15 to 2022 October 15. Ethical clearance was taken from Institutional Review Committee Bharatpur Hospital reference number 079/80-013. The convenient sampling method was applied. Data were collected and analyzed in statistical package for the social sciences version 22. Results: Out of 95 patients higher aged female predominance was seen. The overall incidence of abnormal LFT in CBD stones was 85.3%. All the parameters of LFT were raised in majority of the cases of CBD stones and among these, SGOT was mostly increased (75.6%). In patients with ERCP findings of sludge in bile duct have increased total, direct and indirect bilirubin than in patient with CBD stone and this finding was found to be statistically significant. However, other liver parameters were comparable.Similarly, total, direct and indirect bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were equally raised with both group of CBD stones with and without cholecystitis. Conclusion: Liver function test was equally raised in both case of CBD stone with and without cholecystitis. Although ALP and total bilirubin represented the most reliable predictors in obstructive jaundice, SGOT might also be added tool to exclude choledocholithiasis.","PeriodicalId":15436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of College of Medical Sciences-nepal","volume":"455 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136038091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.58063
Sona Sharma
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive hemorrhagic disease that affects 1 in 10,000 males worldwide, in all ethnic groups; hemophilia A represents 80% of all cases. Congenital heart disease is the most commonly occurring birth defect; it is formed during the intrauterine period. The combination of these two disease is rather rare and requires the cardiosurgeon’s apprehensive attitude. Here, we present our experience in the surgical treatment of a boy of 1-year-old with Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect with Hemophilia A which was found in preoperative examination. He was successfully operated with cardiac pulmonary bypass on the background of factor VIII injection.
{"title":"Repair of Ventricular Septal Defect in a Patient with Hemophilia A: Case Report","authors":"Sona Sharma","doi":"10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.58063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.58063","url":null,"abstract":"Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive hemorrhagic disease that affects 1 in 10,000 males worldwide, in all ethnic groups; hemophilia A represents 80% of all cases. Congenital heart disease is the most commonly occurring birth defect; it is formed during the intrauterine period. The combination of these two disease is rather rare and requires the cardiosurgeon’s apprehensive attitude. Here, we present our experience in the surgical treatment of a boy of 1-year-old with Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect with Hemophilia A which was found in preoperative examination. He was successfully operated with cardiac pulmonary bypass on the background of factor VIII injection.","PeriodicalId":15436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of College of Medical Sciences-nepal","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136037950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BackgroundGlobally 39.8% children under five years old are anemic, with prevalence of childhood anemia in Nepal reported to be 52.7% by 2016. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of anemia among pediatric age group between 2 months to 60 months to provide some insight for prevention of anemia among children. MethodsThis is a prospective observational cross-sectional study conducted over the period of 15st March 2019 to 14th August 2019 at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital which included children presenting to pediatric department between ages 2 to 60 months. Children with known history of hemolytic disorders, malignancies and chronic diseases were excluded from the study. Hemoglobin level and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) was obtained. Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage and standard deviation were calculated. ResultsTotal 500 children selected randomly for the study, 234 (46.8%) children were non-anemic while mild anemia was seen in 86 (17.2%), moderate anemia in 155 (31.0%) and severe anemia in 25(5.0%) children. Mean hemoglobin was 10.2 gm/dl with standard deviation of 1.847. Among male 45.6% were anemic whereas 42.7%female were anemic. Children of age group 2 to 12 months had higher percentage of anemia with 76.2% being anemic. Among 266 anemic children 219 (82.3%) had MCV below the normal range. ConclusionOur study shows the higher prevalence of anemia in children between 2 to 60 months of age. Microcytic anemia was more common which represents higher prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among anemic children.
