Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has proved to be an effective technology for treatment of wastewater with additional advantage of electricity generation. Though the power density obtained has increased many- folds over a last decade, the cost of treatment and cost of the electricity generation need to be brought down to make the process feasible. In the present research, an attempt has been made to use locally available, low cost and effective materials for the construction of the MFC using novel anode architecture. The MFC was made using multiple membranes in the single cell. The special design of anode proved to be very effective in getting higher power density. The volumetric power density of 2002 mW/m3 could be achieved without use of any chemical catholyte. The corresponding Coulombic efficiency obtained was 13.17%. When chemical catholyte was used, the power density increased to 5201 mW/m3, an increase by more than 2.5 times. The corresponding Coulombic efficiency of the MFC also increased to 29.16 %. Such novel anode architecture could take this technology step forward for practical implementation to harvest carbon neutral electricity from wastewater. The performance of MFC in the removal of COD from wastewater was found to be 93.9 to 97.75% which is highly satisfactory. The removal efficiency was found to be independent of the initial COD of the substrate.
{"title":"Performance evaluation of microbial fuel cell using novel anode architecture and with low cost components","authors":"S. Ambekar, M. Ghangrekar","doi":"10.1680/jenes.21.00071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenes.21.00071","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has proved to be an effective technology for treatment of wastewater with additional advantage of electricity generation. Though the power density obtained has increased many- folds over a last decade, the cost of treatment and cost of the electricity generation need to be brought down to make the process feasible. In the present research, an attempt has been made to use locally available, low cost and effective materials for the construction of the MFC using novel anode architecture. The MFC was made using multiple membranes in the single cell. The special design of anode proved to be very effective in getting higher power density. The volumetric power density of 2002 mW/m3 could be achieved without use of any chemical catholyte. The corresponding Coulombic efficiency obtained was 13.17%. When chemical catholyte was used, the power density increased to 5201 mW/m3, an increase by more than 2.5 times. The corresponding Coulombic efficiency of the MFC also increased to 29.16 %. Such novel anode architecture could take this technology step forward for practical implementation to harvest carbon neutral electricity from wastewater. The performance of MFC in the removal of COD from wastewater was found to be 93.9 to 97.75% which is highly satisfactory. The removal efficiency was found to be independent of the initial COD of the substrate.","PeriodicalId":15665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42092288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changes in water quality in drinking water distribution systems are complex and often result due to chemical and microbial processes. The chemical concentration of water quality reflects the deposition and erosion of the scale. It causes insignificant deterioration of water quality. This study determines the corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water in the distribution networks of water supply in Patna city, Bihar, India. For the determination of the physicochemical parameters, 92 water samples were collected from 46 points of the distribution network. Four parameters were analysed in situ namely temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, and the remaining parameters namely alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, and iron was tested in the laboratory. Widely used equations namely Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), Larson Skold index (LS), and Aggressive index (AI) was employed for calculations of corrosion and scaling potential of the water samples. LSI and RSI indicate 86.96% corrosive and only 13.04% scaling, PSI indicates 30.43% corrosive, LS indicates all water samples has low corrosive and AI indicates 71.74% water sample has moderate corrosive, and only 28.26% of the water sample has scaling tendency.
