Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.07.09
Shahad Qais Abd Almajeed, Z. K. Abbas
Sustainable evolution is vital to address miscellaneous issues, and experts are currently exploring the possibilities of Eco-Friendly concrete (Green concrete). This type of concrete involves using environmentally and economically viable substances that can act as entire or partial replacements for conventional materials. By doing so, it can assist in reducing the consumption of natural resources and energy, as well as minimize pollution. For example, several researchers have performed on incorporating sustainable approaches in roller compacted concrete RCC by replacing certain substances with eco-friendly alternatives. That is a favorable step toward devising more sustainable construction practices. Therefore, this study resorted to reapplying recycled plastic garbage (sustainable plastic) to construct environmentally eco-friendly concrete (green concrete). First, examine the possibility of using plastic as a partial substitute for fine-aggregates in RCC mixtures. Second, examination of the possibility of using plastic as a partial substitute for coarse-aggregates in RCC mixtures to enhance the performance of RCC. In early periods, a suitable RCC mix was designed in the lab to test the concrete strength, freezing-thawing, permeability, durability, erosion, and porosity of set concrete. The findings confirmed that RCC can maintain the same properties as traditional concrete using the known mixtures. Trial tests were designed and organized to evaluate the quality of pouring and compaction operations, suitable mix composition, and void specimens to accomplish testing on the constructed RCC. It has shown that RCC with prime ingredients and proper ratios can be performed with similar strength and durability as conventional concrete. However, RCC differs from ordinary concrete pavements. This technology provides a favorable economical alternative for many branches of civil engineering installations.
{"title":"Eco-Friendly Roller Compacted Concrete: A Review","authors":"Shahad Qais Abd Almajeed, Z. K. Abbas","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.07.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.07.09","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable evolution is vital to address miscellaneous issues, and experts are currently exploring the possibilities of Eco-Friendly concrete (Green concrete). This type of concrete involves using environmentally and economically viable substances that can act as entire or partial replacements for conventional materials. By doing so, it can assist in reducing the consumption of natural resources and energy, as well as minimize pollution. For example, several researchers have performed on incorporating sustainable approaches in roller compacted concrete RCC by replacing certain substances with eco-friendly alternatives. That is a favorable step toward devising more sustainable construction practices. Therefore, this study resorted to reapplying recycled plastic garbage (sustainable plastic) to construct environmentally eco-friendly concrete (green concrete). First, examine the possibility of using plastic as a partial substitute for fine-aggregates in RCC mixtures. Second, examination of the possibility of using plastic as a partial substitute for coarse-aggregates in RCC mixtures to enhance the performance of RCC. In early periods, a suitable RCC mix was designed in the lab to test the concrete strength, freezing-thawing, permeability, durability, erosion, and porosity of set concrete. The findings confirmed that RCC can maintain the same properties as traditional concrete using the known mixtures. Trial tests were designed and organized to evaluate the quality of pouring and compaction operations, suitable mix composition, and void specimens to accomplish testing on the constructed RCC. It has shown that RCC with prime ingredients and proper ratios can be performed with similar strength and durability as conventional concrete. However, RCC differs from ordinary concrete pavements. This technology provides a favorable economical alternative for many branches of civil engineering installations.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141714892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.07.04
Hasan Ehssan Alobaidi, A. H. Al-Zuhairi
This article presents the results of numerical simulations performed using ABAQUS/CAE version 2019. The study aims to evaluate the structural integrity of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams strengthened with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforcements polymer composite materials (EB) (CFRP), especially their response to bending and shear forces. The numerical model was validated by comparing the numerical and experimental results of eight RC T-beams. The numerical analysis was then extended to include various factors, including the impact of the tilt angle of the U-CFRP shell on the shear strength. The goal of this numerical extension is to implement a numerical model capable of simulating the nonlinear behavior of these beams accurately. A comparative analysis is also performed on the experimental and computational models, focusing on the damage modes and their load-induced deformation characteristics. The results showed a satisfactory level of agreement between the two sides. The average ratio of ultimate load to deflection in the numerical model simulation and experimental beam test is 1.004 and 1.046, respectively. The main finding is that inclined U-CFRP deformed at a 45° angle exhibits greater shear stiffness than beams embedded with vertical CFRP panels at a 90° angle, maintaining a constant CFRP panel spacing.
