Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.18178/jocet.2021.9.2.256
Maximilian Bonnici, Henry Greene, Isabelle Bonnici
Clean energy may offer a more environmentally friendly outcome than fossil fuels. However, clean energy is beset by uncertainties when the sun does not shine through and the wind does not blow. Worse still, science has not yet overcome scalability issues that are compounded by lack of technological knowhow on how to store solar and wind energy. The electrical “green-outs” of August 2020 in California are a reminder that without storage facilities for clean energy, utilities are driven to spot markets for electricity rendered from traditional sources of energy as economic setbacks occur due to compromised supplies of electricity. Without means of energy storage, new technology cannot fully replace the old. One can only hope that the dream to build a future based on renewable energy will lead to discoveries that will overcome scalability and storage issues.
{"title":"Barriers for Clean Energy Projects","authors":"Maximilian Bonnici, Henry Greene, Isabelle Bonnici","doi":"10.18178/jocet.2021.9.2.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2021.9.2.256","url":null,"abstract":"Clean energy may offer a more environmentally friendly outcome than fossil fuels. However, clean energy is beset by uncertainties when the sun does not shine through and the wind does not blow. Worse still, science has not yet overcome scalability issues that are compounded by lack of technological knowhow on how to store solar and wind energy. The electrical “green-outs” of August 2020 in California are a reminder that without storage facilities for clean energy, utilities are driven to spot markets for electricity rendered from traditional sources of energy as economic setbacks occur due to compromised supplies of electricity. Without means of energy storage, new technology cannot fully replace the old. One can only hope that the dream to build a future based on renewable energy will lead to discoveries that will overcome scalability and storage issues.","PeriodicalId":15527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80615599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.18178/jocet.2021.9.2.527
Amru Alqurashi
The current power system suffers from inherent inefficiencies and transmission line congestion due to the spatial split between power generation and end usage. This potentially introduces shortcomings in meeting load demands, grid liability, renewable portfolio standards, and environmental considerations such as carbon emission reduction targets. The economic and technical viability of distributed energy resource (DER) technologies may accelerate the transition to more sustainable energy production. This paper investigates the economic and environmental benefits of DERs compared to utility prices and emissions for residential dwellings using the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM). The results show a tradeoff between the CO2 emissions and electricity costs, but improvements over purchasing the electricity.
{"title":"Economic and Environmental Impacts of Distributed Energy Resources","authors":"Amru Alqurashi","doi":"10.18178/jocet.2021.9.2.527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2021.9.2.527","url":null,"abstract":"The current power system suffers from inherent inefficiencies and transmission line congestion due to the spatial split between power generation and end usage. This potentially introduces shortcomings in meeting load demands, grid liability, renewable portfolio standards, and environmental considerations such as carbon emission reduction targets. The economic and technical viability of distributed energy resource (DER) technologies may accelerate the transition to more sustainable energy production. This paper investigates the economic and environmental benefits of DERs compared to utility prices and emissions for residential dwellings using the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM). The results show a tradeoff between the CO2 emissions and electricity costs, but improvements over purchasing the electricity.","PeriodicalId":15527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91082422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.18178/JOCET.2021.9.1.524
Sheng-wen Tseng, Yen-Yu Chen
The Gross Regional Product (GRP) of Shandong ranks third in China, but its energy and coal consumption rank first. However, in the past studies, no effort was made to analyze the influence of Shandong energy conservation and emission reduction policies on energy consumption changes. To make up for this gap, the revised divisia index and the energy consumption structure methods were used in this study to analyze the driving force of changes in energy consumption in Shandong from 2005 to 2016. The results of this research show that: Firstly, the control of energy-intensive industries and strong energy conservation policies had become the main driving forces for energy density reduction. Secondly, the energy structure optimization policies only increased the proportion of hydro, nuclear and new energy production to replace a proportion of oil, but could not effectively reduce the consumption and proportion of coal. The continuous increase in coal consumption offset the energy conservation effect by key industries during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. It is clear that a reduction in the amount of coal used and an increase in the proportion of hydro, nuclear and new energy (especially in the industrial sector) is at the core of the energy problems in Shandong. Policy recommendations are proposed that are based on the findings of this study.
