Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.09
Ahmed A. Abbood, Majid M. Kharnoob
Structural members' durability and strength depend on the member’s fire resistance. This study simulates the structural response of a reinforced concrete beam with a construction joint exposed to fire. The commercial finite element software ABAQUS was used to validate the laboratory findings. The testing program tested five reinforced concrete beams with the dimensions of (200x300x2700 mm), having identical reinforcing details and a concrete compressive strength (fc'=35 MPa). These beams had a 45° angled connection at the center. Four beams were exposed to fire flames at two temperature levels (600 °C and 800 °C) and for 1.0 and 2.0 hr. periods, respectively. The fifth beam is the control beam that was not exposed to fire. Laboratory results show that the worst exposure on the beam’s construction joint was at 800 °C with an exposure period of 2 hrs. This exposure reduces the bond between the joint’s two surfaces, creating a slipping effect in which disconnection occurs after loading. After 1 and 2 hours of exposure to fire at 600 °C, the residual flexural strength was 85% and 72% of that of the control beam, respectively. Whereas, beams exposed to fire for 1 and 2 hours at 800 °C showed flexural strengths lower than the control beam at 41% and 28%, respectively. Regarding the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength, they both showed residual values of (63.5, 59.2, 50.9, and 47%), and (28, 25, 19, and 16%), respectively.
{"title":"Influence of Fire-Flame Temperature and Duration on the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Construction Joints","authors":"Ahmed A. Abbood, Majid M. Kharnoob","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.09","url":null,"abstract":"Structural members' durability and strength depend on the member’s fire resistance. This study simulates the structural response of a reinforced concrete beam with a construction joint exposed to fire. The commercial finite element software ABAQUS was used to validate the laboratory findings. The testing program tested five reinforced concrete beams with the dimensions of (200x300x2700 mm), having identical reinforcing details and a concrete compressive strength (fc'=35 MPa). These beams had a 45° angled connection at the center. Four beams were exposed to fire flames at two temperature levels (600 °C and 800 °C) and for 1.0 and 2.0 hr. periods, respectively. The fifth beam is the control beam that was not exposed to fire. Laboratory results show that the worst exposure on the beam’s construction joint was at 800 °C with an exposure period of 2 hrs. This exposure reduces the bond between the joint’s two surfaces, creating a slipping effect in which disconnection occurs after loading. After 1 and 2 hours of exposure to fire at 600 °C, the residual flexural strength was 85% and 72% of that of the control beam, respectively. Whereas, beams exposed to fire for 1 and 2 hours at 800 °C showed flexural strengths lower than the control beam at 41% and 28%, respectively. Regarding the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength, they both showed residual values of (63.5, 59.2, 50.9, and 47%), and (28, 25, 19, and 16%), respectively.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141026065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.11
Mohmmed Jssem, N. Fawzi
The lightweight concrete is manufactured from aggregates (expanded perlite) with a density of 145 kg/m3 and an absorption of 1.65%. This study has two aspects: a theoretical aspect that includes previous research on this concrete and a practical aspect that provides for conducting two groups of mixtures and preparing them according to ACI 211.2-98 design method. The first group includes cement, perlite, and water, and the second group consists of the addition of superplasticizer and silica fume, Each group included five series with three variables for each series. In the first series, the cement content was changed with a content of (275,300,350) kg/m3 with a volumetric mixing ratio (1:4), while in the second series, the aggregate content was changed only with a cement content of (275) kg/m3 with mixing ratios (1:4.1:5, 1:6) with a ratio of water to cement (0.4), and in the third series (superplasticizer) type (F) is added in different proportions, in the fourth series silica fume was added in three proportions (5%, 10%, 15% ) By replacing the weight of cement and the fifth series, the optimum contents were determined, which have acceptable workability, low density, and compressive strength commensurate with the density. Tests (flowability, dry density, and compressive strength) were carried out. It was observed that the workability, dry density, and compressive strength decreased with increasing perlite content but improved with the addition of superplasticizer and silica fume. The percentage of increase in density was (9% and 32%) at the optimum value of silica fume in 28.7 days, respectively. As for the compressive strength, the percentage of increase was (30% and 36%) in 7 and 28 days, respectively.