{"title":"Numerical Simulation of the Behaviour of RC T-Beams Strengthened by EB-CFRP Composites Under Bending and Shear Effects","authors":"Hasan Ehssan Alobaidi, A. H. Al-Zuhairi","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.07.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.07.04","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of numerical simulations performed using ABAQUS/CAE version 2019. The study aims to evaluate the structural integrity of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams strengthened with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforcements polymer composite materials (EB) (CFRP), especially their response to bending and shear forces. The numerical model was validated by comparing the numerical and experimental results of eight RC T-beams. The numerical analysis was then extended to include various factors, including the impact of the tilt angle of the U-CFRP shell on the shear strength. The goal of this numerical extension is to implement a numerical model capable of simulating the nonlinear behavior of these beams accurately. A comparative analysis is also performed on the experimental and computational models, focusing on the damage modes and their load-induced deformation characteristics. The results showed a satisfactory level of agreement between the two sides. The average ratio of ultimate load to deflection in the numerical model simulation and experimental beam test is 1.004 and 1.046, respectively. The main finding is that inclined U-CFRP deformed at a 45° angle exhibits greater shear stiffness than beams embedded with vertical CFRP panels at a 90° angle, maintaining a constant CFRP panel spacing.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141708483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.05
Zina Mikhael Dawood, Z. H. Alqaissi
This paper investigates the influence of date-palm fibers on the compaction and strength properties of fine soil. The laboratory tests, including specific gravity, compaction tests, and unconfined compression strength tests, were conducted, integrating different proportions (ranging from 0 to 2%) of date-palm fibers into the soil mixture. The palm fibers were divided into two distinct lengths (30 mm and 60 mm) to be mixed with the soil. Nine samples were prepared with varying proportions of date-palm fibers for the experimental investigation, aiming to specifically examine the influences exerted by both palm-fiber length and palm-fiber content on the soil's compaction and strength characteristics when mixed with date-palm fibers. The compaction test results demonstrate a decrease in the dry unit weight and an increase in the optimum moisture content by approximately 10%. Additionally, the length of the date-palm fibers impacts the optimum moisture content and the maximum dry unit weight of the soil mixture. In contrast, the unconfined compressive stress increased by about 30% with higher date-palm fiber contents. This increase in unconfined compressive stress due to increased date-palm fiber content is a significant finding, indicating improved soil strength. This finding holds the enhancing construction performance, sustainability, and cost-efficiency. In conclusion, this soil-fiber mixture shows suitable hydraulic applications. The utilization of natural materials in civil engineering demands the exploration of available natural fibers.
{"title":"Impact of Date-Palm Fibers on Fine Soil’s Compaction and Strength Properties","authors":"Zina Mikhael Dawood, Z. H. Alqaissi","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.05","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the influence of date-palm fibers on the compaction and strength properties of fine soil. The laboratory tests, including specific gravity, compaction tests, and unconfined compression strength tests, were conducted, integrating different proportions (ranging from 0 to 2%) of date-palm fibers into the soil mixture. The palm fibers were divided into two distinct lengths (30 mm and 60 mm) to be mixed with the soil. Nine samples were prepared with varying proportions of date-palm fibers for the experimental investigation, aiming to specifically examine the influences exerted by both palm-fiber length and palm-fiber content on the soil's compaction and strength characteristics when mixed with date-palm fibers. The compaction test results demonstrate a decrease in the dry unit weight and an increase in the optimum moisture content by approximately 10%. Additionally, the length of the date-palm fibers impacts the optimum moisture content and the maximum dry unit weight of the soil mixture. In contrast, the unconfined compressive stress increased by about 30% with higher date-palm fiber contents. This increase in unconfined compressive stress due to increased date-palm fiber content is a significant finding, indicating improved soil strength. This finding holds the enhancing construction performance, sustainability, and cost-efficiency. In conclusion, this soil-fiber mixture shows suitable hydraulic applications. The utilization of natural materials in civil engineering demands the exploration of available natural fibers.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141280963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.10
Manar Zahid Zaman, S. Al-Zaidee
Flat slabs made of two-way reinforced concrete are a common, effective, and affordable structural method. Thin layer slabs and lightweight are of great importance in modern building construction without the need to increase the cross-section of columns, walls, and foundations. Consequently, it becomes more important to cover all aspects related to stiffness, vibration, and strength of lightweight concrete slabs. To achieve serviceable flat slabs from lightweight concrete (LWC), the comparison between LWC flat plate and flat slab is studied in this article for strength and stiffness. The construction of the flat plate is much easier than other slabs even though the problem facing the flat plate is the punching shear. Hence, the addition of the drop panel as a solution. However, the two LWC slabs are exposed to a uniform pressure of dead load and human live load. The vibration of the slab is related to the stiffness in the form of the natural frequency. These floor systems should satisfy walking excitation criteria of acceleration limit , which is equal to 0.50% of g for office occupancies. This study aims to analyze a flat plate and flat slab with a drop panel for strength and stiffness. The analysis is carried out in ABAQUS software. The results of the analysis show that the flat slab has an effective increase in strength of about 60% compared to the stiffness which was lower by about 2.2 %. However, the stiffness of both slabs is within the limits of walking excitation criteria.