{"title":"Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Under Five Years Children in a Tertiary Health Care Center of Nepal","authors":"Babita Khanal, Sandip Pokhrel, Sandip Kumar Singh, Sunil Kumar Yadav, Prakash Kafle","doi":"10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.55954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.55954","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundGlobally 39.8% children under five years old are anemic, with prevalence of childhood anemia in Nepal reported to be 52.7% by 2016. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of anemia among pediatric age group between 2 months to 60 months to provide some insight for prevention of anemia among children. MethodsThis is a prospective observational cross-sectional study conducted over the period of 15st March 2019 to 14th August 2019 at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital which included children presenting to pediatric department between ages 2 to 60 months. Children with known history of hemolytic disorders, malignancies and chronic diseases were excluded from the study. Hemoglobin level and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) was obtained. Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage and standard deviation were calculated. ResultsTotal 500 children selected randomly for the study, 234 (46.8%) children were non-anemic while mild anemia was seen in 86 (17.2%), moderate anemia in 155 (31.0%) and severe anemia in 25(5.0%) children. Mean hemoglobin was 10.2 gm/dl with standard deviation of 1.847. Among male 45.6% were anemic whereas 42.7%female were anemic. Children of age group 2 to 12 months had higher percentage of anemia with 76.2% being anemic. Among 266 anemic children 219 (82.3%) had MCV below the normal range. ConclusionOur study shows the higher prevalence of anemia in children between 2 to 60 months of age. Microcytic anemia was more common which represents higher prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among anemic children.","PeriodicalId":15436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of College of Medical Sciences-nepal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136034364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.55620
Hari Bahadur Thapa, Kabindra Bajracharya, Sirshendu Chaudhuri, Varun Agiwal, Katie Judson, Ken Bassett, Mahesh Kumar Dev, Saraswoti Khadka, Hari Prasad Upadhyay
IntroductionRefractive errors are common vision problems that occur when the shape of the eye does not properly bend or refract light to focus it on the retina. The objective of this research was to estimate the prevalence among children under-five years of age in Lumbini, Nepal.MethodsA hospital-based observational study was conducted among children attending the Lumbini Eye Institute and Research Center. Participants were selected over three months using systematic random sampling. Ophthalmic examination with retinoscopy (dry and wet) was used to determine refractive errors. The proportion of children with spherical equivalent myopia ≤-0.50 diopter (D), SE hyperopia ≥+2.00 D and SE astigmatism >0.5 in both eyes were calculated. Prevalence of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism was reported by age, gender and religion.ResultsAmong 1,561 recruited children, the prevalence of refractive errors was 15.4% (n=240, 95% CI: 13.6% to 17.3%). The prevalence was significantly higher among older children (3 to 5 years) than the younger children (OR: 4.7; 95% CI: 1.7 to 13.1). Myopia was the most common condition (n=211, 13.5%, 95% CI: 11.9% to 15.3%). Myopia and astigmatism were significantly higher among children 3 to 5 years (22.1% and 5.56% respectively). Hyperopia prevalence was significantly higher among infants (3.3%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of refractive errors increased with age that was relatively high among infants and young children.
