Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes最新文献

Floating natives (Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes) and emergent exotic invasives (Hedychium coronarium and Urochloa arrecta) macrophytes grow as aquatic weeds in both natural and artificial floodplain areas in Brazil, where the chemical control should be researched. The herbicides glyphosate and saflufenacil, alone or mixed, were tested for weed control under simulated floodplain condition in mesocosms. Glyphosate (1,440 g ha^-1), saflufenacil (120 g ha^-1), or glyphosate (1,440 g ha^-1) + saflufenacil (42, 84, and 168 g ha^-1) were applied firstly; and 75 days after treatment (DAT), glyphosate (1,680 g ha^-1) was applied as a follow-up treatment to control plant regrowth. An herbicide-free check was also used. Echhinornia crassipes was the species most susceptible to the different herbicides. Saflufenacil alone presented the lowest control on the macrophytes (≤45%) from 7 to 75 DAT, and in most cases they presented high regrowth rates, i.e., this herbicide was the least effective treatment in reducing the dry mass production of the macrophyte community. Glyphosate alone presented low efficacy to control H. coronarium (30-65%), but for the other macrophytes, it presented control peaks ≥90%, maintaining control levels ≥50% until 75 DAT. Glyphosate + saflufenacil, regardless rate of saflufenacil, caused similar damage to glyphosate in E. crassipes and P. stratiotes; however, in U. arrecta it caused 20-30% less injury. In contrast, these treatments provided the best control of H. coronarium. The complementary application of glyphosate was essential to improve the level of control of the first application, after plant regrowth.

This work aimed to study the efficiency of herbicide glyphosate to control Johnsongrass plants (Sorghum halepense) in different phenological stages of development and when submitted to different types of soil water potentials. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design, with four repetitions. The treatments were arranged in a triple factor scheme 3 × 3 × 2, being: three soil water conditions [no water deficit (-0.03 MPa), intermediate water deficit (-0.07 MPa), and high water deficit (-1.5 MPa)], associated with three doses of glyphosate (0.0, 270.0, and 540.0 g a.e. ha^-1) applied in two phenological stages (4-6 leaves and 1-3 tillers). Visual control evaluations were conducted at 7, 14, 21, and 35 days after the herbicide application. Biometric and morphophysiological parameters were also analyzed. With the increase of water restriction, there was a decrease in Johnsongrass morphophysiological components, such as specific leaf area, stomatal conductance, and the difference between environment and leaf temperature, as well as the accumulation of aerial part and roots dry matter, independently of the phenological stage evaluated. The development stage of Johnsongrass influenced the control provided by glyphosate, independently of the dose used. The different water deficits studied reduced the control of glyphosate in the two Johnsongrass development stages evaluated. Severe water deficits reduced the control of glyphosate in Johnsongrass using the recommended dose. In conditions of moderate water deficit, the control was not affected. Thus, the control with lower doses can be the most affected by water deficit.

Imazapyr (IMA) is currently applied as pre- and post-emergence herbicide for control of weeds in crops. Because of its extensive use, IMA residues may reach water sources and soils. Consequently, its accurate measurement is demanded for timely actions with minimal involved steps and analysis time. Herein, copper oxide particles (Cu₂O PS) were proposed as chemical sensor for determination of IMA residues. Cu₂O PS were prepared by a facile microwave-assisted method using glucose as reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone as stabilizer. The effect of main experimental parameters on the conversion rate of the Cu₂O PS were analyzed by the response surface methodology. Obtained particles were thoroughly characterized in order to determine the particle size distribution, morphology, surface charge, optical and surface properties for further application. Determination of IMA was only based on the localized surface plasmon resonance band of Cu₂O PS at 473 nm. Under optimal conditions, the method was evaluated in the concentration range between 80.0 and 1,000 μg L^-1 showing a limit of detection about 101 μg L^-1 (R² >0.98). The applicability of the proposed methodology to determine IMA in soil and water samples was assessed with satisfactory recoveries (104-121.8%) displaying a good implementation prospect in environmental complex matrices.

A modified QuEChERS pretreatment method and LC-MS/MS technique were performed to simultaneously determine four pesticide (Hexachlorophene, Dinex, Dinosam, Dinoterb) residues in agricultural products. Through the optimization of LC-MS/MS detection parameters in SIM mode, the optimal instrument conditions are obtained. The modified QuEChERS method was used to pretreat the samples. Solid phase extractants PSA, C18 and GCB were used for sample purification. The research results showed that the correlation coefficients of the four pesticides were all greater than 0.991, which had a good linear relationship. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) of the four pesticides were 0.05-0.56 μg/kg. The recoveries were 70.51-113.20% with relative standard deviations (RSDS) of 1.6-11.2%. The developed method can provide reliable data support for the subsequent simultaneous detection of these four pesticides.

Deltamethrin is an insecticide with high toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms. Environment-friendly alternatives to removing insecticides from water bodies, like phytoremediation, require species to uptake and/or dissipate pesticides from water. Our research investigated the ability of Egeria densa plants to absorb and dissipate ¹⁴C-deltamethrin from water, and bioaccumulation in Danio rerio. The variables were four densities of E. densa (0, 234, 337, and 468 g dry weight m^-3), in tanks with seven adults of D. rerio, with three replicates. Dissipation was evaluated at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after application (HAA). After 96 HAA, the uptake of ¹⁴C-deltamethrin by plants and accumulation in fish were assessed. The E. densa increased ¹⁴C-deltamethrin dissipation and reduced bioaccumulation in zebrafish. The DT₅₀ decreased 3-fold in treatments with 337 and 468 g m^-3 of E. densa. The plants absorbed 32% of the ¹⁴C-deltamethrin applied, regardless of plant density. The bioaccumulation in fish was 8.21% without E. densa and only 1% in treatments with 468 g m^-3 of plants. These results suggest phytoremediation using E. densa is a possible alternative to removing deltamethrin from water and reducing the accumulation in non-target organisms, reducing the environmental impact of insecticides in aquatic ecosystems.