{"title":"Stiffness, Vibration, and Strength of Flat Slab and Flat Plate Lightweight Concrete Slabs","authors":"Manar Zahid Zaman, S. Al-Zaidee","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.10","url":null,"abstract":"Flat slabs made of two-way reinforced concrete are a common, effective, and affordable structural method. Thin layer slabs and lightweight are of great importance in modern building construction without the need to increase the cross-section of columns, walls, and foundations. Consequently, it becomes more important to cover all aspects related to stiffness, vibration, and strength of lightweight concrete slabs. To achieve serviceable flat slabs from lightweight concrete (LWC), the comparison between LWC flat plate and flat slab is studied in this article for strength and stiffness. The construction of the flat plate is much easier than other slabs even though the problem facing the flat plate is the punching shear. Hence, the addition of the drop panel as a solution. However, the two LWC slabs are exposed to a uniform pressure of dead load and human live load. The vibration of the slab is related to the stiffness in the form of the natural frequency. These floor systems should satisfy walking excitation criteria of acceleration limit , which is equal to 0.50% of g for office occupancies. This study aims to analyze a flat plate and flat slab with a drop panel for strength and stiffness. The analysis is carried out in ABAQUS software. The results of the analysis show that the flat slab has an effective increase in strength of about 60% compared to the stiffness which was lower by about 2.2 %. However, the stiffness of both slabs is within the limits of walking excitation criteria.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141275995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.03
A. Y. Hassan, M. Saleh
Dust is a frequent contributor to health risks and changes in the climate, one of the most dangerous issues facing people today. Desertification, drought, agricultural practices, and sand and dust storms from neighboring regions bring on this issue. Deep learning (DL) long short-term memory (LSTM) based regression was a proposed solution to increase the forecasting accuracy of dust and monitoring. The proposed system has two parts to detect and monitor the dust; at the first step, the LSTM and dense layers are used to build a system using to detect the dust, while at the second step, the proposed Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) model is used as a forecasting and monitoring model. The experiment DL system train and test part was applied to dust phenomena historical data. Its data has been collected through the Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS) raw dataset with 170237 of 17023 rows and 10 columns. The LSTM model achieved small time, computationally complexity of, and layers number while being effective and accurate for dust prediction. The simulation results reveal that the model's mean square error test reaches 0.12877 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) test is 0.07411 at the same rates of learning and exact features values of vector in the dense layer, representing a neural network layer deeply is connected to the LSTM training proposed model. Finally, the model suggested enhances monitoring performance.