{"title":"Prevalence of Refractive Errors among Under Five Year Children Attending in a Tertiary Eye Care Center of Nepal","authors":"Hari Bahadur Thapa, Kabindra Bajracharya, Sirshendu Chaudhuri, Varun Agiwal, Katie Judson, Ken Bassett, Mahesh Kumar Dev, Saraswoti Khadka, Hari Prasad Upadhyay","doi":"10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.55620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.55620","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionRefractive errors are common vision problems that occur when the shape of the eye does not properly bend or refract light to focus it on the retina. The objective of this research was to estimate the prevalence among children under-five years of age in Lumbini, Nepal.MethodsA hospital-based observational study was conducted among children attending the Lumbini Eye Institute and Research Center. Participants were selected over three months using systematic random sampling. Ophthalmic examination with retinoscopy (dry and wet) was used to determine refractive errors. The proportion of children with spherical equivalent myopia ≤-0.50 diopter (D), SE hyperopia ≥+2.00 D and SE astigmatism >0.5 in both eyes were calculated. Prevalence of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism was reported by age, gender and religion.ResultsAmong 1,561 recruited children, the prevalence of refractive errors was 15.4% (n=240, 95% CI: 13.6% to 17.3%). The prevalence was significantly higher among older children (3 to 5 years) than the younger children (OR: 4.7; 95% CI: 1.7 to 13.1). Myopia was the most common condition (n=211, 13.5%, 95% CI: 11.9% to 15.3%). Myopia and astigmatism were significantly higher among children 3 to 5 years (22.1% and 5.56% respectively). Hyperopia prevalence was significantly higher among infants (3.3%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of refractive errors increased with age that was relatively high among infants and young children.","PeriodicalId":15436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of College of Medical Sciences-nepal","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136038093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntroductionThere is a significant prevalence and morbidity of dental caries due to a lack of health education and insufficient preventive measures and the health status of students is not satisfactory. A number oforal disorders are linked to chronic diseases, and poor oral health has a major negative impact on overall health. People's everyday lives and general well-being are significantly impacted by pain, issues with eating, chewing, smiling, and communication brought on by missing, discolored, and damaged teeth. The aim of the study was to assess dental caries status among age groups, 3-14 years based on government and private schools.MethodsA cross-sectional comparative study done among 377 school going students age 3-15 years. Children from both private and public schools were included in the study. Dental caries status was assessed using the WHO oral health assessment form for children 2013.ResultsThe overall caries prevalence among the study participants was 341 (90.2%). Dental caries varied among age groups. Males scored higher dental caries levels than females. The private school students (5.78 ± 4.69) showed significantly higher levels of dental caries than the government school students (5.01 ±4.61).ConclusionsThe caries prevalence is very high in the school children of Dolakha with the highest burden among middle childhood age group with high number of untreated caries which emphasizes the need for further intervention.
{"title":"Prevalence of Dental Caries among School Going Children in Dolakha, Nepal","authors":"Swagat Kumar Mahanta, Dilip Prajapati, Anisha Khadka, Snehashish Ghosh, Usha Ghimire, Shirshak Shahi, Alina Khimbaja","doi":"10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.54900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.54900","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThere is a significant prevalence and morbidity of dental caries due to a lack of health education and insufficient preventive measures and the health status of students is not satisfactory. A number oforal disorders are linked to chronic diseases, and poor oral health has a major negative impact on overall health. People's everyday lives and general well-being are significantly impacted by pain, issues with eating, chewing, smiling, and communication brought on by missing, discolored, and damaged teeth. The aim of the study was to assess dental caries status among age groups, 3-14 years based on government and private schools.MethodsA cross-sectional comparative study done among 377 school going students age 3-15 years. Children from both private and public schools were included in the study. Dental caries status was assessed using the WHO oral health assessment form for children 2013.ResultsThe overall caries prevalence among the study participants was 341 (90.2%). Dental caries varied among age groups. Males scored higher dental caries levels than females. The private school students (5.78 ± 4.69) showed significantly higher levels of dental caries than the government school students (5.01 ±4.61).ConclusionsThe caries prevalence is very high in the school children of Dolakha with the highest burden among middle childhood age group with high number of untreated caries which emphasizes the need for further intervention.","PeriodicalId":15436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of College of Medical Sciences-nepal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136038381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.54039
Bibek Sharma, Alina Baral, Apar Pokharel, Deepak Jung Subedi
IntroductionFine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is important for pre-operative and pre-treatment diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid lesions, thus decreasing the incidence of unwanted surgeries. The objective of this research is to compare the FNAC and Histopathological findings of thyroid swelling.MethodsThe present study is a cross sectional study conducted on 30 patients in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal from January 2022 to December 2022. Thyroid swelling presented to OPD were examined clinically after thorough history taking and admitted to indoor and subsequently underwent surgery were included in this study. After Histopathology they were compared with preoperative FNAC report. In all cases, informed consent was taken prior to the surgery.ResultsFNAC shows thirteen (28.57%) non neoplastic and twenty-two (71.43%) neoplastic. Among non neoplastic thyroid swelling, colloid goiter was common. Among neoplastic thyroid swelling Papillary carcinoma was the most common. Cyto-histopathological correlation of 35 cases was done. Out of thirty-five cases fifteen (42.87%) were non neoplastic and twenty (57.15%) were neoplastic. Colloid goiter was most common. Sensitivity of our study was 88.24%, Specificity was 55.56 % and accuracy was 71.43%.ConclusionsFNAC is a quick, safe, and reliable first-line diagnostic test for thyroid nodules. However, histopathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer and provides detailed information on the tumor size, location, and histological type.
