Pub Date : 2017-11-09DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525-C1-009
Seong-Dae Moon, Kyungjin Lee, Hyemin Kim, Jung-Suk Lee
This study evaluated the ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in cassava mill effluents contaminated soil in rural community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Secondary data was used for the ecological risk assessment. Two background scenarios i.e. geometric mean (BGM) and median mean (BMM) was used as the reference value. The heavy metals that were assessed for ecological risk include viz: Cr, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb and Cd. 50% of mean detected individual heavy metals were considered for the location that was not detected. Assessment of the ecological risk was carried out following well established protocol. The results of the potential ecological risk (ER), Ecological risk index (ERI) and Monomial potential ecological risk (MPER) of heavy metals showed low risk under both scenarios except for Cd in one of the locations that showed moderate risk for MPER under both background scenarios in wet season. The distribution of the heavy metals based on potential ecological risk were in the order; Cd > Ni > = Pb > Co > Cu> Cr > Mn = Zn (BMM) and Cd > Pb > Ni = Co > Cu = Cr > Mn > Zn (BGM) for wet season and Cd > Pb = Ni = Cu > Co > Cr > Mn = Zn (BMM) and Cd > Pb > Cu = Co > Ni > Cr > Mn = Zn for dry season. The study showed low ecological risk associated with cassava mill discharged into the environment. cassava mill effluents on soil
{"title":"Effects of PAHs on the early life stages of aquaculture fishes","authors":"Seong-Dae Moon, Kyungjin Lee, Hyemin Kim, Jung-Suk Lee","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525-C1-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525-C1-009","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in cassava mill effluents contaminated soil in rural community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Secondary data was used for the ecological risk assessment. Two background scenarios i.e. geometric mean (BGM) and median mean (BMM) was used as the reference value. The heavy metals that were assessed for ecological risk include viz: Cr, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb and Cd. 50% of mean detected individual heavy metals were considered for the location that was not detected. Assessment of the ecological risk was carried out following well established protocol. The results of the potential ecological risk (ER), Ecological risk index (ERI) and Monomial potential ecological risk (MPER) of heavy metals showed low risk under both scenarios except for Cd in one of the locations that showed moderate risk for MPER under both background scenarios in wet season. The distribution of the heavy metals based on potential ecological risk were in the order; Cd > Ni > = Pb > Co > Cu> Cr > Mn = Zn (BMM) and Cd > Pb > Ni = Co > Cu = Cr > Mn > Zn (BGM) for wet season and Cd > Pb = Ni = Cu > Co > Cr > Mn = Zn (BMM) and Cd > Pb > Cu = Co > Ni > Cr > Mn = Zn for dry season. The study showed low ecological risk associated with cassava mill discharged into the environment. cassava mill effluents on soil","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86488224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-30DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000525
E. Michael
Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed in leachate sample obtained at different locations (Obosi public dumpsite, groundwater and agricultural soil farmland 45.6 km from Onitsha dumpsite). This is to assess the impact of leachate and the effect of heavy metals on agricultural produce, Zea mays and Phaseolus vulgaris. In addition, pH values and the concentrations of these metals (Cd, Ag, Al, Mo, As, Hg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Hi, Cr, Mg, Fe, Pb and Co) in dumpsite leachate, agricultural soil collected from a depth of 10 cm were assessed. The pH of the experimental samples ranged from 6.41-7.15. The analysis of samples for heavy metals revealed very high concentrations of Mg (14.20-20.23 ppm), Hg (0.002-2.29 ppm), Pb (0.09-0.65 ppm), Cd (0.001-0.53 ppm), but Al and As were not detected in most of the samples. Physiochemical parameters (Total dissolved Solid, Temperature, Conductivity, Turbidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, Color, Total Organic Carbon and Particle size) and Microbiological parameters (Total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal count) were analyzed using standard methods. The microbial enumeration showed heterotrophic bacterial and fungal count ranging from 12 × 105 to 2 × 105 cfu/ml for leachate and ground water samples. Heterotrophic fungal count ranged from 3 × 105 to 8 × 105 cfu/ml for leachate and ground water. Culture plate, structural form and biochemical characterization conducted on these isolates using Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. Fungal atlas was used to suggest possible identities of the fungal isolates. These isolates were molecularly identified by 16 S rDNA and ITS rDNA sequence analysis for bacterial and fungal isolates respectively. The bacterial identities were Lysinibacillus fusiformis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, while fungal isolates were identified as Aspergillus tamarii, and Aspergillus fumigatus. The leachate generated from Obosi overburden dumpsite has the potential to pollute the surrounding water.