{"title":"Effect of Expanded Perlite Aggregate and Silica Fume on Some Properties of Lightweight Concrete","authors":"Mohmmed Jssem, N. Fawzi","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.11","url":null,"abstract":"The lightweight concrete is manufactured from aggregates (expanded perlite) with a density of 145 kg/m3 and an absorption of 1.65%. This study has two aspects: a theoretical aspect that includes previous research on this concrete and a practical aspect that provides for conducting two groups of mixtures and preparing them according to ACI 211.2-98 design method. The first group includes cement, perlite, and water, and the second group consists of the addition of superplasticizer and silica fume, Each group included five series with three variables for each series. In the first series, the cement content was changed with a content of (275,300,350) kg/m3 with a volumetric mixing ratio (1:4), while in the second series, the aggregate content was changed only with a cement content of (275) kg/m3 with mixing ratios (1:4.1:5, 1:6) with a ratio of water to cement (0.4), and in the third series (superplasticizer) type (F) is added in different proportions, in the fourth series silica fume was added in three proportions (5%, 10%, 15% ) By replacing the weight of cement and the fifth series, the optimum contents were determined, which have acceptable workability, low density, and compressive strength commensurate with the density. Tests (flowability, dry density, and compressive strength) were carried out. It was observed that the workability, dry density, and compressive strength decreased with increasing perlite content but improved with the addition of superplasticizer and silica fume. The percentage of increase in density was (9% and 32%) at the optimum value of silica fume in 28.7 days, respectively. As for the compressive strength, the percentage of increase was (30% and 36%) in 7 and 28 days, respectively.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141028792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.06
Ahmed H. Hadi, Basim A. Hussain, Ahmed A. Khalaf, Abdullah F. Abdurazak
A theoretical investigation study was carried out to determine the requirements of establishing a steam power plant by incinerating municipal solid wastes generated from the city of Baghdad. Survey data the generated quantities of municipal solid wastes from both Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa sectors of the city were utilized to predict the theoretical possible energy production that can be obtained from the incineration of this waste under controlled parameters. Results reviled that the high heating value of Baghdad’s municipal solid wastes is of about (12.789 MJ/kg) and the possible electrical energy production in the steam power plants in Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa are (119.287 MW, 203.917 MW) respectively using a steam turbine of efficiency (25%). Resulted emissions of CO2 gases are estimated to be 4209.995 ton/day. So the emission of CO2 is the main problem of this method because of its effect on global warming but it is less effect on environment from Methane, Sulphur Oxides and Nitrogen Oxides. The quantity of plastic wastes in Municipal Solid Wastes is important in increasing their average high heating value.
{"title":"A Theoretical Calculation of Electrical Energy Production from the Incineration of Baghdad Municipal Solid Wastes","authors":"Ahmed H. Hadi, Basim A. Hussain, Ahmed A. Khalaf, Abdullah F. Abdurazak","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.06","url":null,"abstract":"A theoretical investigation study was carried out to determine the requirements of establishing a steam power plant by incinerating municipal solid wastes generated from the city of Baghdad. Survey data the generated quantities of municipal solid wastes from both Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa sectors of the city were utilized to predict the theoretical possible energy production that can be obtained from the incineration of this waste under controlled parameters. Results reviled that the high heating value of Baghdad’s municipal solid wastes is of about (12.789 MJ/kg) and the possible electrical energy production in the steam power plants in Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa are (119.287 MW, 203.917 MW) respectively using a steam turbine of efficiency (25%). Resulted emissions of CO2 gases are estimated to be 4209.995 ton/day. So the emission of CO2 is the main problem of this method because of its effect on global warming but it is less effect on environment from Methane, Sulphur Oxides and Nitrogen Oxides. The quantity of plastic wastes in Municipal Solid Wastes is important in increasing their average high heating value. ","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141033342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.03