{"title":"Comparative Study of FNAC and Histopathology in Diagnosis of Thyroid Swelling","authors":"Bibek Sharma, Alina Baral, Apar Pokharel, Deepak Jung Subedi","doi":"10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.54039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.54039","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionFine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is important for pre-operative and pre-treatment diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid lesions, thus decreasing the incidence of unwanted surgeries. The objective of this research is to compare the FNAC and Histopathological findings of thyroid swelling.MethodsThe present study is a cross sectional study conducted on 30 patients in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal from January 2022 to December 2022. Thyroid swelling presented to OPD were examined clinically after thorough history taking and admitted to indoor and subsequently underwent surgery were included in this study. After Histopathology they were compared with preoperative FNAC report. In all cases, informed consent was taken prior to the surgery.ResultsFNAC shows thirteen (28.57%) non neoplastic and twenty-two (71.43%) neoplastic. Among non neoplastic thyroid swelling, colloid goiter was common. Among neoplastic thyroid swelling Papillary carcinoma was the most common. Cyto-histopathological correlation of 35 cases was done. Out of thirty-five cases fifteen (42.87%) were non neoplastic and twenty (57.15%) were neoplastic. Colloid goiter was most common. Sensitivity of our study was 88.24%, Specificity was 55.56 % and accuracy was 71.43%.ConclusionsFNAC is a quick, safe, and reliable first-line diagnostic test for thyroid nodules. However, histopathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer and provides detailed information on the tumor size, location, and histological type.","PeriodicalId":15436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of College of Medical Sciences-nepal","volume":"278 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136038382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntroductionTooth wear is one of the major and widely accepted problem nowadays. It is the loss of dental hard tissues by these processes: attrition, abrasion and erosion. It can occur due to various factors such as abnormal tooth contact, abrasive dental hygiene habits and erosive dietary factors.MethodsFull face photographs of each subject was taken from the frontal view with a natural head position guided to true horizontal in 66 sample. All photographs were evaluated for consistency in head position and picture quality. Total facial height was subdivided into two components: upper facial height and lower facial height. Measurements of UFH and LFH and their ratio were recorded. Also tooth wear was assessed on a tooth-by-tooth basis rated according to the 5-point ordinal scale (0-4). All the data was statistically analyzed by SPSS.ResultsStatistically significant difference was found between Lower Facial Height and age group (p-value=0.02) whereas there was no statistically significant difference between UFH and RUL with age group. UFH and LFH was found to be slightly higher in females than males, however, on application of independent t-test it was found that there were no statistically significant differences between gender and facial height (p-value > 0.05). Weak negative correlation was found between facial height, age and tooth wear (r=-0.24, p-value 0.052 and r-value =-0.28, p-value 0.023).ConclusionsFacial height decreases with increase in age. Upper facial height is slightly greater than lower facial height with tooth wear.