{"title":"Water Quality Analysis and Corrosion Potential in the Distribution Network Patna, Bihar","authors":"Saurabh Kumar, Reena Singh, N. S. Maurya","doi":"10.1680/jenes.21.00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenes.21.00022","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in water quality in drinking water distribution systems are complex and often result due to chemical and microbial processes. The chemical concentration of water quality reflects the deposition and erosion of the scale. It causes insignificant deterioration of water quality. This study determines the corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water in the distribution networks of water supply in Patna city, Bihar, India. For the determination of the physicochemical parameters, 92 water samples were collected from 46 points of the distribution network. Four parameters were analysed in situ namely temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, and the remaining parameters namely alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, and iron was tested in the laboratory. Widely used equations namely Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), Larson Skold index (LS), and Aggressive index (AI) was employed for calculations of corrosion and scaling potential of the water samples. LSI and RSI indicate 86.96% corrosive and only 13.04% scaling, PSI indicates 30.43% corrosive, LS indicates all water samples has low corrosive and AI indicates 71.74% water sample has moderate corrosive, and only 28.26% of the water sample has scaling tendency.","PeriodicalId":15665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46465064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When the confirmed COVIDs cases were raised in Iraq in the middle of Feb. 2021, the Iraqi government performed a closure approach to constrain mobility movements, factory operations and keeping private social distance. In this research, the concentrations of air components (PM52.5, PM 10, NO 2, and O 3), which represent herein the degree of air quality index (AQI), are recorded, drawn, and evaluated over the central (Baghdad the capital), northern (Kirkuk province), southern (Basra province) of Iraq before and during the closure. The duration experiment of this research is 6 months (from 1 Jan. 2021 to 30 Jun. 2021), which included four durations: Pre-closure, first closure (total and partial), second closure (total and partial), and third closure (partial). Besides, the total-closure and partial-closure impact on the quality of the atmosphere layer is evaluated and assessed over Iraq in terms of SENTINEL – 5PSATELLITE/TROPOMI and GIOVANNE – EARTH – DATA images. The results revealed that air pollutants were dropped during the closure time except at the end of the 3rd period of closure due to the lack of people commitment by breaking the closure strategy based on economic reasons. It was observed that the lockdown is one of the best solutions to defeat the Coronavirus pandemic and significantly improve the air quality index, although it has several disadvantages effects on the economic front of the country. Eventually, since people stay at their residence home, the concentration of air pollutants becomes low and the air quality index getting better.
{"title":"Performance evaluation of COVIDs closure on air quality index concentration (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3) over central, south, and north parts of Iraq","authors":"M. M. Hason, A. Al-Sulttani, Ammar A. Jasim","doi":"10.1680/jenes.21.00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenes.21.00039","url":null,"abstract":"When the confirmed COVIDs cases were raised in Iraq in the middle of Feb. 2021, the Iraqi government performed a closure approach to constrain mobility movements, factory operations and keeping private social distance. In this research, the concentrations of air components (PM52.5, PM 10, NO 2, and O 3), which represent herein the degree of air quality index (AQI), are recorded, drawn, and evaluated over the central (Baghdad the capital), northern (Kirkuk province), southern (Basra province) of Iraq before and during the closure. The duration experiment of this research is 6 months (from 1 Jan. 2021 to 30 Jun. 2021), which included four durations: Pre-closure, first closure (total and partial), second closure (total and partial), and third closure (partial). Besides, the total-closure and partial-closure impact on the quality of the atmosphere layer is evaluated and assessed over Iraq in terms of SENTINEL – 5PSATELLITE/TROPOMI and GIOVANNE – EARTH – DATA images. The results revealed that air pollutants were dropped during the closure time except at the end of the 3rd period of closure due to the lack of people commitment by breaking the closure strategy based on economic reasons. It was observed that the lockdown is one of the best solutions to defeat the Coronavirus pandemic and significantly improve the air quality index, although it has several disadvantages effects on the economic front of the country. Eventually, since people stay at their residence home, the concentration of air pollutants becomes low and the air quality index getting better.","PeriodicalId":15665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47523983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diwali is an important festival of India and a lot of firecrackers bursting take place in every part of the country during festive occasions. Short term effect of firecrackers on ambient air quality was assessed by monitoring suspended particulate matter (SPM) and heavy metal analysis (Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn and Ni) during Diwali festival at an urban-industrial city Raipur, India from 3rd November to 11th November 2018. The daily average SPM concentrations were found about two times higher on 7th November (Diwali-425.64 µg/m3) and 8th November (next day of Diwali- 417.92 µg/m3) as compared to 3rd November (pre Diwali day- 247.56 µg/m3). Heavy metal analysis (Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn and Ni) was carried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and found the same concentration trend in the order of Fe>Zn>Pb>Mn>Ni during day and night time. Significant increment in SPM and heavy metal concentrations has been observed post-Diwali. Back trajectory analysis revealed that trajectories at surface level (50 and 1000 m a.g.l) originated from local sources, depicting local anthropogenic activities like burning of firecrackers and industrial activities as major pollution source. Wind rose diagram depicts higher SPM concentration, when the wind was northeasterly. The present study reveals that pollution levels were considerably increased during Diwali and firecrackers bursting played a major role by contributing to air pollution.