Mohammad Fadhil Abbas, Haider M. Makkiyah
For projects such as airports and road paving, an appropriate foundation must be developed in Sabkha soil, which requires a trustworthy assessment of soil-bearing capacity. When heavy traffic is expected to result in substantial wheel loads throughout pavement construction and maintenance, the plate load test helps solve these issues with subgrade and sub-base layer design. This work aims to investigate and assess the geotechnical behavior regarding soil strata from one area in southern Iraq: Sabkha. Conversely, a comparison is made between subgrade response modulus and soil-bearing capacity determined by field plate load tests and traditional laboratory investigations. The data demonstrated that the values related to Ks in the consolidation test rose as a ratio of pre-consolidation pressure of 45% and dramatically dropped with an increase in applied stress that is vertically applied below pre-consolidation stress. Furthermore, PLT data demonstrated that when pressure was applied, the modulus of the subgrade reaction did not follow a regular pattern. At the beginning of the loaded stage, after the pre-consolidation stress, Ks values at testing points 2 and 3 were high. After that, Ks abruptly decreased, particularly when the applied pressure surpassed the pre-consolidation stress before being constant again. A detailed discussion is given on the effects of stress distribution and test conditions on the elasticity stress curve's shape and the subgrade reaction modulus.
{"title":"Evaluation of Sabkha Soil Bearing Capacity by Plate Load Test in Al Muthanna Province","authors":"Mohammad Fadhil Abbas, Haider M. Makkiyah","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.03","url":null,"abstract":"For projects such as airports and road paving, an appropriate foundation must be developed in Sabkha soil, which requires a trustworthy assessment of soil-bearing capacity. When heavy traffic is expected to result in substantial wheel loads throughout pavement construction and maintenance, the plate load test helps solve these issues with subgrade and sub-base layer design. This work aims to investigate and assess the geotechnical behavior regarding soil strata from one area in southern Iraq: Sabkha. Conversely, a comparison is made between subgrade response modulus and soil-bearing capacity determined by field plate load tests and traditional laboratory investigations. The data demonstrated that the values related to Ks in the consolidation test rose as a ratio of pre-consolidation pressure of 45% and dramatically dropped with an increase in applied stress that is vertically applied below pre-consolidation stress. Furthermore, PLT data demonstrated that when pressure was applied, the modulus of the subgrade reaction did not follow a regular pattern. At the beginning of the loaded stage, after the pre-consolidation stress, Ks values at testing points 2 and 3 were high. After that, Ks abruptly decreased, particularly when the applied pressure surpassed the pre-consolidation stress before being constant again. A detailed discussion is given on the effects of stress distribution and test conditions on the elasticity stress curve's shape and the subgrade reaction modulus.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141037749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) can lead to high mortality rates and further complications such as stroke or heart attack due to the risk of rupture and thrombosis. Wall mechanics play a crucial role in the development and progression of aneurysms. This study investigated the effects of wall mechanics on hemodynamic parameters in AAA to understand the risk of rupture and thrombosis. The impact of three aortic wall models (rigid, linear elastic, and hyperelastic) on structural and hemodynamic parameters was examined using CFD and FSI techniques. The blood was modeled using the Carreau non-Newtonian model, and the flow was simulated using the k-ω model. Physiological pulses were used for the velocity at the inlet and the pressure at the outlet. The results demonstrated close similarity between the predictions of the linear elastic and hyperelastic models, in contrast to the somewhat different results of the rigid model. The hyperelastic model predicted higher deformation and von Mises stress levels than the elastic model, although the difference in stress predictions was smaller than the difference in deformation predictions. The rigid model evaluated the time-averaged wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index higher than the other two models in the aneurysmal area but with a lower relative residence time. In general, the hyperelastic model predicted a higher risk of rupture than linear elastic models and a higher risk of thrombus formation than the other two models. The rigid model had the most optimistic prediction.
