Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes最新文献

Herbicide residue levels were analyzed in agricultural soils of Batak plain and health risk assessments were made for relevant pesticides. Herbicide contamination levels were analyzed with the use of Quick-Easy-Cheap-Efficient-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS)-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure. Herbicide-free soil samples were spiked at two different levels. Overall recovery of the method was 87.32%. Present findings were parallel to SANTE recovery limits. About 50% of collected samples from the study sites contained herbicides at different concentrations. Totally, eight herbicides were detected, and herbicide concentrations ranged between 1.085 and 1724.23 μg kg^-1. Metolachlor had the highest concentration (1724.23 μg kg^-1) in a sample taken close to the pesticide waste disposal area. Six herbicides were detected at different concentrations in the same sample. Persistent herbicides (terbuthylazine and pendimethalin) were detected in 35 samples. Risk assessments revealed that hazard index (HI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were less than 1. The greatest HQ values were identified for terbuthylazine as 2772.48 × 10^-7 and 20793.61 × 10^-7 for adults and children, respectively. The HI for all herbicides were 3916.05 × 10^-7 for adult and 29370.39 × 10^-7 for children.

Acrylamide, a probable human carcinogen present in heat-processed foods and environmental contaminants, requires sample extraction and preconcentration before chromatographic analysis. The method developed in this study employed derivatization with xanthydrol and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction utilizing low-density anisole. Durian or potato chips were combined with deionized water, defatted with hexane, and subjected to precipitation of soluble carbohydrates and proteins using clarification reagents. Water samples were filtered through a membrane filter. Acrylamide was derivatized by introducing an acidic methanolic solution of xanthydrol at 50 °C. The derivatized acrylamide was extracted with 70 µL of anisole and vortexed, with the methanol from the xanthydrol solution serving as the disperser solvent. The anisole layer was analyzed using gas chromatography with both flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Linear calibration plots exhibited coefficients of determination >0.9997. The precision was measured at <10% RSD, and recoveries ranged from 84% to 107%. The quantitation limit varied from 2 to 10 µg kg^-1 for processed chips and from 0.05 to 0.10 µg L^-1 for water samples. Acrylamide was detected in all processed chip samples, with some concentrations exceeding the benchmark value of 750 μg kg^-1. However, no acrylamide was identified in any of the water samples.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of herbicides in association to control Rottboellia exaltata and Ipomoea quamoclit during pre-emergence while also to evaluate the potential impact on the sugarcane. The experimental design employed a randomized block with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were: 1 - no herbicide application; 2 - indaziflam + sulfentrazone; 3 - indaziflam + diclosulam; 4 - indaziflam + tebuthiuron; 5 - flumioxazin + diclosulam, 6 - flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone and 7 - clomazone + sulfentrazone. The evaluated parameters were: percentage of weeds control, green coverage percentage (Canopeo® system), weed biomass (g m^-2), itchgrass height, and sugarcane tiller. Several herbicide associations have been proven effective alternatives for managing itchgrass and cypressvine morningglory. The most successful treatments for itchgrass control were indaziflam + tebuthiuron (100%) and indaziflam + diclosulam (97%), whereas for cypressvine morningglory, the betters were indaziflam + sulfentrazone (97%), indaziflam + diclosulam (98%), indaziflam + tebuthiuron (97%), flumioxazin + diclosulam (94%), and clomazone + sulfentrazone (96%). All treatments reduced the weed biomass, with indaziflam + tebuthiuron being the safest option for protecting sugarcane.