{"title":"Evaluation of Leachate Contamination Index Obtained from Dumpsite in Onitsha, Nigeria","authors":"E. Michael","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000525","url":null,"abstract":"Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed in leachate sample obtained at different locations (Obosi public dumpsite, groundwater and agricultural soil farmland 45.6 km from Onitsha dumpsite). This is to assess the impact of leachate and the effect of heavy metals on agricultural produce, Zea mays and Phaseolus vulgaris. In addition, pH values and the concentrations of these metals (Cd, Ag, Al, Mo, As, Hg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Hi, Cr, Mg, Fe, Pb and Co) in dumpsite leachate, agricultural soil collected from a depth of 10 cm were assessed. The pH of the experimental samples ranged from 6.41-7.15. The analysis of samples for heavy metals revealed very high concentrations of Mg (14.20-20.23 ppm), Hg (0.002-2.29 ppm), Pb (0.09-0.65 ppm), Cd (0.001-0.53 ppm), but Al and As were not detected in most of the samples. Physiochemical parameters (Total dissolved Solid, Temperature, Conductivity, Turbidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, Color, Total Organic Carbon and Particle size) and Microbiological parameters (Total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal count) were analyzed using standard methods. The microbial enumeration showed heterotrophic bacterial and fungal count ranging from 12 × 105 to 2 × 105 cfu/ml for leachate and ground water samples. Heterotrophic fungal count ranged from 3 × 105 to 8 × 105 cfu/ml for leachate and ground water. Culture plate, structural form and biochemical characterization conducted on these isolates using Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. Fungal atlas was used to suggest possible identities of the fungal isolates. These isolates were molecularly identified by 16 S rDNA and ITS rDNA sequence analysis for bacterial and fungal isolates respectively. The bacterial identities were Lysinibacillus fusiformis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, while fungal isolates were identified as Aspergillus tamarii, and Aspergillus fumigatus. The leachate generated from Obosi overburden dumpsite has the potential to pollute the surrounding water.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90247049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-29DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000521
Zi-cheng Xu, Yuanan Wang, Xiaoxue Ma, Shoubing Wang
The effects of rainwater on freshwater ecosystems have received increasing attention worldwide. Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) affects the biochemical cycles of phosphorus in the water, thereby affecting the proliferation and outbreak of cyanobacteria blooms. However, it is still unclear whether the complex composition of rainwater has a significant effect on the alkaline phosphatase activity. In this study, the effects of rainfall on Microcystis aeruginosa in Kunming were evaluated based upon changes in alkaline phosphatase activity, algal growth, and chlorophyll a. The results showed that the addition of rainwater brought about different changes in alkaline phosphatase activity, algal growth, and chlorophyll a. The general trend showed that a certain amount of rainwater (equivalent to light, moderate rain, and heavy levels) had a positive effect on the alkaline phosphatase activity, algal growth, and chlorophyll a in the cultivation system. Therefore, the following preliminary inference can be drawn: in the Kunming area, a certain amount of rainwater may promote the growth of blue-green algae, exacerbating an outbreak of cyanobacteria blooms.