{"title":"The Role of Wall Mechanics in the Hemodynamics of a Realistic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Fluid-Structure Interaction Study","authors":"Jafar Moradicheghamahi","doi":"10.1155/2024/3280563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3280563","url":null,"abstract":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) can lead to high mortality rates and further complications such as stroke or heart attack due to the risk of rupture and thrombosis. Wall mechanics play a crucial role in the development and progression of aneurysms. This study investigated the effects of wall mechanics on hemodynamic parameters in AAA to understand the risk of rupture and thrombosis. The impact of three aortic wall models (rigid, linear elastic, and hyperelastic) on structural and hemodynamic parameters was examined using CFD and FSI techniques. The blood was modeled using the Carreau non-Newtonian model, and the flow was simulated using the k-ω model. Physiological pulses were used for the velocity at the inlet and the pressure at the outlet. The results demonstrated close similarity between the predictions of the linear elastic and hyperelastic models, in contrast to the somewhat different results of the rigid model. The hyperelastic model predicted higher deformation and von Mises stress levels than the elastic model, although the difference in stress predictions was smaller than the difference in deformation predictions. The rigid model evaluated the time-averaged wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index higher than the other two models in the aneurysmal area but with a lower relative residence time. In general, the hyperelastic model predicted a higher risk of rupture than linear elastic models and a higher risk of thrombus formation than the other two models. The rigid model had the most optimistic prediction.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140653236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samriti Vaid, Varinder Kaur, Sanyog Sharma, Anupinder Singh, Bhavna Vaid, R. Arya, G. D. Verros
In this research endeavor, we sought to enhance the efficacy of bamboo fibers through modification with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for the purpose of removing Reactive Blue 235 from effluent. Our investigation encompassed a comprehensive exploration of the impact of crucial parameters, namely, adsorbent dosage (0.25 g–1.25 g), contact time (10–80 min), pH (2–12), initial dye concentration (20–100 mg/L), and temperature (298 K, 308 K, and 318 K) on the dynamics of dye removal. The optimum dye removal efficiency of 94% for Reactive Blue 235 was obtained at an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g/50 ml of dye solution, initial dye concentration of 40 mg/L, pH of 6, and contact time of 40 min. The experimental framework included the anticipation of data aligned with various isothermal and kinetic models, facilitating a nuanced understanding of the adsorption process. Our findings unveiled that the kinetics of adsorption adhered to a second-order model, while the Langmuir isotherm model aptly described the adsorption behavior. Particularly noteworthy was the monolayer’s adsorption capacity, quantified at an impressive 7.39 mg·g−1 at a temperature of 318 K. The value of Freundlich’s constant, KF, increases with an increase in temperature indicating the endothermic nature of adsorption. The magnitude of E obtained from Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm varying from 3.92 to 4.66 kJ/mol on increasing temperature from 298 K to 318 K suggests that adsorption of RB235 on BAT is a physisorption (value of E is between 1 and 8 kJ/mol). Delving into the thermodynamic aspects of the process, we calculated ΔH and ΔS to be 54.88 kJ/mol and 184.54 J/mol/K, respectively. The consistently negative values of ΔG (between −0.183 kJ/mol and −3.884 kJ/mol) at all temperatures underscored the feasibility, spontaneity, and entropy-driven nature of the adsorption of RB235 on CTAB-treated bamboo fiber (BAT). What sets our study apart is the deliberate utilization of bamboo fibers sourced from local waste streams, embodying a commitment to sustainable practices. Beyond its effectiveness in effluent treatment, our approach aligns with eco-friendly principles by repurposing indigenous waste materials, contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future.