排灯节是印度的一个重要节日，在节日期间，印度各地都会燃放大量鞭炮。2018年11月3日至11月11日，在印度城市工业城市赖布尔举行的排灯节期间，通过监测悬浮颗粒物（SPM）和重金属分析（Fe、Zn、Pb、Mn和Ni），评估了鞭炮对环境空气质量的短期影响。11月7日，SPM的日均浓度高出约两倍（排灯节425.64 µg/m3）和11月8日（排灯节的第二天-417.92 µg/m3）与11月3日（排灯节前-247.56 µg/m3）。用原子吸收光谱法对重金属（Fe、Zn、Pb、Mn和Ni）进行了分析，发现在白天和晚上的浓度趋势相同，依次为Fe>Zn>Pb>Mn>Ni。排灯节后，SPM和重金属浓度显著增加。背面轨迹分析显示，地表（50和1000）的轨迹 m a.g.l）来源于当地，将当地的人为活动（如燃放鞭炮和工业活动）描述为主要污染源。风玫瑰图描绘了东北风时SPM浓度较高的情况。目前的研究表明，排灯节期间污染水平大幅上升，鞭炮爆裂是造成空气污染的主要原因。
{"title":"Assessment of suspended particulate matter and heavy metal analysis during Diwali festival","authors":"P. Khobragade, A. V. Ahirwar","doi":"10.1680/jenes.21.00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenes.21.00020","url":null,"abstract":"Diwali is an important festival of India and a lot of firecrackers bursting take place in every part of the country during festive occasions. Short term effect of firecrackers on ambient air quality was assessed by monitoring suspended particulate matter (SPM) and heavy metal analysis (Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn and Ni) during Diwali festival at an urban-industrial city Raipur, India from 3rd November to 11th November 2018. The daily average SPM concentrations were found about two times higher on 7th November (Diwali-425.64 µg/m3) and 8th November (next day of Diwali- 417.92 µg/m3) as compared to 3rd November (pre Diwali day- 247.56 µg/m3). Heavy metal analysis (Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn and Ni) was carried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and found the same concentration trend in the order of Fe>Zn>Pb>Mn>Ni during day and night time. Significant increment in SPM and heavy metal concentrations has been observed post-Diwali. Back trajectory analysis revealed that trajectories at surface level (50 and 1000 m a.g.l) originated from local sources, depicting local anthropogenic activities like burning of firecrackers and industrial activities as major pollution source. Wind rose diagram depicts higher SPM concentration, when the wind was northeasterly. The present study reveals that pollution levels were considerably increased during Diwali and firecrackers bursting played a major role by contributing to air pollution.","PeriodicalId":15665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43412861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Shehata, M. M. Faisle, A. Farghali, MM EL-Rabiei, N. H. Mahmoud
The resistance of the intraparticle diffusion of different pollutants into CNTs is considered the main challenge in the wastewater treatment. Hence in this investigation, we discuss the kinetic parameters affecting the diffusion of different pollutants from municipal wastewater into the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) matrix. Different models (Pseudo first order, Pseudo second order, intraparticle diffusion, Avrami and mixed first and second order models) were studied to describe the adsorption characteristics of the reduction in chemical and biochemical oxygen demand of municipal wastewater in addition to the kinetic profile of some nutrients and heavy metals ions in the existence of CNTs. Finally, the mechanism of sorption of these main pollutants was proposed.