{"title":"Facial Height and Its Effect by Tooth Wear, Age and Sex Assessed By Soft Tissue Analysis","authors":"Anisha Pandey, Rosina Bhattarai, Suraksha Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.56117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.56117","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionTooth wear is one of the major and widely accepted problem nowadays. It is the loss of dental hard tissues by these processes: attrition, abrasion and erosion. It can occur due to various factors such as abnormal tooth contact, abrasive dental hygiene habits and erosive dietary factors.MethodsFull face photographs of each subject was taken from the frontal view with a natural head position guided to true horizontal in 66 sample. All photographs were evaluated for consistency in head position and picture quality. Total facial height was subdivided into two components: upper facial height and lower facial height. Measurements of UFH and LFH and their ratio were recorded. Also tooth wear was assessed on a tooth-by-tooth basis rated according to the 5-point ordinal scale (0-4). All the data was statistically analyzed by SPSS.ResultsStatistically significant difference was found between Lower Facial Height and age group (p-value=0.02) whereas there was no statistically significant difference between UFH and RUL with age group. UFH and LFH was found to be slightly higher in females than males, however, on application of independent t-test it was found that there were no statistically significant differences between gender and facial height (p-value > 0.05). Weak negative correlation was found between facial height, age and tooth wear (r=-0.24, p-value 0.052 and r-value =-0.28, p-value 0.023).ConclusionsFacial height decreases with increase in age. Upper facial height is slightly greater than lower facial height with tooth wear.","PeriodicalId":15436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of College of Medical Sciences-nepal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136037948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntroductionAcute pancreatitis is the inflammation of pancreatic parenchyma that can cause local and systemic manifestations. This study aimed to find the clinical profile and an outcome of acute pancreatitis among patients attending the Department of Gastroenterology in a tertiary care center.MethodsA cross-sectional hospital based study comprising of 75 patients of acute pancreatitis, enrolled between August 2022 to June 2023. Clinical profile, complications and outcomes including in hospital mortality were studied. Revised Atlanta classification and modified CT severity index were used for diagnosis and classification. Data entry and analysis were done SPSS-17.ResultsMost common age group was 40-60 years (50.7%). The most common etiology was alcohol (46.7%) and almost all presented with abdominal pain (97%) and abdominal tenderness was present in 80%. Majority were mild pancreatitis (54.7%), followed by moderately severe (32%) and severe pancreatitis (13.3%). Factors that are significantly associated with prolonged stay at hospital and mortality were pleural effusion, necrotizing pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, BISAP score ≥ 2, high total leucocyte count, shock, severe CT severity score, multi organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)(p≤0.05).ConclusionsAcute pancreatitis is predominant in male gender and 40-60 years age group. It is associated with significant complications and mortality. Different parameters including high BISAP score, pleural effusions, acute kidney injury, leucocytosis and high CRP level on presentation were useful markers to predict outcome.
{"title":"Clinical Profile and Outcome of Acute Pancreatitis in a Tertiary Health Care Center of Nepal","authors":"Ajay Kumar Gautam, Khus Raj Dewan, Rishab Shrestha, Vijaya K.C.","doi":"10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.57068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i3.57068","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionAcute pancreatitis is the inflammation of pancreatic parenchyma that can cause local and systemic manifestations. This study aimed to find the clinical profile and an outcome of acute pancreatitis among patients attending the Department of Gastroenterology in a tertiary care center.MethodsA cross-sectional hospital based study comprising of 75 patients of acute pancreatitis, enrolled between August 2022 to June 2023. Clinical profile, complications and outcomes including in hospital mortality were studied. Revised Atlanta classification and modified CT severity index were used for diagnosis and classification. Data entry and analysis were done SPSS-17.ResultsMost common age group was 40-60 years (50.7%). The most common etiology was alcohol (46.7%) and almost all presented with abdominal pain (97%) and abdominal tenderness was present in 80%. Majority were mild pancreatitis (54.7%), followed by moderately severe (32%) and severe pancreatitis (13.3%). Factors that are significantly associated with prolonged stay at hospital and mortality were pleural effusion, necrotizing pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, BISAP score ≥ 2, high total leucocyte count, shock, severe CT severity score, multi organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)(p≤0.05).ConclusionsAcute pancreatitis is predominant in male gender and 40-60 years age group. It is associated with significant complications and mortality. Different parameters including high BISAP score, pleural effusions, acute kidney injury, leucocytosis and high CRP level on presentation were useful markers to predict outcome.","PeriodicalId":15436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of College of Medical Sciences-nepal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136037952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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