{"title":"Utilizing Local Waste: Sustainable Adsorption of Reactive Blue 235 on Surfactant-Modified Bamboo Fibers","authors":"Samriti Vaid, Varinder Kaur, Sanyog Sharma, Anupinder Singh, Bhavna Vaid, R. Arya, G. D. Verros","doi":"10.1155/2024/8706884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8706884","url":null,"abstract":"In this research endeavor, we sought to enhance the efficacy of bamboo fibers through modification with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for the purpose of removing Reactive Blue 235 from effluent. Our investigation encompassed a comprehensive exploration of the impact of crucial parameters, namely, adsorbent dosage (0.25 g–1.25 g), contact time (10–80 min), pH (2–12), initial dye concentration (20–100 mg/L), and temperature (298 K, 308 K, and 318 K) on the dynamics of dye removal. The optimum dye removal efficiency of 94% for Reactive Blue 235 was obtained at an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g/50 ml of dye solution, initial dye concentration of 40 mg/L, pH of 6, and contact time of 40 min. The experimental framework included the anticipation of data aligned with various isothermal and kinetic models, facilitating a nuanced understanding of the adsorption process. Our findings unveiled that the kinetics of adsorption adhered to a second-order model, while the Langmuir isotherm model aptly described the adsorption behavior. Particularly noteworthy was the monolayer’s adsorption capacity, quantified at an impressive 7.39 mg·g−1 at a temperature of 318 K. The value of Freundlich’s constant, KF, increases with an increase in temperature indicating the endothermic nature of adsorption. The magnitude of E obtained from Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm varying from 3.92 to 4.66 kJ/mol on increasing temperature from 298 K to 318 K suggests that adsorption of RB235 on BAT is a physisorption (value of E is between 1 and 8 kJ/mol). Delving into the thermodynamic aspects of the process, we calculated ΔH and ΔS to be 54.88 kJ/mol and 184.54 J/mol/K, respectively. The consistently negative values of ΔG (between −0.183 kJ/mol and −3.884 kJ/mol) at all temperatures underscored the feasibility, spontaneity, and entropy-driven nature of the adsorption of RB235 on CTAB-treated bamboo fiber (BAT). What sets our study apart is the deliberate utilization of bamboo fibers sourced from local waste streams, embodying a commitment to sustainable practices. Beyond its effectiveness in effluent treatment, our approach aligns with eco-friendly principles by repurposing indigenous waste materials, contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140690043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salman Muneer, Umer Farooq, Atifa Athar, Muhammad Ahsan Raza, Taher M. Ghazal, S. Sakib
Intrusion detection (ID) is critical in securing computer networks against various malicious attacks. Recent advancements in machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), federated learning (FL), and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) have drawn significant attention as potential approaches for ID. DL-based approaches have shown impressive performance in ID by automatically learning relevant features from data but require significant labelled data and computational resources to train complex models. ML-based approaches require fewer computational resources and labelled data, but their ability to generalize to unseen data is limited. FL is a relatively new approach that enables multiple entities to train a model collectively without exchanging their data, providing privacy and security benefits, making it an attractive option for ID. However, FL-based approaches require more communication resources and additional computation to aggregate models from different entities. XAI is critical for understanding how AI models make decisions, improving interpretability and transparency. While existing literature has explored the strengths and weaknesses of DL, ML, FL, and XAI-based approaches for ID, a significant gap exists in providing a comprehensive analysis of the specific use cases and scenarios where each approach is most suitable. This paper seeks to fill this void by delivering an in-depth review that not only highlights strengths and weaknesses but also offers guidance for selecting the appropriate approach based on the unique ID context and available resources. The selection of an appropriate approach depends on the specific use case, and this work provides insights into which method is best suited for various network sizes, data availability, privacy, and security concerns, thus aiding practitioners in making informed decisions for their ID needs.