{"title":"Kinetic Studies for the Remediation of Some Nutrients and Heavy Metals from Real Wastewater onto Carbon Nanotubes","authors":"N. Shehata, M. M. Faisle, A. Farghali, MM EL-Rabiei, N. H. Mahmoud","doi":"10.1680/jenes.21.00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenes.21.00003","url":null,"abstract":"The resistance of the intraparticle diffusion of different pollutants into CNTs is considered the main challenge in the wastewater treatment. Hence in this investigation, we discuss the kinetic parameters affecting the diffusion of different pollutants from municipal wastewater into the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) matrix. Different models (Pseudo first order, Pseudo second order, intraparticle diffusion, Avrami and mixed first and second order models) were studied to describe the adsorption characteristics of the reduction in chemical and biochemical oxygen demand of municipal wastewater in addition to the kinetic profile of some nutrients and heavy metals ions in the existence of CNTs. Finally, the mechanism of sorption of these main pollutants was proposed.","PeriodicalId":15665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48597622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sambuddha Bajracharya, Awanish Adhikari, Prasesh Pote Shrestha, A. Ghimire
Solid Waste Management (SWM) is becoming a major environmental and public health concern in emerging municipalities in Nepal. In this study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach is used to address the environmental impacts of potential waste treatment scenarios in Dhulikhel Municipality in Nepal. The assessment was based on four different scenarios, viz. Scenario 1- landfilling, Scenario 2 - composting combined with landfilling, Scenario 3 - recycling, composting and landfilling, and Scenario 4 - recycling, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling. The LCA methodology was developed, including the benefits and impact potentials of different unit process in each scenario, also taking consideration of emissions from energy use. The environmental impacts from the scenarios were compared in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), and Eutrophication Potential (EP). Among the four scenarios, scenario 4 (i.e. with anaerobic digestion) showed the most environmental advantage. Scenarios without biological treatment facilities are the least preferred option as their impact is significantly greater than other options. Therefore, organic waste is recommended not to be disposed of in landfill sites even if the transportation activity increases, because the magnitude of methane avoidance increases with an increased amount of waste diversion to the biological treatment units.
{"title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management for Dhulikhel Municipality, Nepal","authors":"Sambuddha Bajracharya, Awanish Adhikari, Prasesh Pote Shrestha, A. Ghimire","doi":"10.1680/jenes.21.00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenes.21.00045","url":null,"abstract":"Solid Waste Management (SWM) is becoming a major environmental and public health concern in emerging municipalities in Nepal. In this study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach is used to address the environmental impacts of potential waste treatment scenarios in Dhulikhel Municipality in Nepal. The assessment was based on four different scenarios, viz. Scenario 1- landfilling, Scenario 2 - composting combined with landfilling, Scenario 3 - recycling, composting and landfilling, and Scenario 4 - recycling, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling. The LCA methodology was developed, including the benefits and impact potentials of different unit process in each scenario, also taking consideration of emissions from energy use. The environmental impacts from the scenarios were compared in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), and Eutrophication Potential (EP). Among the four scenarios, scenario 4 (i.e. with anaerobic digestion) showed the most environmental advantage. Scenarios without biological treatment facilities are the least preferred option as their impact is significantly greater than other options. Therefore, organic waste is recommended not to be disposed of in landfill sites even if the transportation activity increases, because the magnitude of methane avoidance increases with an increased amount of waste diversion to the biological treatment units.","PeriodicalId":15665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48582216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaber S. AbdelGhany, E. Ebrahiem, H. Mohamed, Gomaa A. M. Ali, N. Shehata
{"title":"Eco-friendly activated carbon developed from rice hulls for chromium and iron ion removal","authors":"Gaber S. AbdelGhany, E. Ebrahiem, H. Mohamed, Gomaa A. M. Ali, N. Shehata","doi":"10.1680/jenes.21.00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenes.21.00002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44097536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluating water and gas permeability of fiber-modified landfill clay-base liner","authors":"Mehrnaz Amini, H. S. Isfahani, A. Azhari","doi":"10.1680/jenes.21.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenes.21.00013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42117819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Health Risk Identification of Typical Groundwater Using Bioassays and Chemical Methods","authors":"Kun Yin, Chen Guo, Zhan-lu Lv, Shuli Zhao, Chengjun Jia, Hongxia Zhu","doi":"10.1680/jenes.21.00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenes.21.00029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43009682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. MostafaN, FaroukSabah Mohamed, S. AbdelhamidSM, M. MonazieAliaa
Cost efficiency and environmental friendliness biomass-derived adsorbents for wastewater treatment are explored. Preparation of bio-adsorbents which were economically and environmentally sustainabl...
探讨了生物量吸附剂在污水处理中的成本效益和环境友好性。制备了经济、环境可持续的生物吸附剂。。。
{"title":"Optimisation and Characterisation of Bio-Adsorbent Based on Barley Straw and Coconut Shell","authors":"A. MostafaN, FaroukSabah Mohamed, S. AbdelhamidSM, M. MonazieAliaa","doi":"10.1680/JENES.21.00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/JENES.21.00026","url":null,"abstract":"Cost efficiency and environmental friendliness biomass-derived adsorbents for wastewater treatment are explored. Preparation of bio-adsorbents which were economically and environmentally sustainabl...","PeriodicalId":15665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43681635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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