{"title":"Intelligent Dust Monitoring System Based on IoT","authors":"A. Y. Hassan, M. Saleh","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.03","url":null,"abstract":"Dust is a frequent contributor to health risks and changes in the climate, one of the most dangerous issues facing people today. Desertification, drought, agricultural practices, and sand and dust storms from neighboring regions bring on this issue. Deep learning (DL) long short-term memory (LSTM) based regression was a proposed solution to increase the forecasting accuracy of dust and monitoring. The proposed system has two parts to detect and monitor the dust; at the first step, the LSTM and dense layers are used to build a system using to detect the dust, while at the second step, the proposed Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) model is used as a forecasting and monitoring model. The experiment DL system train and test part was applied to dust phenomena historical data. Its data has been collected through the Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS) raw dataset with 170237 of 17023 rows and 10 columns. The LSTM model achieved small time, computationally complexity of, and layers number while being effective and accurate for dust prediction. The simulation results reveal that the model's mean square error test reaches 0.12877 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) test is 0.07411 at the same rates of learning and exact features values of vector in the dense layer, representing a neural network layer deeply is connected to the LSTM training proposed model. Finally, the model suggested enhances monitoring performance.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141276601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.02
Z. Alkaissi, Ali Nasser Hussein, Murtada Hassan Muhammad
Traffic congestion become a serious problem that traffic engineers still face. This research explains the sustainable indicators and congestion index for urban streets and their implementation to evaluate the performance measures proceeding toward sustainable roads. Congestion measures in terms of speed reduction and sustainable indicators; mobility (congestion index, travel time, and delay), costs (vehicle operating cost), socio-economic effect (in terms of an estimated factor called User Satisfaction Index (USI), and air pollution (Fuel emissions) are estimated. Link 3 has the highest delay value of approximately (2 minutes) for the evening peak period in the north-south direction due to a large number of vehicles dense traffic and mixed land use of the study area that produce many attraction trips daily. Congestion is distributed more spatially during the morning peak periods, while in evening periods is relatively concentrated on a specific link. The reduction in travel speed due to the congestion effect induced higher vehicle operating costs of an average unit of 2.9 per Km for links 1, 2.6, and 2.4 for links 2 and 3, respectively, at peak time from (8 a.m. to 12 a.m.). Generally, traffic congestion is mainly concentrated on Links 1 and 3 of Palestine’s urban street segments. The overall user satisfaction index (USI) is 2.209 and about 44.18%, meaning user satisfaction is less than 50%. This illustrates that the selected segment of the study area is unsustainable regarding the social and commuter opinions aspect.
{"title":"Traffic Congestion Measures and Sustainability Evaluation of Urban Street","authors":"Z. Alkaissi, Ali Nasser Hussein, Murtada Hassan Muhammad","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.02","url":null,"abstract":"Traffic congestion become a serious problem that traffic engineers still face. This research explains the sustainable indicators and congestion index for urban streets and their implementation to evaluate the performance measures proceeding toward sustainable roads. Congestion measures in terms of speed reduction and sustainable indicators; mobility (congestion index, travel time, and delay), costs (vehicle operating cost), socio-economic effect (in terms of an estimated factor called User Satisfaction Index (USI), and air pollution (Fuel emissions) are estimated. Link 3 has the highest delay value of approximately (2 minutes) for the evening peak period in the north-south direction due to a large number of vehicles dense traffic and mixed land use of the study area that produce many attraction trips daily. Congestion is distributed more spatially during the morning peak periods, while in evening periods is relatively concentrated on a specific link. The reduction in travel speed due to the congestion effect induced higher vehicle operating costs of an average unit of 2.9 per Km for links 1, 2.6, and 2.4 for links 2 and 3, respectively, at peak time from (8 a.m. to 12 a.m.). Generally, traffic congestion is mainly concentrated on Links 1 and 3 of Palestine’s urban street segments. The overall user satisfaction index (USI) is 2.209 and about 44.18%, meaning user satisfaction is less than 50%. This illustrates that the selected segment of the study area is unsustainable regarding the social and commuter opinions aspect.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141276699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.11
Raed G. Saihood, Mazin F. Fateh Ala
This research provides information on the heat transfer in the cavity by natural convection which has a partially open side with a ratio (A = 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25) to the surroundings for cooling. It is filled with porous media (glass beads) and saturated with air. The bottom wall was heated with a constant heat flux (q = 1500, 3000, 4500, 6000) W/m2 while the top and other walls of the cavity were well insulated. The porous media had small porosity (0.418), a range of Rayleigh number Ra (57.6-1470). The distribution of temperatures, the local Nusselt number, and the average Nusselt number were all extracted from the testing rig's temperature data. It is clear that the fluid flow and heat transfer are affected by heat flux and the ratio of partially open side. Observed that, the greatest temperature values at maximum heat flux (q) and minimum open ratio (A). Thus, the temperature rising at all values of the constant heat flux and the enhancement of the local Nusselt number at (q = 6000) W/m2 about (5.47%, 3.85%, 1.76%) for (A = 1, 0.75, 0.5) respectively, when compared with (A = 0.25). The enhancement of the average Nusselt number at (q = 6000) W/m2 is about (7.28%, 4.55%, 2.27%) for (A = 1, 0.75, 0.5) respectively, compared with (A = 0.25).