入侵检测（ID）对于确保计算机网络免受各种恶意攻击至关重要。机器学习 (ML)、深度学习 (DL)、联合学习 (FL) 和可解释人工智能 (XAI) 作为 ID 的潜在方法，其最新进展引起了广泛关注。基于 DL 的方法通过自动学习数据中的相关特征，在 ID 方面取得了令人印象深刻的性能，但需要大量的标记数据和计算资源来训练复杂的模型。基于 ML 的方法需要的计算资源和标注数据较少，但它们对未见数据的泛化能力有限。FL 是一种相对较新的方法，能让多个实体在不交换数据的情况下集体训练一个模型，具有隐私和安全方面的优势，因此对 ID 来说是一种有吸引力的选择。然而，基于 FL 的方法需要更多的通信资源和额外的计算，才能汇总来自不同实体的模型。XAI 对于理解人工智能模型如何做出决策、提高可解释性和透明度至关重要。虽然现有文献已经探讨了基于 DL、ML、FL 和 XAI 的 ID 方法的优缺点，但在全面分析每种方法最适合的特定用例和场景方面还存在很大差距。本文旨在填补这一空白，通过深入评述，不仅强调了优缺点，还为根据独特的 ID 环境和可用资源选择合适的方法提供了指导。选择合适的方法取决于具体的使用案例，这项工作提供了有关哪种方法最适合各种网络规模、数据可用性、隐私和安全问题的见解，从而帮助从业人员针对其 ID 需求做出明智的决定。
{"title":"A Critical Review of Artificial Intelligence Based Approaches in Intrusion Detection: A Comprehensive Analysis","authors":"Salman Muneer, Umer Farooq, Atifa Athar, Muhammad Ahsan Raza, Taher M. Ghazal, S. Sakib","doi":"10.1155/2024/3909173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3909173","url":null,"abstract":"Intrusion detection (ID) is critical in securing computer networks against various malicious attacks. Recent advancements in machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), federated learning (FL), and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) have drawn significant attention as potential approaches for ID. DL-based approaches have shown impressive performance in ID by automatically learning relevant features from data but require significant labelled data and computational resources to train complex models. ML-based approaches require fewer computational resources and labelled data, but their ability to generalize to unseen data is limited. FL is a relatively new approach that enables multiple entities to train a model collectively without exchanging their data, providing privacy and security benefits, making it an attractive option for ID. However, FL-based approaches require more communication resources and additional computation to aggregate models from different entities. XAI is critical for understanding how AI models make decisions, improving interpretability and transparency. While existing literature has explored the strengths and weaknesses of DL, ML, FL, and XAI-based approaches for ID, a significant gap exists in providing a comprehensive analysis of the specific use cases and scenarios where each approach is most suitable. This paper seeks to fill this void by delivering an in-depth review that not only highlights strengths and weaknesses but also offers guidance for selecting the appropriate approach based on the unique ID context and available resources. The selection of an appropriate approach depends on the specific use case, and this work provides insights into which method is best suited for various network sizes, data availability, privacy, and security concerns, thus aiding practitioners in making informed decisions for their ID needs.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140700958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rayeh Nasr Al-Dala’ien, S. M. Anas, Abdel-Fattah Jamal Kodrg
Reinforced concrete (RC) slabs represent integral structural components extensively employed in architectural and infrastructural frameworks owing to their inherent robustness and longevity. In contemporary times, there has been a pronounced surge in endeavors aimed at comprehensively elucidating the anti-impact properties inherent in RC slabs. This surge is propelled by a compelling necessity to fortify these structures against the deleterious effects of low-velocity impacts, thereby ensuring their steadfastness and resilience. Consider the thorough investigation into the anti-impact characteristics of RC slabs, which has been rigorously pursued through both experimental and computational methodologies. A plethora of scholarly discourse on this topic is readily available, providing invaluable insights into the structural dynamics governing slabs subjected to low-velocity impacts. However, there is a noticeable gap in research concerning the strengthening of slabs through shear reinforcement, particularly through economical, easily fabricated, and efficient systems such as fabricated trussed bars. The primary objective of this study is to explore the structural behavior of RC slabs fortified with custom-designed trussed bars under the influence of low-velocity impacts. To accomplish this, the Abaqus software platform is explicitly employed for analysis. The slab without any shear reinforcement is experimentally tested and serves as a reference model for numerical verification. Its anti-impact performance is compared with numerical findings. Following validation, simulations are conducted for square slabs strengthened by fabricated trussed bars in orthogonal and diagonal layouts. The results demonstrate that employing fabricated truss bars shear reinforcement with a 3 mm diameter in orthogonal and diagonal layouts enhances the resistance of slabs to damage, resulting in a 28.41% and 47.06% decrease in damage, respectively. The utilization of engineered truss bars as shear reinforcement yields significant improvements in strength, rigidity, and ductility when compared to control samples lacking such reinforcement. This enhancement is particularly evident when the engineered truss bars are arranged in orthogonal and diagonal configurations.