Free enzymes cause difficulties in many applications due to their insufficient stability, loss of activity in a short time, and most importantly, although they are costly, they are used only once in reactions, lose their effect and cannot be recovered from the environment. Magnetic nanoparticles coated with biocompatible polymeric material are potential candidates for promising enzyme carriers due to their multifunctional pore surfaces, easy removal from the environment provided by the magnetization, ability to main stability under various harsh conditions. This study prepared a biosensor candidate based on the inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme by organophosphate pesticides from chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles doped with gold. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the structure of synthesized nanocomposites. Magnetic characteristics of the nanocomposites were assessed using VSM. Bio-nanocomposite (Fe₃O₄@Cht/Au/AChE) was used to determine environmental pollutants qualitatively. Remediation of organophosphate-containing wastewater is an essential issue for environmental sustainability. In this work, Dichlorvos and Chlorpyrifos were selected as organic pollutants to assess the enzymatic activity of immobilized Fe₃O₄@Cht/Au/AChE. Optimum conditions for AChE enzyme were immobilized nanostructures (Fe₃O₄@Cht/Au/AChE) were determined. The optimum pH for the immobilized enzyme was found to be 8, and the optimum temperature was found to be 60 °C. Retained immobilized enzyme activity is found to be around 50% for the 20th reuse. In the presence of 150 µL pesticide, retained immobilized enzyme activity is found to be around 25%. Method validation was performed for pesticides. When using immobilized AChE, the LOD (limit of detection)-LOQ (limit of quantitation) values for Dichlorovos and Chlorpyrifos was obtained in the range of 0.0087-0.029 nM and 0.0014-0.0046 nM, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) values, which are indicators of precision, were found to be below 2%.

Sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) are widely used antimicrobial agents in livestock and aquaculture, and most of them entering the animal's body will be released into the environment as prodrugs or metabolites, which ultimately affect human health through the food chain. Both acid deposition and salinization of soil may have an impact on the migration and degradation of antibiotics. Sulfamethazine (SM2), a frequently detected compound in agricultural soils, has a migration and transformation process in the environment that is closely dependent on environmental pH. Nevertheless, scarcely any studies have been conducted on the effect of soil pH changes on the environmental behavior of sulfamethazine. We analyzed the migration and degradation mechanisms of SM2 using simulation experiments and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) techniques. The results showed that acidic conditions limited the vertical migration of sulfadimidine, and SM2 underwent different reaction processes under different pH conditions, including S-C bond breaking, S-N bond hydrolysis, demethylation, six-membered heterocyclic addition, methyl hydroxylation and ring opening. The study of the migration pattern and degradation mechanism of SM2 under different pH conditions can provide a solid theoretical basis for assessing the pollution risk of sulfamethazine degradation products under acid rain and saline conditions, and provide a guideline for remediation of antibiotic contamination, so as to better prevent, control and protect groundwater resources.

Two years of monthly sampling and hydrological monitoring were performed at the outlet of a Mediterranean watershed in northern Tunisia to determine the contents of 469 pesticide active ingredients and metabolites in water and evaluate their behavior. Wadi Guenniche is a tributary of the Bizerte coastal lagoon, with a watershed area of 86 km², which exhibits pluvial cereal, legume, and orchid cultivation and irrigated market gardening. Twenty-nine pesticide active ingredients and 2 metabolites were detected in water. Twenty-four pesticide active ingredients were authorized for use in Tunisia. Among them, 14 had never been mentioned in previous farmer surveys. Five herbicides and their metabolites were the most frequently detected: aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) (100%), glyphosate (94%), simazine (94%), 2,4-D (70%), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) (47%). The detection frequency and concentration range suggested that the phytosanitary pressure and resulting water contamination are close to those on the northern Mediterranean shore. These results, in addition to characterizing the pollution state, emphasized the need for additional studies on the use and fate of pesticides on the southern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, particularly in Tunisia.