{"title":"Effects of Rainfall in Kunming on the Growth and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of the Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa","authors":"Zi-cheng Xu, Yuanan Wang, Xiaoxue Ma, Shoubing Wang","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000521","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of rainwater on freshwater ecosystems have received increasing attention worldwide. Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) affects the biochemical cycles of phosphorus in the water, thereby affecting the proliferation and outbreak of cyanobacteria blooms. However, it is still unclear whether the complex composition of rainwater has a significant effect on the alkaline phosphatase activity. In this study, the effects of rainfall on Microcystis aeruginosa in Kunming were evaluated based upon changes in alkaline phosphatase activity, algal growth, and chlorophyll a. The results showed that the addition of rainwater brought about different changes in alkaline phosphatase activity, algal growth, and chlorophyll a. The general trend showed that a certain amount of rainwater (equivalent to light, moderate rain, and heavy levels) had a positive effect on the alkaline phosphatase activity, algal growth, and chlorophyll a in the cultivation system. Therefore, the following preliminary inference can be drawn: in the Kunming area, a certain amount of rainwater may promote the growth of blue-green algae, exacerbating an outbreak of cyanobacteria blooms.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89666111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental context: Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in PM2.5 can be toxic to humans and ecosystems, because they will show endocrine disrupting activity. It is thus important to understand the contamination level of PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in PM2.5. In this paper, a method has been applied to the analysis and separation of trace PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in PM2.5, in order to understand the pollution levels, migration and transformation of PBDEs/OH-PBDEs in PM2.5. In this study, we demonstrate a method for simultaneously analyzing 9 OH-PBDEs and 40 PBDEs existed in PM2.5. Quantitative analysis was conducted by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) combined with a precolumn derivatization. To achieve accurate detection, the extraction solvents and cleanup condition were optimized. The working curves were obtained via dissolving standards in blank matrix extracts. The linear range of 9 OH-PBDEs was from 15 pg m-3 to 3875 pg m-3, and limits of detection and quantification ranged from 4.95 pg m-3 to 24.33 pg m-3 and 16.48 pg m-3 to 81.09 pg m-3, respectively. The linear range of 40 PBDEs was from 1.25 pg m-3 to 5000 pg m-3, and limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.37 pg m-3 to 38.19 pg m-3 and 1.25 pg m-3 to 127.29 pg m-3, respectively. The results showed that the recoveries were in the range of 72.1%-104.7% and the relative standard deviations were less than 13.6%. This method was suitable for simultaneous analysis of PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in PM2.5 with the advantages of high sensitivity, time saving and easy operation. The applicability of the method has been successfully validated on atmospheric samples collected in Baoding, China. Six PBDEs and five OH-PBDEs were detected in all the samples. Among the detected PBDEs and OH-PBDEs, detection rate of BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-209 were relatively higher than that of others. The results indicated that the concentration of BDE-209 might be affected by the concentration of PM2.5.