{"title":"How Did the Changes in Industrial and Energy Structure Influence Energy Consumption in Shandong, China?","authors":"Sheng-wen Tseng, Yen-Yu Chen","doi":"10.18178/JOCET.2021.9.1.524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/JOCET.2021.9.1.524","url":null,"abstract":"The Gross Regional Product (GRP) of Shandong ranks third in China, but its energy and coal consumption rank first. However, in the past studies, no effort was made to analyze the influence of Shandong energy conservation and emission reduction policies on energy consumption changes. To make up for this gap, the revised divisia index and the energy consumption structure methods were used in this study to analyze the driving force of changes in energy consumption in Shandong from 2005 to 2016. The results of this research show that: Firstly, the control of energy-intensive industries and strong energy conservation policies had become the main driving forces for energy density reduction. Secondly, the energy structure optimization policies only increased the proportion of hydro, nuclear and new energy production to replace a proportion of oil, but could not effectively reduce the consumption and proportion of coal. The continuous increase in coal consumption offset the energy conservation effect by key industries during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. It is clear that a reduction in the amount of coal used and an increase in the proportion of hydro, nuclear and new energy (especially in the industrial sector) is at the core of the energy problems in Shandong. Policy recommendations are proposed that are based on the findings of this study.","PeriodicalId":15527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81906610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.18178/jocet.2021.9.1.525
Shuheng Zhao, H. Onoda
This paper presented an overview of local power producers and suppliers (local PPS) that were established in Japan since the general liberalization of the retail electricity market, with particular focus on the current situation and issues of the local PPSs in terms of their operations and their renewable energy-related efforts. Further, this paper analyzed relevant cases in Ishikari city in Hokkaido, Karatsu city in Saga prefecture, and Sakura city in Chiba prefecture, to discuss and inform future efforts towards realizing a Japanese version of Stadtwerke.
{"title":"Issues and Potentials of Local PPS in Realizing a Japanese Version of Stadtwerke","authors":"Shuheng Zhao, H. Onoda","doi":"10.18178/jocet.2021.9.1.525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2021.9.1.525","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presented an overview of local power producers and suppliers (local PPS) that were established in Japan since the general liberalization of the retail electricity market, with particular focus on the current situation and issues of the local PPSs in terms of their operations and their renewable energy-related efforts. Further, this paper analyzed relevant cases in Ishikari city in Hokkaido, Karatsu city in Saga prefecture, and Sakura city in Chiba prefecture, to discuss and inform future efforts towards realizing a Japanese version of Stadtwerke.","PeriodicalId":15527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86064555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.18178/jocet.2020.8.4.522
R. B. Lakeh, Christopher Salerno, Ega P. Herlim, J. Kiriakos, S. Delagah
The reject of the reverse osmosis water treatment process (aka brine, concentrate, ROC) is a mixture of salts that are dissolved in high salinity water. The ROC is classified as an industrial waste by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and can face regulatory limitations on disposal. State-of-the-art of ROC disposal includes deep-well injection, surface discharge to rivers, discharge to the ocean, and evaporation ponds. In this study, the feasibility of using Reverse Osmosis Concentrate as a low-cost Thermal Energy Storage (TES) medium is explored by a techno-economic analysis. The normalized cost of TES (cost per unit volume of stored thermal energy) is estimated through a series of cost analyses and is compared to the cost targets of the U.S. Department of Energy for low-cost thermal energy storage. It was shown that the normalized cost of TES using ROC salt content is in the range of $6.11 to $8.73 depending on ROC processing methods.
{"title":"Repurposing Reverse Osmosis Concentrate as a Low-Cost Thermal Energy Storage Medium","authors":"R. B. Lakeh, Christopher Salerno, Ega P. Herlim, J. Kiriakos, S. Delagah","doi":"10.18178/jocet.2020.8.4.522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2020.8.4.522","url":null,"abstract":"The reject of the reverse osmosis water treatment process (aka brine, concentrate, ROC) is a mixture of salts that are dissolved in high salinity water. The ROC is classified as an industrial waste by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and can face regulatory limitations on disposal. State-of-the-art of ROC disposal includes deep-well injection, surface discharge to rivers, discharge to the ocean, and evaporation ponds. In this study, the feasibility of using Reverse Osmosis Concentrate as a low-cost Thermal Energy Storage (TES) medium is explored by a techno-economic analysis. The normalized cost of TES (cost per unit volume of stored thermal energy) is estimated through a series of cost analyses and is compared to the cost targets of the U.S. Department of Energy for low-cost thermal energy storage. It was shown that the normalized cost of TES using ROC salt content is in the range of $6.11 to $8.73 depending on ROC processing methods.","PeriodicalId":15527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76956486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.18178/jocet.2020.8.4.523
A. P. Azaria, S. Bethari, M. Nasikin
The use of the biodiesel B-20 especially in low temperature causes a blockage in the diesel vehicle fuel filter, which in turn causes the vehicle to strike. The blockage is caused by the deposition of monoglycerides (MG) agglomeration. These MG deposits reduce the flow properties of B-20. In this study, the Sorbitan Monooleate (SMO) surfactant was used in palm oil biodiesel (B-100) with 3 variations of alcohol, which are methanol, ethanol, and octanol. For each biodiesel with 0.4% MG content, the concentration of SMO surfactant was varied by 0.1-1% by volume of biodiesel. The molar ratio of surfactant/co-surfactants used is 1:1. Samples of biodiesel were stored at room temperature (±27°C). The effect of SMO and three variations of alcohol was analyzed using two flow properties parameters: Cloud Point (CP), Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP), and also supporting data, such as flashpoint and acid number. CP and CFPP were tested every week for a month’s observation. The addition of SMO and octanol to palm oil biodiesel gave the best results by reducing CP by 4.4°C and CFPP by 3°C. The interaction between MG, oleic tails, and hydrogen bonding between them has been analyzed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) method. There are indications of intermolecular hydrogen bonding to MG after the addition of SMO and octanol at wavenumbers 3231.11 and 3289 cm-1.