Further studies are necessary to evaluate not only the effectiveness of preemergent herbicides for weed control and selectivity in soybeans but also the potential carryover damage to crops planted in succession, such as sorghum and maize. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of preemergent herbicides in controlling Euphorbia heterophylla L. and Digitaria insularis L., as well as their selectivity in soybeans (Glycine max L.) and the residual effects on crops sown in succession, including maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Two field experiments were conducted with soybean, both in a randomized block design, consisting of the following treatments: sulfentrazone + diuron, flumioxazin + imazethapyr, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, s-metolachlor and flumioxazin, in addition to weeded controls and without weeding, with four replicates. Subsequently, the sowing of maize and sorghum was performed. Visual evaluations of weed control were performed at 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after application of the treatments (DAA) and of phytotoxicity in soybean, sorghum and maize at 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after planting emergence (DAE), and at the end, yield estimate. It was found that the sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron and imazethapyr + flumioxazin treatments were effective in controlling D. insularis and E. heterophylla up to 42 DAA. For sorghum and maize, no significant injury levels were observed for any treatment, with the exception of sulfentrazone alone, which provided significant reductions in productivity.

Concentrations and distribution for 16 organotin compounds were studied in all kinds of foods, including seafood, agricultural products, and wine. Meanwhile, the degradation of the TBT or TPhT was also evaluated. Concentrations of total organotins in seafood, agricultural products, and wine were 1047.2, 469.4, and 13.5 μg Sn/kg. Meanwhile, the most frequently detected organotin in three kinds of samples were TPhT, MPhT, and MPhT, respectively. The results demonstrated that phenyltin may probably become an emerging organotin pollutant. Regarding seafood, organotin concentrations of fish and mollusks were much higher than those of crustaceans. At the same time, a significant positive correlation was observed between the concentrations of TBT and MBT (p < 0.05), and between DBT and MBT(p < 0.0001). Moreover, TPhT was significantly and positively associated with DPhT (p < 0.0001), suggesting that TPhT was the precursor of DPhT. Apart from the likely illegal use of OTs as biocides in antifouling paints for ships, anthropogenic activity like agricultural activity or industrial activity also caused organotin contamination. Further research and more effective measures should be formulated to protect the food safety. Meanwhile, monitoring of the organotin contamination should not only in Qinhuangdao, but also expand to the cities along Bohai Bay.

Field and lab experiments explored tetraniliprole dissipation in chili plants. A supervised trial in Devarayapuram village, Coimbatore, assessed the CO₂ chili variety (December-March 2018-2019). Using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), samples were collected up to 15 d post-application. Initial tetraniliprole deposits on chili fruits, 1-h post-spray, were 0.898 and 1.271 μg g^-1 at single and double doses. Over 80% dissipated within 5 d, reaching below detection limits by day 7 and 10 for single and double doses, respectively. Transformation analysis favored first-order kinetics. Tetraniliprole half-life on chili fruit was 1.49 and 1.53 d at recommended and double doses. The safe waiting period was 4.16 and 5.04 d for 60 and 120 g a.i ha^-1. This study provides insights into tetraniliprole dynamics in chili plants, crucial for effective pesticide management.

Within the realm of poultry feed mill operations, the persistent concern over microbial feed quality necessitates the establishment of a robust baseline for enhancing and sustaining the standards of commercial feeds. This dual-phase investigation, comprising Parts I, was previously published, and the current study presented here as Part II aimed to illuminate this baseline using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In Part II, nine distinct commercial poultry feeds formulated as starters, growers, starter/growers, or supplements, the selected feeds underwent genomic DNA extraction, amplification with custom dual-indexed primers, and subsequent Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Through data analysis in QIIME2-2021.4 and R Studio, the study unveils alpha (Kruskal-Wallis) and beta (ANOSIM) diversity, taxonomic differences (ANCOM), and core microbiomes (core_members), deeming main and pairwise effects statistically significant at p < 0.05 and Q < 0.05. Notably, the investigation identified 30% common core microbial members across the nine feed types, shedding light on potential foodborne poultry pathogens such as Helicobacter and Campylobacter. Probiotic-associated feeds exhibited distinct microbial communities, emphasizing the need to explore their impact on the early poultry gastrointestinal tract (GIT) further.