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Multicriteria Methodology for the Efficient Programming of Agricultural Cultivation Activities in a Colombian Region 哥伦比亚地区农业种植活动高效计划编制的多标准方法
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1988392
Dayhanna S. Vargas, Andrés C. Vélez, Christian J. Yépez, Juan J. Bravo, Juan C. Osorio
The potato is one of the main agricultural products in Colombia and is the second most important crop in the country. The production of this tuber represents 3.3% of the country’s agricultural gross domestic product (GDP). More than 100,000 producer families subsist on cultivation at the national level, the vast majority of which are smallholdings. However, smallholders are not able to exploit the full potential of this activity, and one of the main factors that does not allow for improving productivity is the inefficient use of land in agricultural activities. This leads to issues such as erosion, overexploitation of soil resources, reduced productivity, and, depending on the time of year, even an excess of potato supply. Therefore, a multicriteria methodology is proposed based on the key elements of the potato crop production cycle and its environment, made up of farmers from the municipality of Ventaquemada, located in Boyacá, where potato cultivation is a traditional practice. This department is the second-largest potato-producing department in the country. A review of the literature was carried out to determine and characterise the area of the selected department, and based on the above, the relevant criteria were defined and the alternatives to be evaluated were identified. Second, the proposed model is evaluated with its respective prioritisation process of both the criteria and the alternatives according to the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology. Finally, the results of the model are presented, prioritizing the type of tillage, irrigation method, seed type, and its disinfection process for potato cultivation. This takes into account topographic and climatic conditions, the ecosystem, soil type, implementation costs, among other factors specific to the case study.
马铃薯是哥伦比亚的主要农产品之一,也是该国第二重要的农作物。这种块茎作物的产量占全国农业国内生产总值(GDP)的3.3%。全国有超过 10 万个生产家庭以种植为生,其中绝大多数是小农户。然而,小农户无法充分挖掘这一活动的潜力,无法提高生产率的主要因素之一是农业活动中土地使用效率低下。这导致了水土流失、土壤资源过度开发、生产率降低等问题,甚至根据一年中的不同时间,会出现马铃薯供应过剩的情况。因此,根据马铃薯作物生产周期的关键要素及其环境,提出了一种多标准方法,该方法由来自博亚卡省文塔克马达市的农民组成,马铃薯种植是该市的传统做法。该省是全国第二大马铃薯生产省。通过查阅文献,确定了所选省份的面积和特征,并在此基础上确定了相关标准和待评估的替代品。其次,根据层次分析法(AHP),对拟议模型进行了评估,并对标准和备选方案分别进行了优先排序。最后,介绍了该模型的结果,对马铃薯种植的耕作类型、灌溉方法、种子类型及其消毒过程进行了优先排序。这考虑到了地形和气候条件、生态系统、土壤类型、实施成本以及案例研究的其他具体因素。
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引用次数: 0
Efficiency Comparison of Prediction Methods and Analysis of Factors Affecting Savings of People in the Central Region of Thailand 预测方法的效率比较及影响泰国中部地区居民储蓄的因素分析
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1388200
Achara Phaeobang, Saichon Sinsomboonthong
Inarguably, saving is very important for the life of a senior citizen. Artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses have been successfully used to predict and analyze factors affecting the savings of people in several regions of the world. Many studies concluded that ANN is more efficient than MLR. However, some studies concluded that MLR is more efficient. To investigate this issue further, this study directly compared the efficiencies of unoptimized ANN and MLR in predicting and analyzing factors affecting the savings of people in the central region of Thailand in 2019, based on secondary data from a household socioeconomic survey, i.e., the National Statistical Staff Household Income Survey. The data were collected from January 2019 to December 2019 from questionnaires distributed to samples of households. The savings of people in the 25 provinces of Thailand were investigated with MLR and unoptimized ANN. Their prediction efficiencies were compared in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2), and processing time. The results showed that for all categories of savings—savings of low-, middle-, and high-income households—MLR was faster in processing time. It also provided a lower RMSE and a higher R2 than the unoptimized ANN. Nevertheless, unoptimized ANN provided a lower MAE than MLR for the savings of low- and high-income household data. The most important factor affecting the savings of low-, middle-, and high-income households was the factor of deposit interest, bond, share dividends, and other types of investment.