{"title":"Anti-Impact Performance Enhancement of Two-Way Spanning Slab through the Implementation of Steel Trussed Bars","authors":"Rayeh Nasr Al-Dala’ien, S. M. Anas, Abdel-Fattah Jamal Kodrg","doi":"10.1155/2024/8126150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8126150","url":null,"abstract":"Reinforced concrete (RC) slabs represent integral structural components extensively employed in architectural and infrastructural frameworks owing to their inherent robustness and longevity. In contemporary times, there has been a pronounced surge in endeavors aimed at comprehensively elucidating the anti-impact properties inherent in RC slabs. This surge is propelled by a compelling necessity to fortify these structures against the deleterious effects of low-velocity impacts, thereby ensuring their steadfastness and resilience. Consider the thorough investigation into the anti-impact characteristics of RC slabs, which has been rigorously pursued through both experimental and computational methodologies. A plethora of scholarly discourse on this topic is readily available, providing invaluable insights into the structural dynamics governing slabs subjected to low-velocity impacts. However, there is a noticeable gap in research concerning the strengthening of slabs through shear reinforcement, particularly through economical, easily fabricated, and efficient systems such as fabricated trussed bars. The primary objective of this study is to explore the structural behavior of RC slabs fortified with custom-designed trussed bars under the influence of low-velocity impacts. To accomplish this, the Abaqus software platform is explicitly employed for analysis. The slab without any shear reinforcement is experimentally tested and serves as a reference model for numerical verification. Its anti-impact performance is compared with numerical findings. Following validation, simulations are conducted for square slabs strengthened by fabricated trussed bars in orthogonal and diagonal layouts. The results demonstrate that employing fabricated truss bars shear reinforcement with a 3 mm diameter in orthogonal and diagonal layouts enhances the resistance of slabs to damage, resulting in a 28.41% and 47.06% decrease in damage, respectively. The utilization of engineered truss bars as shear reinforcement yields significant improvements in strength, rigidity, and ductility when compared to control samples lacking such reinforcement. This enhancement is particularly evident when the engineered truss bars are arranged in orthogonal and diagonal configurations.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.04.11
Sahar Fadhil Abbas, F. Abed
Incorporating the LiDAR sensor in the most recent Apple devices represents a substantial development in 3D mapping technology. Meanwhile, Apple's Lidar is still a new sensor. Therefore, this article reviews the potential uses of the Apple Lidar sensor in various fields, including engineering and construction, focusing on indoor and outdoor as-built 3D mapping and cultural heritage conservation. The affordable cost and shorter observation times compared to traditional surveying and other remote sensing techniques make the Apple Lidar an attractive choice among scholars and professionals. This article highlights the need for continued research on the Apple LiDAR sensor technology while discussing its specifications and limitations. A comprehensive review found that the Apple LiDAR sensor has shown promise in capturing 3D point clouds of small to medium-sized objects with exceptional detail. This technology offers a cost-effective and accessible option to scan areas faster and analyze data more quickly and automatically for 3D mapping and modelling in indoor and outdoor environments, particularly in areas with restricted access when using other traditional techniques. It also opens the door for more sophisticated applications in future studies, including cultural heritage conservation, archaeological investigations and feature detection, building health monitoring and many more.