{"title":"The Effect of Sorbitan Monooleate and Alcohol Addition as Flow Properties Improver in Palm Oil Biodiesel","authors":"A. P. Azaria, S. Bethari, M. Nasikin","doi":"10.18178/jocet.2020.8.4.523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2020.8.4.523","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the biodiesel B-20 especially in low temperature causes a blockage in the diesel vehicle fuel filter, which in turn causes the vehicle to strike. The blockage is caused by the deposition of monoglycerides (MG) agglomeration. These MG deposits reduce the flow properties of B-20. In this study, the Sorbitan Monooleate (SMO) surfactant was used in palm oil biodiesel (B-100) with 3 variations of alcohol, which are methanol, ethanol, and octanol. For each biodiesel with 0.4% MG content, the concentration of SMO surfactant was varied by 0.1-1% by volume of biodiesel. The molar ratio of surfactant/co-surfactants used is 1:1. Samples of biodiesel were stored at room temperature (±27°C). The effect of SMO and three variations of alcohol was analyzed using two flow properties parameters: Cloud Point (CP), Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP), and also supporting data, such as flashpoint and acid number. CP and CFPP were tested every week for a month’s observation. The addition of SMO and octanol to palm oil biodiesel gave the best results by reducing CP by 4.4°C and CFPP by 3°C. The interaction between MG, oleic tails, and hydrogen bonding between them has been analyzed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) method. There are indications of intermolecular hydrogen bonding to MG after the addition of SMO and octanol at wavenumbers 3231.11 and 3289 cm-1.","PeriodicalId":15527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80440542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.18178/jocet.2020.8.3.521
Marwan Belaed, M. M. Rahman
Abstract —The present study investigated combined enhancement of heat conduction and thermal radiation in a finned cylinder during the solidification (energy recovery) of a non-gray, non-opaque phase change material. Transient heat transfer in a symmetric, two-dimensional design is considered. The radiative transport equation is solved by using the Discrete Ordinate Method (DOM) while Finite Volume Method is used to discretize and solve equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. It was found that energy recovery time can be reduced by 74% by controlling the optical thickness property of the PCM with embedded radiation absorbing
{"title":"Enhancement of Energy Recovery in a Phase Change Energy Storage Module with Embedded Radiation Absorbing Particles","authors":"Marwan Belaed, M. M. Rahman","doi":"10.18178/jocet.2020.8.3.521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2020.8.3.521","url":null,"abstract":" Abstract —The present study investigated combined enhancement of heat conduction and thermal radiation in a finned cylinder during the solidification (energy recovery) of a non-gray, non-opaque phase change material. Transient heat transfer in a symmetric, two-dimensional design is considered. The radiative transport equation is solved by using the Discrete Ordinate Method (DOM) while Finite Volume Method is used to discretize and solve equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. It was found that energy recovery time can be reduced by 74% by controlling the optical thickness property of the PCM with embedded radiation absorbing","PeriodicalId":15527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80344930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.18178/jocet.2020.8.3.520
K. Fangsuwannarak, T. Fangsuwannarak, Yongsathon Khotbut