毫无疑问,储蓄对老年人的生活非常重要。人工神经网络(ANN)和多元线性回归(MLR)分析已成功地用于预测和分析影响世界几个地区人们储蓄的因素。许多研究得出结论,人工神经网络比MLR更有效。然而,一些研究得出结论,MLR更有效。为了进一步研究这一问题,本研究基于家庭社会经济调查(即国家统计人员家庭收入调查)的二手数据,直接比较了未优化的ANN和MLR在预测和分析2019年泰国中部地区居民储蓄影响因素方面的效率。这些数据是从2019年1月至2019年12月通过向家庭样本分发的问卷收集的。采用MLR和未优化人工神经网络对泰国25个省的居民储蓄进行了调查。从均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、决定系数(R2)和处理时间等方面比较其预测效率。结果表明,对于所有类别的储蓄-低收入,中等收入和高收入家庭的储蓄- mlr在处理时间上更快。与未优化的人工神经网络相比,它还提供了更低的RMSE和更高的R2。然而,对于低收入和高收入家庭数据的储蓄,未优化的人工神经网络提供了比MLR更低的MAE。影响低收入、中等收入和高收入家庭储蓄的最重要因素是存款利息、债券、股票股息和其他类型的投资。
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引用次数: 0
Fatigue Life Analysis of Remanufactured Radial Rolling Bearing with the Replaced Loading Zone 带替换载荷区的再制造径向滚动轴承的疲劳寿命分析
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6038824
L. Chen, D. T. Bu, Z. B. Feng, H. B. Liu
The replacement of the loading zone is not considered in the active calculation method on fatigue life of remanufactured bearings. In practical application, when the radial bearings are reinstalled after remanufacturing, it is required to replace the loading zone, which results in a large deviation between the calculated fatigue life according to the active calculation method and the actual life. In this paper, the fatigue life factors of radial bearings with different remanufacturing levels are calculated according to the actual application condition. The results of case studies show that with the improvement of the remanufacturing level, regardless of whether the loading zone is replaced or not, the remanufacturing bearing life factor is gradually increased and the maximum can reach 1. Considering the replacement of the loading zone, the life factors of remanufactured bearings with different fixed rings are also very different, among which the remanufacturing deviation of fixed outer-ring level II is the largest, reaching 11.3%. However, with the increase of the remanufacturing level, the deviation decreases gradually. The life factors by the method presented in this paper of remanufactured radial bearings with the replaced loading zone are significantly higher than those of the active calculation method. The research results of this paper provides a more accurate calculation scheme for the fatigue life of remanufactured radial rolling bearings, which is a supplement to the active calculation method and has important practical significance for the practice of bearing remanufacturing engineering.
在再制造轴承疲劳寿命的主动计算方法中,不考虑加载区的更换。在实际应用中,在再制造后重新安装径向轴承时,需要更换加载区,这导致根据主动计算方法计算的疲劳寿命与实际寿命之间存在较大偏差。本文根据实际应用条件,计算了不同再制造水平的径向轴承的疲劳寿命系数。实例研究结果表明,随着再制造水平的提高,无论是否更换加载区,再制造轴承寿命因子都逐渐增大,最大可达1。考虑到加载区的更换,不同固定外圈的再制造轴承的寿命因素也有很大差异,其中固定外圈二级的再制造偏差最大,达到11.3%。但随着再制造水平的提高,偏差逐渐减小。采用本文方法计算的更换加载区的再制造径向轴承的寿命因子明显高于主动计算方法。本文的研究成果为再制造径向滚动轴承疲劳寿命提供了更为精确的计算方案,是对主动计算方法的补充,对轴承再制造工程的实践具有重要的现实意义。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of Crop Yield by Support Vector Machine Coupled with Deep Learning Algorithm Procedures in Lower Kulfo Watershed of Ethiopia 通过支持向量机结合深度学习算法程序预测埃塞俄比亚下库尔夫流域的农作物产量
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6675523
A. Ayalew, T. K. Lohani
Sensible and judicious utilization of water for agriculture in conjunction with prediction techniques increases the crop yield. The Ethiopian economy relies on and is exclusively dependent on agricultural-based activities. Different soil compositions (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium), crop alternation, soil dampness, and climate conditions play an imperative contribution in cultivation. The primary purpose of this study was to conduct a machine learning approach which can be practiced dynamically for efficient farming at a low cost. The support vector machine (SVM) was applied as a machine learning procedure, whereas long short-term memory (LSTM) and the recurrent neural network (RNN) were considered as deep learning procedures. The research comprised a model that is combined with machine learning procedures (ANN, random forest, and decision tree) to know efficient and appropriate crop types. The planned model is improved through conducting deep learning methods incorporated to the existing practice for different crop condition. Pure data and related evidence are attained concerning the quantities of soil constituents desired through their expenditures distinctly. It delivers well precision as compared to the current model examining the specified documents and assisting the local agronomists in forecasting different types of crop and gain benefits. In RNN, LSTM, and SVM algorithms, the accuracy is determined as 96% which is comparatively preferable as compared to other machine learning procedures under different feature and crop types. The techniques are evaluated in terms of percentage in prediction accuracy. The results generated are important for agrarians, experts, researchers, and local farmers to maximize the crop productivity and help to enhance agriculture and climate change-related decisions, especially in low-to-middle-income countries.