Pesticides are vital in meeting the challenge of feeding the rapidly increasing world population. However, it is crucial that they are used in a way that does not compromise the safety of humans or the environment. Non-dietary worker risk assessments consider the amount of residue which can be transferred from plant foliage to the skin or clothes, known as dislodgeable foliar residues (DFRs). DFR data scarcity due to the costly and seasonal characteristics of DFR studies is an obstacle to the extrapolation of DFR data to different crops/leaves. This paper validates a new proof-of-concept technique to investigate factors that may affect DFR (leaf texture) using the fungicide difenoconazole EC 10% as an example on various leaves (i.e., French bean, soybean, tomato, oilseed rape, and wheat). DFR was the lowest in the case of oilseed rape (31.0 ± 3.4%) and the highest in French beans (82.0 ± 2.9%). This significant difference in DFR in the findings of this study sheds light on the importance of the leaf surface as a major factor affecting DFR and supports the application of the laboratory method for more extensive data generation. More data generation would enable the extrapolation saving money and resources.

Spatial-temporal monitoring of the presence of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in water requires rigor in the choice of matrix to be analyzed. The use of matrices, isolated or combined, may better represent the real state of contamination. In this sense, the present work contrasted the effectiveness of using epilithic biofilms with active water sampling and with a passive sampler-POCIS. A watershed representative of South American agriculture was monitored. Nine sites with different rural anthropic pressures (natural forest, intensive use of pesticides, and animal waste), and urban areas without sewage treatment, were monitored. Water and epilithic biofilms were collected during periods of intensive pesticide and animal waste application. After the harvest of the spring/summer crop, a period of low agrochemical input, the presence of pesticides and pharmaceuticals was monitored using the POCIS and epilithic biofilms. The spot water sampling leads to underestimation of the level of contamination of water resources as it does not allow discrimination of different anthropic pressures in rural areas. The use of endogenous epilithic biofilms as a matrix for the analysis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals is a viable and highly recommended alternative to diagnose the health of water sources, especially if associated with the use of POCIS.

The present paper describes the effect of glycyrrhizic acid contained in licorice roots on the quality of pork produced. The study uses advanced research methods as ion-exchange chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, drying of an average sample of muscle, and pressing method. The paper set out to investigate the effect of glycyrrhizic acid on the pig meat quality after deworming. Of particular concern is the animal body restoration after deworming that results in metabolic disorders. The nutrient content of meat reduces, the output of bones and tendons rises. This is the first report on the use of glycyrrhizic acid to increase the meat quality of pigs after deworming. The findings from this study indicated higher pork quality resulted from a favorable effect of GA on the chemical and amino acid composition of meat. The resulting data demonstrated that glycyrrhizic acid in the piglets' diet had a beneficial effect on the biochemical processes in their body. The main scientific provisions of this paper and its findings have several practical implications for veterinary specialists. They can also be recommended for the educational process. Another possible implication is the development of new drugs, methods, and treatment plans.

Dinotefuran is a compound belonging to the third generation of nicotinoid insecticides, and has been effective in combating pests that are resistant to conventional insecticides, such as organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. This molecule presents high-water solubility (39,830 mg L^-1 at 25 °C) compared to other pesticides, which facilitates its drag and leaching to lower soil layers. Therefore, the present study aimed to optimize and validate liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature purification (LLE-LTP) to determine dinotefuran residues in water by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The results revealed that the analyte recovery ranged from 85.44 to 89.72% with a relative standard deviation <5.8. LLE-LTP was selective, precise, accurate, and linear in the range from 10.0 to 210 µg L^-1, and presented limits of detection and quantification of 5.00 and 10.00 µg L^-1, respectively. The matrix effect was <14%. The stability study of dinotefuran in water revealed significant stability of this molecule in water in the absence of light (>130 days), and a half-life of 7 days in water with sunlight. LLE-LTP coupled to HPLC-DAD was a simple, easy, and efficient method for extracting and analyzing dinotefuran in water samples.

Benzophenone (BP-3) is an organic compound that is a common ingredient in lotions, conditioners, and other personal care products, which helps protect against ultraviolet radiation. This study investigated the effect of BP-3 on the structure of the integument and gills, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the gills of Danio rerio. Fish were exposed to different concentrations (7, 70, and 700 µg L^-1) of BP-3 for 7 and 14 d. For the histological analysis of the integument and gills, the fish were fixed in Bouin liquid and processed according to standard histologic procedures, and the tissue section slices were stained according to different histochemical methods. BP-3 caused tissue damage and morphological alterations in the gills; however, the integument showed no histological or morphological alterations. Furthermore, there was no observed correlation between the BP-3 concentration and exposure period and the gill alterations, as these did not occur in a linear manner. The gills were removed to evaluate the antioxidant defense; for this, CAT and SOD activities were measured, and a reduction of SOD activity was noted, whereas the CAT activity was not significantly affected.