将激光雷达传感器集成到最新的苹果设备中代表了 3D 地图技术的重大发展。与此同时，苹果的激光雷达仍是一种新型传感器。因此，本文回顾了苹果激光雷达传感器在工程和建筑等多个领域的潜在用途，重点关注室内外竣工三维测绘和文化遗产保护。与传统测量和其他遥感技术相比，苹果激光雷达成本低廉，观测时间短，因此成为学者和专业人士的首选。本文强调了继续研究苹果激光雷达传感器技术的必要性，同时讨论了其规格和局限性。综合评述发现，苹果激光雷达传感器在捕捉中小型物体的三维点云方面表现出了卓越的细节。这项技术提供了一种成本效益高且易于使用的选择，可以更快地扫描区域，更快地自动分析数据，用于室内和室外环境的三维制图和建模，特别是在使用其他传统技术时限制进入的区域。它还为未来研究中更复杂的应用打开了大门，包括文化遗产保护、考古调查和特征检测、建筑物健康监测等。
{"title":"Revolutionizing Depth Sensing: A Review Study of Apple LiDAR Sensor for as-built Scanning Applications","authors":"Sahar Fadhil Abbas, F. Abed","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.04.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.04.11","url":null,"abstract":"Incorporating the LiDAR sensor in the most recent Apple devices represents a substantial development in 3D mapping technology. Meanwhile, Apple's Lidar is still a new sensor. Therefore, this article reviews the potential uses of the Apple Lidar sensor in various fields, including engineering and construction, focusing on indoor and outdoor as-built 3D mapping and cultural heritage conservation. The affordable cost and shorter observation times compared to traditional surveying and other remote sensing techniques make the Apple Lidar an attractive choice among scholars and professionals. This article highlights the need for continued research on the Apple LiDAR sensor technology while discussing its specifications and limitations. A comprehensive review found that the Apple LiDAR sensor has shown promise in capturing 3D point clouds of small to medium-sized objects with exceptional detail. This technology offers a cost-effective and accessible option to scan areas faster and analyze data more quickly and automatically for 3D mapping and modelling in indoor and outdoor environments, particularly in areas with restricted access when using other traditional techniques. It also opens the door for more sophisticated applications in future studies, including cultural heritage conservation, archaeological investigations and feature detection, building health monitoring and many more.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140752452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2024.04.12
Shaysh Aziz Mohammed, AbdulMuttailb Issa Said
This study examined experimentally and numerically the performance of five concrete beams reinforced with longitudinal and transverse bars made of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) or steel. All beams had the same dimensions of 2700 mm in length, 180 mm in width, and 260 mm in depth. The beams were classified into two groups with different variables and compared with a reference beam reinforced with longitudinal and transverse steel bars. The first group consisted of two beams with longitudinal GFRP bars and no stirrups, varying the main reinforcement ratio. The second group comprised two beams with longitudinal GFRP bars and transverse GFRP or steel stirrups, varying the stirrup type. The results indicated that the beams with GFRP bars improved their flexural strength for different ratios but had limited shear resistance when using GFRP stirrups because increased deflection causes the number and width of cracks to grow, reducing the shear strength. All the tested beams exhibited linear elastic behavior until failure, with GFRP being more brittle than steel due to no yield point or plastic behavior in GFRP. The numerical simulation of the five beams using ABAQUS software showed good agreement with the experimental data obtained in the laboratory.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of the Structural Behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Different Configurations of GFRP and Steel Bars","authors":"Shaysh Aziz Mohammed, AbdulMuttailb Issa Said","doi":"10.31026/j.eng.2024.04.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.04.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined experimentally and numerically the performance of five concrete beams reinforced with longitudinal and transverse bars made of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) or steel. All beams had the same dimensions of 2700 mm in length, 180 mm in width, and 260 mm in depth. The beams were classified into two groups with different variables and compared with a reference beam reinforced with longitudinal and transverse steel bars. The first group consisted of two beams with longitudinal GFRP bars and no stirrups, varying the main reinforcement ratio. The second group comprised two beams with longitudinal GFRP bars and transverse GFRP or steel stirrups, varying the stirrup type. The results indicated that the beams with GFRP bars improved their flexural strength for different ratios but had limited shear resistance when using GFRP stirrups because increased deflection causes the number and width of cracks to grow, reducing the shear strength. All the tested beams exhibited linear elastic behavior until failure, with GFRP being more brittle than steel due to no yield point or plastic behavior in GFRP. The numerical simulation of the five beams using ABAQUS software showed good agreement with the experimental data obtained in the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":15716,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140752440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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