合理合理地利用农业用水,结合预测技术,可提高作物产量。埃塞俄比亚的经济依赖并完全依赖以农业为基础的活动。不同的土壤成分(氮、磷、钾)、作物轮作、土壤湿度和气候条件在种植中起着重要的作用。本研究的主要目的是开展一种机器学习方法,这种方法可以动态地实践,以低成本实现高效的农业生产。将支持向量机(SVM)作为机器学习过程,将长短期记忆(LSTM)和递归神经网络(RNN)作为深度学习过程。该研究包括一个与机器学习程序(人工神经网络、随机森林和决策树)相结合的模型,以了解有效和适当的作物类型。通过将深度学习方法与现有实践相结合,针对不同作物条件对规划模型进行改进。通过他们的支出,获得了关于所需土壤成分数量的纯粹数据和相关证据。与目前的模型相比,它提供了良好的精度,可以检查指定文件并协助当地农学家预测不同类型的作物并获得收益。在RNN、LSTM和SVM算法中,准确率被确定为96%,在不同的特征和作物类型下,与其他机器学习过程相比,准确率相对较好。以预测准确度的百分比来评估这些技术。所产生的结果对农民、专家、研究人员和当地农民至关重要,有助于最大限度地提高作物生产力,并有助于加强农业和与气候变化有关的决策,特别是在中低收入国家。
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引用次数: 0
Reservoir Sedimentation Assessment Using Geospatial Technology: A case Study of Dukan Reservoir, Sulaimani Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq 利用地理空间技术进行水库沉积评估:伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区苏莱曼尼省杜坎水库案例研究
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2023.12.05
H. Rashid
The accumulation of sediment in reservoirs poses a major challenge that impacts the storage capacity, quality of water, and efficiency of hydroelectric power generation systems. Geospatial methods, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS), were used to assess Dukan Reservoir sediment quantities. Satellite and reservoir water level data from 2010 to 2022 were used for sedimentation assessment. The satellite data was used to analyze the water spread area, employing the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to enhance the water surface in the satellite imagery of Dukan Reservoir. The cone formula was employed to calculate the live storage capacity of the reservoir within two elevations. According to the study results, the live storage capacity of Dukan Reservoir at elevation 511.78 m had decreased from 8000 MCM to 7007.77MCM and 6923.53 MCM using NDWI and MNDWI respectively, due to sedimentation, resulting in a capacity loss of 14.59% and 15.83% for NDWI and MNDWI respectively.  The annual sedimentation was 13.78 MCM and 14.95 MCM for NDWI and MNDWI, respectively. Joglekar's equation and Khosla's formula have demonstrated that the sedimentation rate in the Dukan reservoir exceeds the critical rate. The findings of this study will inform the development of sediment management strategies aimed at preserving the reservoir's capacity.