{"title":"Experimental Study of Partial Open Side Effect on Natural Convection in a Porous Cavity","authors":"Raed G. Saihood, Mazin F. Fateh Ala","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.11","url":null,"abstract":"This research provides information on the heat transfer in the cavity by natural convection which has a partially open side with a ratio (A = 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25) to the surroundings for cooling. It is filled with porous media (glass beads) and saturated with air. The bottom wall was heated with a constant heat flux (q = 1500, 3000, 4500, 6000) W/m2 while the top and other walls of the cavity were well insulated. The porous media had small porosity (0.418), a range of Rayleigh number Ra (57.6-1470). The distribution of temperatures, the local Nusselt number, and the average Nusselt number were all extracted from the testing rig's temperature data. It is clear that the fluid flow and heat transfer are affected by heat flux and the ratio of partially open side. Observed that, the greatest temperature values at maximum heat flux (q) and minimum open ratio (A). Thus, the temperature rising at all values of the constant heat flux and the enhancement of the local Nusselt number at (q = 6000) W/m2 about (5.47%, 3.85%, 1.76%) for (A = 1, 0.75, 0.5) respectively, when compared with (A = 0.25). The enhancement of the average Nusselt number at (q = 6000) W/m2 is about (7.28%, 4.55%, 2.27%) for (A = 1, 0.75, 0.5) respectively, compared with (A = 0.25).","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141277215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.07
H. A. Hussein, A. I. Said
Due to their great structural efficiency and efficient utilization of materials, steel-reinforced hollow-core concrete columns are often employed in utility poles, ground piles, and piers for bridges. Based on research, these columns' performance is impacted by many design parameters. However, corrosion can be a problem in steel-reinforced concrete structures. This paper examines the differences between using steel and GFRP longitudinal bars in hollow-section square concrete columns and explores the potential benefits of using GFRP bars as an option that is economically viable and non-corrosive. According to the study results, the computational results clearly show how an increased longitudinal GFRP reinforcement ratio improves the columns' bearing capability, but when compared to steel reinforcement, it provides less bearing capability. For the same reinforcement ratio (1.46 %, 3.29 %, and 4.9 %), The findings demonstrated that GFRP columns had a decrease in the axial bearing load by 13.1%, 9.2 %, and 9.4%, respectively.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of GFRP-Reinforced Hollow Square Concrete Column","authors":"H. A. Hussein, A. I. Said","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.07","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their great structural efficiency and efficient utilization of materials, steel-reinforced hollow-core concrete columns are often employed in utility poles, ground piles, and piers for bridges. Based on research, these columns' performance is impacted by many design parameters. However, corrosion can be a problem in steel-reinforced concrete structures. This paper examines the differences between using steel and GFRP longitudinal bars in hollow-section square concrete columns and explores the potential benefits of using GFRP bars as an option that is economically viable and non-corrosive. According to the study results, the computational results clearly show how an increased longitudinal GFRP reinforcement ratio improves the columns' bearing capability, but when compared to steel reinforcement, it provides less bearing capability. For the same reinforcement ratio (1.46 %, 3.29 %, and 4.9 %), The findings demonstrated that GFRP columns had a decrease in the axial bearing load by 13.1%, 9.2 %, and 9.4%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141274487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.01
H. R. Hmoud, Nabeel N. Salman, Mansura Dmytro
Bitumen aging contributes to main pavement distress due to the changes in rheological, chemical, and physical characteristics of bitumen. Mainly, aging process can be divided into two categories, the first category namely short-term aging takes place during the heating up of bitumen and aggregate, mixing, transportation, laying down, and compaction. While the second category of aging takes place during the service life of pavement which is denoted as long-term aging. Consequently, researchers’ focus is to simulate bitumen aging in the lab by developing lab-accelerated methods to simulate the process of bitumen aging and studying the rate of change before and after aging. This article reviews these methods and compares the extent of the impact on lab-aged bitumen with old bitumen. The main outcome is, that the duration of exposure to high temperatures, which is the dominant method to accelerate aging process, resulted in inadequate changes in the structure of the bitumen molecule, hence, making it different from old bitumen. For that reason, using oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide showed more reliable results but requires more attention by researchers to achieve a standardized aging process of bitumen.