Abstract — The property improvement of palm oil biodiesel ( POB ) was investigated by mixing a nano - TiO 2 additive in order to achieve in the decrease of exhaust emissions of a diesel engine . The different POB fuel fractions were used including B10, B20, B30, B40, B50, and B100 which are compared with commercial diesel B2 as a fuel standard . The results suggested that the small amount of 0 . 1 % wt nano - TiO 2 additive provided the property improvement such as a decrease in kinematic viscosity and an increase in flash point, cetane index, and heating values . However, there are B2 + 0 . 1 % TiO 2 and B10 + 0 . 1 % TiO 2 providing their properties to be accepted in ASTM standard . The experimental results suggested that engine power and torque increased during the range of low engine speed ( <2500 rpm ) and became decreased during the higher range of engine speed ( >3000 rpm ). Carbon oxide ( CO ) , carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) , and nitric oxide ( NO x ) emissions were measured directly at the tailpipe in order to observe the effect of POB fuel used on the gas emissions . It was found that nano TiO 2 additive significantly contributed the reduction of CO 2 and NO x emissions
{"title":"Effect of Nano-TiO2 Additives Blended in Palm Biodiesel on Compression Ignition Engine Performance","authors":"K. Fangsuwannarak, T. Fangsuwannarak, Yongsathon Khotbut","doi":"10.18178/jocet.2020.8.3.520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2020.8.3.520","url":null,"abstract":" Abstract — The property improvement of palm oil biodiesel ( POB ) was investigated by mixing a nano - TiO 2 additive in order to achieve in the decrease of exhaust emissions of a diesel engine . The different POB fuel fractions were used including B10, B20, B30, B40, B50, and B100 which are compared with commercial diesel B2 as a fuel standard . The results suggested that the small amount of 0 . 1 % wt nano - TiO 2 additive provided the property improvement such as a decrease in kinematic viscosity and an increase in flash point, cetane index, and heating values . However, there are B2 + 0 . 1 % TiO 2 and B10 + 0 . 1 % TiO 2 providing their properties to be accepted in ASTM standard . The experimental results suggested that engine power and torque increased during the range of low engine speed ( <2500 rpm ) and became decreased during the higher range of engine speed ( >3000 rpm ). Carbon oxide ( CO ) , carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) , and nitric oxide ( NO x ) emissions were measured directly at the tailpipe in order to observe the effect of POB fuel used on the gas emissions . It was found that nano TiO 2 additive significantly contributed the reduction of CO 2 and NO x emissions","PeriodicalId":15527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81883067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.18178/jocet.2020.8.2.518
Purwoko Purwoko, Tri Wibowo
In a simple language, energy security is maintaining the availability of national energy supply at affordable prices. Some energy resources are used in Indonesia, such as petroleum, natural gas, coal, and renewable energy. In line with increasing the population and growing the economy of Indonesia, the demand for petroleum is increasing. Meanwhile, petroleum production and reserves are declining. 2004 was a turning point for Indonesia, from the petroleum exporter country to the petroleum importer country, and since then the volume of petroleum imports increases every year. Depending petroleum supplies from imports is very risky for Indonesia's energy security. Limited stock or rising petroleum prices on global markets can have a negative impact on the sustainability of national petroleum supplies, economic growth and government budgets. This research is intended to look for policies that can increase energy security in relation to the decline in petroleum production. Descriptive exploratory method is used, to explain the phenomena related to energy security issue in Indonesia. Bioethanol, one of renewable energy, is expected to substitute the imported petroleum. Bioethanol can be produced by the community. However, the economic price of bioethanol is more expensive than that of petroleum, that make people prefer to use the petroleum rather than bioethanol. Fiscal instruments can be used to promote bioethanol as a substitute for petroleum. The use of petroleum causes air pollution, so it deserves as excise object. A portion of the excise proceeds can be earmarked to provide subsidies for bioethanol production, that will make bioethanol prices more competitive. This policy will add a little burden to community, but provide several benefits, such as having better energy security, reducing dependence on petroleum imports, improving the economy and creating jobs with the bioethanol industry, and creating cleaner environment.