水库泥沙淤积是影响蓄水能力、水质和水力发电系统效率的重大挑战。采用地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)等地理空间方法对杜坎水库沉积物进行了定量评价。利用2010 - 2022年的卫星和水库水位数据进行沉积评价。利用卫星数据对杜干水库水体扩展面积进行分析,采用归一化差水指数(NDWI)和修正归一化差水指数(MNDWI)对卫星影像中的水体表面进行增强。采用圆锥体公式计算了水库两高程内的活库容。研究结果表明,由于泥沙淤积作用,高程511.78 m的杜坎水库的活库容量分别从8000mcm下降到7007.77MCM和6923.53 MCM, NDWI和MNDWI的容量损失分别为14.59%和15.83%。NDWI和MNDWI的年沉降分别为13.78 MCM和14.95 MCM。Joglekar方程和Khosla公式表明,Dukan储层的沉积速率超过临界速率。这项研究的结果将为旨在保护水库容量的沉积物管理战略的制定提供信息。
{"title":"Reservoir Sedimentation Assessment Using Geospatial Technology: A case Study of Dukan Reservoir, Sulaimani Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq","authors":"H. Rashid","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2023.12.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.12.05","url":null,"abstract":"The accumulation of sediment in reservoirs poses a major challenge that impacts the storage capacity, quality of water, and efficiency of hydroelectric power generation systems. Geospatial methods, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS), were used to assess Dukan Reservoir sediment quantities. Satellite and reservoir water level data from 2010 to 2022 were used for sedimentation assessment. The satellite data was used to analyze the water spread area, employing the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to enhance the water surface in the satellite imagery of Dukan Reservoir. The cone formula was employed to calculate the live storage capacity of the reservoir within two elevations. According to the study results, the live storage capacity of Dukan Reservoir at elevation 511.78 m had decreased from 8000 MCM to 7007.77MCM and 6923.53 MCM using NDWI and MNDWI respectively, due to sedimentation, resulting in a capacity loss of 14.59% and 15.83% for NDWI and MNDWI respectively.  The annual sedimentation was 13.78 MCM and 14.95 MCM for NDWI and MNDWI, respectively. Joglekar's equation and Khosla's formula have demonstrated that the sedimentation rate in the Dukan reservoir exceeds the critical rate. The findings of this study will inform the development of sediment management strategies aimed at preserving the reservoir's capacity.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":"111 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138607650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Performance Assessment of Pile Models Chemically Grouted by Low-Pressure Injection Laboratory Device for Improving Loose Sand 通过低压喷射实验室装置进行化学灌浆以改善松散砂质的桩模型性能评估
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2023.12.08
Mohammed Saleh Mohammed, M. D. Ahmed
The complexity and partially defined nature of jet grouting make it hard to predict the performance of grouted piles. So the trials of cement injection at a location with similar soil properties as the erecting site are necessary to assess the performance of the grouted piles. Nevertheless, instead of executing trial-injected piles at the pilot site, which wastes money, time, and effort, the laboratory cement injection devices are essential alternatives for evaluating soil injection ability. This study assesses the performance of a low-pressure laboratory grouting device by improving loose sandy soil injected using binders formed of Silica Fume (SF) as a chemical admixture (10% of Ordinary Portland Cement OPC mass) to different (W/C) water/cement ratios (by mass materials) mixes. Trial grouting processes were executed to optimize the practical ranges of the operating factors of the laboratory device to obtain consistent grouted model pile samples. The paper examined the relations of the binders' W/C ratios with the densities, elasticity modulus (E), and Uniaxial Compression Stress (UCS) of the grouted piles. The investigation results show that as the binder W/C ratio rises, the grouted pile samples' dry density, E, and UCS values decrease. For the binder injected with a W/C ratio of one and 10% SF additive by weight of cement mass, the highest values of the grouted pile for density, E, and UCS were about 2.32 g/cm3, 23 MPa, and 2000 MPa, respectively. The UCS of the grouted pile proved that the binders' W/C ratios and the SF addition have an evident effect on the investigated factors of the grouted piles. 