{"title":"Review of Lab-Accelerated Aging Techniques of Asphalt Mixes","authors":"H. R. Hmoud, Nabeel N. Salman, Mansura Dmytro","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.01","url":null,"abstract":"Bitumen aging contributes to main pavement distress due to the changes in rheological, chemical, and physical characteristics of bitumen. Mainly, aging process can be divided into two categories, the first category namely short-term aging takes place during the heating up of bitumen and aggregate, mixing, transportation, laying down, and compaction. While the second category of aging takes place during the service life of pavement which is denoted as long-term aging. Consequently, researchers’ focus is to simulate bitumen aging in the lab by developing lab-accelerated methods to simulate the process of bitumen aging and studying the rate of change before and after aging. This article reviews these methods and compares the extent of the impact on lab-aged bitumen with old bitumen. The main outcome is, that the duration of exposure to high temperatures, which is the dominant method to accelerate aging process, resulted in inadequate changes in the structure of the bitumen molecule, hence, making it different from old bitumen. For that reason, using oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide showed more reliable results but requires more attention by researchers to achieve a standardized aging process of bitumen.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141275345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.09
Marwa Emad Mahdi, Nada Hussein M Ali
Digital image manipulation has become increasingly prevalent due to the widespread availability of sophisticated image editing tools. In copy-move forgery, a portion of an image is copied and pasted into another area within the same image. The proposed methodology begins with extracting the image's Local Binary Pattern (LBP) algorithm features. Two main statistical functions, Stander Deviation (STD) and Angler Second Moment (ASM), are computed for each LBP feature, capturing additional statistical information about the local textures. Next, a multi-level LBP feature selection is applied to select the most relevant features. This process involves performing LBP computation at multiple scales or levels, capturing textures at different resolutions. By considering features from multiple levels, the detection algorithm can better capture both global and local characteristics of the manipulated regions, enhancing the accuracy of forgery detection. To achieve a high accuracy rate, this paper presents a variety of scenarios based on a machine-learning approach. In Copy-Move detection, artifacts and their properties are used as image features and support Vector Machine (SVM) to determine whether an image is tampered with. The dataset is manipulated to train and test each classifier; the target is to learn the discriminative patterns that detect instances of copy-move forgery. Media Integration and Call Center Forgery (MICC-F2000) were utilized in this paper. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in detecting copy-move. The implementation phases in the proposed work have produced encouraging outcomes. In the case of the best-implemented scenario involving multiple trials, the detection stage achieved a copy-move accuracy of 97.8 %.
由于复杂图像编辑工具的普及，数字图像篡改变得越来越普遍。在复制移动伪造中，图像的一部分被复制并粘贴到同一图像的另一个区域。所提出的方法首先是提取图像的局部二进制模式（LBP）算法特征。针对每个 LBP 特征计算两个主要统计函数，即 Stander Deviation (STD) 和 Angler Second Moment (ASM)，以捕捉有关局部纹理的其他统计信息。接下来，应用多级 LBP 特征选择来选出最相关的特征。这一过程包括在多个尺度或级别上进行 LBP 计算，捕捉不同分辨率下的纹理。通过考虑多个层次的特征，检测算法可以更好地捕捉被处理区域的全局和局部特征，从而提高伪造检测的准确性。为了实现高准确率，本文介绍了基于机器学习方法的多种应用场景。在复制移动检测中，人工痕迹及其属性被用作图像特征和支持向量机（SVM）来判断图像是否被篡改。对数据集进行处理以训练和测试每个分类器；目标是学习检测复制移动伪造实例的判别模式。本文使用了媒体集成和呼叫中心伪造数据集（MICC-F2000）。实验评估证明了所提出的方法在检测复制移动方面的有效性。建议工作的实施阶段取得了令人鼓舞的成果。在涉及多次试验的最佳实施方案中，检测阶段的复制移动准确率达到了 97.8%。
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