{"title":"The Role of Fiscal Policy to Increase Energy Security: Indonesian Case Study","authors":"Purwoko Purwoko, Tri Wibowo","doi":"10.18178/jocet.2020.8.2.518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2020.8.2.518","url":null,"abstract":"In a simple language, energy security is maintaining the availability of national energy supply at affordable prices. Some energy resources are used in Indonesia, such as petroleum, natural gas, coal, and renewable energy. In line with increasing the population and growing the economy of Indonesia, the demand for petroleum is increasing. Meanwhile, petroleum production and reserves are declining. 2004 was a turning point for Indonesia, from the petroleum exporter country to the petroleum importer country, and since then the volume of petroleum imports increases every year. Depending petroleum supplies from imports is very risky for Indonesia's energy security. Limited stock or rising petroleum prices on global markets can have a negative impact on the sustainability of national petroleum supplies, economic growth and government budgets. This research is intended to look for policies that can increase energy security in relation to the decline in petroleum production. Descriptive exploratory method is used, to explain the phenomena related to energy security issue in Indonesia. Bioethanol, one of renewable energy, is expected to substitute the imported petroleum. Bioethanol can be produced by the community. However, the economic price of bioethanol is more expensive than that of petroleum, that make people prefer to use the petroleum rather than bioethanol. Fiscal instruments can be used to promote bioethanol as a substitute for petroleum. The use of petroleum causes air pollution, so it deserves as excise object. A portion of the excise proceeds can be earmarked to provide subsidies for bioethanol production, that will make bioethanol prices more competitive. This policy will add a little burden to community, but provide several benefits, such as having better energy security, reducing dependence on petroleum imports, improving the economy and creating jobs with the bioethanol industry, and creating cleaner environment.","PeriodicalId":15527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies","volume":"355 1","pages":"11-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76490057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.18178/jocet.2020.8.2.519
E. Makhura, E. Muzenda, T. Lekgoba
This paper aims at finding the effect of substrate to inoculum ratio on biogas yield. The batch anaerobic digestion experiment was conducted using the Automatic Biogas Potential Test System (AMPTS II). Substrate to inoculum ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 were used for the study on anaerobic digestion of both food waste and cow dung. Tests were carried out starting with the preparation of substrates, substrate characterization to determine the moisture content (MS), ash content (AC), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS) and ultimately batch anaerobic digestion experiments under thermophilic conditions (37 0 C). The TS and VS contents of food waste ranged between 19.6–22.0% and 90.7 – 92.6% respectively while moisture content, total solids and volatile solids for cow dung were 67.2, 32.8 and 96.0% respectively. The cumulative biogas yields of reactors with cow dung were 12847 Nml, 3598.3 Nml and 4199.4 Nml for the ratios of substrate to inoculum of 2:1, 3:1 and 1:1 respectively. A 67% increase in accumulated volume of biogas was obtained by increased Substrate/Inoculum ratio from 1:1 to 2:1. On the other hand the cumulative biogas yields of reactors with food waste and inoculum were 110.2 Nml, 70.1 Nml and 46.7 Nml for the ratios of substrate to inoculum of 2:1, 3:1 and 1:1 respectively. When compared with those from cow dung, a 58% increase in cumulative biogas yield was obtained through an increased Substrate/Inoculum ratio from 1:1 to 2:1 from food waste.
{"title":"Effect of Substrate to Inoculum Ratio on Biogas Yield","authors":"E. Makhura, E. Muzenda, T. Lekgoba","doi":"10.18178/jocet.2020.8.2.519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2020.8.2.519","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at finding the effect of substrate to inoculum ratio on biogas yield. The batch anaerobic digestion experiment was conducted using the Automatic Biogas Potential Test System (AMPTS II). Substrate to inoculum ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 were used for the study on anaerobic digestion of both food waste and cow dung. Tests were carried out starting with the preparation of substrates, substrate characterization to determine the moisture content (MS), ash content (AC), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS) and ultimately batch anaerobic digestion experiments under thermophilic conditions (37 0 C). The TS and VS contents of food waste ranged between 19.6–22.0% and 90.7 – 92.6% respectively while moisture content, total solids and volatile solids for cow dung were 67.2, 32.8 and 96.0% respectively. The cumulative biogas yields of reactors with cow dung were 12847 Nml, 3598.3 Nml and 4199.4 Nml for the ratios of substrate to inoculum of 2:1, 3:1 and 1:1 respectively. A 67% increase in accumulated volume of biogas was obtained by increased Substrate/Inoculum ratio from 1:1 to 2:1. On the other hand the cumulative biogas yields of reactors with food waste and inoculum were 110.2 Nml, 70.1 Nml and 46.7 Nml for the ratios of substrate to inoculum of 2:1, 3:1 and 1:1 respectively. When compared with those from cow dung, a 58% increase in cumulative biogas yield was obtained through an increased Substrate/Inoculum ratio from 1:1 to 2:1 from food waste.","PeriodicalId":15527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies","volume":"46 1","pages":"16-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79913037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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