射流注浆的复杂性和不完全定性给注浆桩的性能预测带来了困难。因此,有必要在与桩身土体性质相近的位置进行注浆试验,以评估注浆桩的性能。然而,与其在试验点进行试验注入桩,浪费金钱、时间和精力,实验室水泥注入装置是评估土壤注入能力的重要替代方案。本研究通过使用硅粉(SF)作为化学混合物(普通波特兰水泥OPC质量的10%)形成的粘合剂与不同(W/C)水/水泥比(按质量材料)混合物注入松散的沙土,来评估低压实验室注浆装置的性能。通过试验注浆工艺,优化实验装置操作因素的适用范围,以获得一致的注浆模型桩样。研究了粘结剂的W/C比与注浆桩密度、弹性模量(E)和单轴压应力(UCS)的关系。研究结果表明,随着粘结剂W/C比的增大,灌注桩样的干密度、E、UCS值均减小;当胶结剂注入水泥质量W/C比为1和10%的SF时,注浆桩的密度、E和UCS的最大值分别约为2.32 g/cm3、23 MPa和2000 MPa。注浆桩的单轴受力分析表明,粘结剂的W/C比和SF的加入量对注浆桩的各因素有明显的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Cost of Technology Transfer in Construction Companies (In Iraq) 建筑公司的技术转让成本(伊拉克)
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2023.12.12
I. Muhsin
The construction sector is considered an important and influential pivot in the national economy of any country.  Nations are working to develop this sector, receiving modern and developed techniques. So, this sector can be a carrier or a receiver of modern technologies. The cost of technology transfer between the international companies that sponsor this sector is a matter of great importance, especially since different factors affect the need for this advanced technology. The cost of technology transfer in construction is related to multiple factors presented by Knowledge, equipment, plant, hardware and software. The lack of distinguishing and evaluating the direct and indirect costs in the construction sector during technology transfer may lead to infractions in the company's budget. This manuscript aims to investigate the direct and indirect costs of transferring technology and the major factors constrained by this process. This work adopted a theoretical study and investigated the opinions of experts and engineers (by questionnaire) working in different construction sites. This Manuscript showed that the largest weight of the cost for both modern equipment and counsulant/designers is a direct cost and indirect cost, respectively, for transferring technology in the construction sector.
在任何一个国家,建筑业都被认为是国民经济中一个重要而有影响力的支点。各国正在努力发展这一部门,接受现代和发达的技术。因此,这个部门可以是现代技术的载体或接受者。赞助这一部门的国际公司之间技术转让的费用是一个非常重要的问题,特别是因为不同的因素影响到对这种先进技术的需要。建筑业技术转移成本与知识、设备、厂房、硬件和软件等多重因素有关。在技术转移过程中缺乏对建筑部门直接成本和间接成本的区分和评估,可能导致公司预算违规。本文旨在研究技术转移的直接成本和间接成本以及受此过程制约的主要因素。本研究采用理论研究的方法,对在不同施工现场工作的专家和工程师的意见进行问卷调查。该手稿表明,现代设备和顾问/设计师的成本中最大的权重分别是建筑部门技术转让的直接成本和间接成本。
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引用次数: 0
Deep Learning of Diabetic Retinopathy Classification in Fundus Images 眼底图像中糖尿病视网膜病变分类的深度学习
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2023.12.09
Abeer Ahmed Ali, Faten Abd Ali Dawood
Diabetic retinopathy is an eye disease in diabetic patients due to damage to the small blood vessels in the retina due to high and low blood sugar levels. Accurate detection and classification of Diabetic Retinopathy is an important task in computer-aided diagnosis, especially when planning for diabetic retinopathy surgery. Therefore, this study aims to design an automated model based on deep learning, which helps ophthalmologists detect and classify diabetic retinopathy severity through fundus images. In this work, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning and fine tunes has been proposed by using pre-trained networks known as Residual Network-50 (ResNet-50). The overall framework of the proposed classification model is divided into three major phases, including pre-processing, training the Resnet-50 network, and classification with evaluation. In the first phase, pre-processing techniques are applied to the APTOS2019 fundus images dataset to find the best features and highlight some fine details of these images. The resnet-50 network was trained in the second phase using the training set and saved the best model obtained that gives high accuracy during the training process. Finally, this saved model has been implemented on the testing dataset for classification DR grades. The proposed model shows good and best classification performance, which was obtained with an accuracy of 98.3%, a precision of 98.4%, an F1-Score of 98.5 % and the recall of 98.4%. 
糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病患者因高血糖和低血糖导致视网膜小血管受损而发生的一种眼病。准确检测和分类糖尿病视网膜病变是计算机辅助诊断的重要任务,特别是在计划糖尿病视网膜病变手术时。因此,本研究旨在设计一个基于深度学习的自动化模型,帮助眼科医生通过眼底图像检测和分类糖尿病视网膜病变的严重程度。在这项工作中,通过使用称为残余网络-50 (ResNet-50)的预训练网络,提出了具有迁移学习和微调的深度卷积神经网络(CNN)。本文提出的分类模型总体框架分为预处理、Resnet-50网络训练和分类评价三个主要阶段。在第一阶段,对APTOS2019眼底图像数据集应用预处理技术,寻找图像的最佳特征并突出显示图像的一些细节。第二阶段使用训练集对resnet-50网络进行训练,并保存训练过程中获得的精度较高的最佳模型。最后,将该保存的模型在DR等级分类测试数据集上实现。该模型具有良好的分类性能,准确率为98.3%,精密度为98.4%,F1-Score为98.5%,召回率为98.4%。
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引用次数: 0
Reducing Maintenance Costs for Government Projects in Iraq Using Performance Indicators 利用绩效指标降低伊拉克政府项目的维护成本
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2023.12.04
Saifullah Omar Mohammed, K. R. Erzaij
Institutions and companies are looking to reduce spending on buildings and services according to scientific methods, provided they reach the same purpose but at a lower cost. On this basis, this paper proposes a model to measure and reduce maintenance costs in one of the public sector institutions in Iraq by using performance indicators that fit the nature of the work of this institution and the available data. The paper relied on studying the nature of the institution’s work in the maintenance field and looking at the type of data available to know the type and number of appropriate indicators to create the model. Maintenance data were collected for the previous six years by reviewing the maintenance and financial department records. On this basis, three performance indicators are proposed in creating the model. The result is a model to reduce maintenance costs based on three indicators; each indicator contains a baseline value and a target value. If this model is applied, it will significantly help measure, track, control, and reduce maintenance costs in government institutions.
机构和公司正在寻求根据科学的方法减少建筑和服务的支出,只要它们能以更低的成本达到同样的目的。在此基础上,本文提出了一个模型,通过使用符合该机构工作性质和现有数据的绩效指标来衡量和降低伊拉克某公共部门机构的维护成本。本文依靠研究该机构在维修领域的工作性质,并查看可用的数据类型,以了解适当指标的类型和数量,从而创建模型。通过审查维修和财务部门的记录,收集了过去六年的维修数据。在此基础上,在创建模型时提出了三个绩效指标。建立了基于三个指标的降低维修成本模型;每个指标包含一个基准值和一个目标值。如果应用这个模型,它将极大地帮助衡量、跟踪、控制和减少政府机构的维护成本。
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引用次数: 0
Empirical Study for Capturing and Allocating Significant Risk Factors in School Construction Projects in Iraq 伊拉克学校建设项目中重大风险因素的捕捉和分配实证研究
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2023.12.06
H. R. Abed, H. A. Rashid
In Iraq, more than 1031 school projects have been halted due to disputes and claims resulting from financial, contractual, or other issues. This research aims to identify, prioritize, and allocate the most critical risk factors that threaten these projects’ success for the duration (2017-2022). Based on a multi-step methodology developed through systematic literature reviews, realistic case studies, and semi-structured interviews, 47 risk factors were identified. Based on 153 verified responses, the survey reveals that the top-ranked risk factors are corruption and bribery, delaying the payments of the financial dues to the contractors or sub-contractors, absence of risk management strategy, multiple change orders due to changing designs and specifications during construction; inaccuracy in time and budget estimation; construction material price; financial and economic crisis/financial instability; selecting the contractor only based on the lowest bid, regardless of technical competence; instability within the political system of the government/instability of the government as a client; foreign exchange rates fluctuate against the Iraqi dinar. The study also showed that the respondents recommended allocating four risks to the owner, eight risk factors to the contractor, one risk to the consultant, and 32 factors allocated as shared. The study concluded that the results could help identify the most critical risks facing this type of project and the contracting party that can bear the risks and manage them efficiently.
在伊拉克,超过1031个学校项目因财政、合同或其他问题引起的纠纷和索赔而停止。本研究旨在识别、优先考虑和分配在2017-2022年期间威胁这些项目成功的最关键风险因素。通过系统的文献综述、现实案例研究和半结构化访谈,采用多步骤方法确定了47个风险因素。根据153份经过验证的回复,调查显示,排名前几位的风险因素是腐败和贿赂、延迟向承包商或分包商支付财务费用、缺乏风险管理策略、在施工过程中因更改设计和规格而多次更改订单;时间和预算估算不准确;建筑材料价格;金融和经济危机/金融不稳定;只根据最低报价选择承包商,而不考虑技术能力;政府政治制度的不稳定/政府作为客户的不稳定;外汇汇率对伊拉克第纳尔波动。研究还表明,受访者建议将4个风险因素分配给业主,8个风险因素分配给承包商,1个风险因素分配给顾问,并将32个风险因素分配给共享。研究的结论是,研究结果可以帮助确定这类项目面临的最关键风险,以及能够承担风险并有效管理风险的缔约方。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Engineering
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