{"title":"Determination of Nine Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Forty Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Atmospheric Fine Particles by Precolumn Derivatization-GC-MS/GC","authors":"Peng-Yan Liu, Yunfeng Xu, Xiaobing Wang, Zhansheng Li, Gu Jing","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000518","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental context: Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in PM2.5 can be toxic to humans and ecosystems, because they will show endocrine disrupting activity. It is thus important to understand the contamination level of PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in PM2.5. In this paper, a method has been applied to the analysis and separation of trace PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in PM2.5, in order to understand the pollution levels, migration and transformation of PBDEs/OH-PBDEs in PM2.5. In this study, we demonstrate a method for simultaneously analyzing 9 OH-PBDEs and 40 PBDEs existed in PM2.5. Quantitative analysis was conducted by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) combined with a precolumn derivatization. To achieve accurate detection, the extraction solvents and cleanup condition were optimized. The working curves were obtained via dissolving standards in blank matrix extracts. The linear range of 9 OH-PBDEs was from 15 pg m-3 to 3875 pg m-3, and limits of detection and quantification ranged from 4.95 pg m-3 to 24.33 pg m-3 and 16.48 pg m-3 to 81.09 pg m-3, respectively. The linear range of 40 PBDEs was from 1.25 pg m-3 to 5000 pg m-3, and limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.37 pg m-3 to 38.19 pg m-3 and 1.25 pg m-3 to 127.29 pg m-3, respectively. The results showed that the recoveries were in the range of 72.1%-104.7% and the relative standard deviations were less than 13.6%. This method was suitable for simultaneous analysis of PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in PM2.5 with the advantages of high sensitivity, time saving and easy operation. The applicability of the method has been successfully validated on atmospheric samples collected in Baoding, China. Six PBDEs and five OH-PBDEs were detected in all the samples. Among the detected PBDEs and OH-PBDEs, detection rate of BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-209 were relatively higher than that of others. The results indicated that the concentration of BDE-209 might be affected by the concentration of PM2.5.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87441429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-20DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000517
B. Yan, M. Hong, Chengjiu Guo, Shengchao Yan
To propose a reasonable configuration of plant measures and specific planning to improve the soil quality and the surrounding ecological environment of submerged area in Shifosi reservoir, we analyzed the soil moisture content and other key physical properties such as bulk density, maximum water-holding capacity, capillary water-holding capacity, field capacity and porosity of the submerged area. Soil samples were collected within 500 m scope from the auxiliary dam and tested using test methods in compliance with the national standard LY/T1215-1999. The correlation analysis showed that a highly significant correlation existed between the moisture content with other physical properties. The capillary water-holding capacity had the highest correlation with the soil water content, followed by the maximum waterholding capacity, porosity, field capacity, and bulk density. As the changes in soil moisture content may affect the variation of other physical properties, the immersion area was divided into three regions according to their soil water contents. In region 1, the moisture content was between 23.08% and 32.96%; in region 2, the moisture content was between 21.18% and 23.08%; and in region 3, the moisture content was below 19.85%. In each region, the adaptive plant measures and configurations were put forward on the basis of natural, social and economic conditions, as well as vegetation status. In region 1, the selected tree was Salix matsudana, shrub was Forsythia mandshurica, and suitable herb was Iris lactea var. chinensis. In region 2, the proper tree was Fraxinus velutina, shrub was Amorpha fruticosa, and herb was Festuca arundinacea. In region 3, the suitable tree was Pinus tabulaeformis var. mukdensis, shrub was Lespedeza bicolor, and herb was Eleocharis yokoscensis. The rational allocation of vegetation may prevent soil erosion, contribute to the full use of the land of the submerged area, achieve optimization of social, economic, and ecological benefits, and provide a reference for plant configuration of other reservoirs in Liaoning Province, China.
{"title":"Influence of Different Soil Moisture Content on Plant Configuration for the Submerged Area of Shifosi Reservoir, China","authors":"B. Yan, M. Hong, Chengjiu Guo, Shengchao Yan","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000517","url":null,"abstract":"To propose a reasonable configuration of plant measures and specific planning to improve the soil quality and the surrounding ecological environment of submerged area in Shifosi reservoir, we analyzed the soil moisture content and other key physical properties such as bulk density, maximum water-holding capacity, capillary water-holding capacity, field capacity and porosity of the submerged area. Soil samples were collected within 500 m scope from the auxiliary dam and tested using test methods in compliance with the national standard LY/T1215-1999. The correlation analysis showed that a highly significant correlation existed between the moisture content with other physical properties. The capillary water-holding capacity had the highest correlation with the soil water content, followed by the maximum waterholding capacity, porosity, field capacity, and bulk density. As the changes in soil moisture content may affect the variation of other physical properties, the immersion area was divided into three regions according to their soil water contents. In region 1, the moisture content was between 23.08% and 32.96%; in region 2, the moisture content was between 21.18% and 23.08%; and in region 3, the moisture content was below 19.85%. In each region, the adaptive plant measures and configurations were put forward on the basis of natural, social and economic conditions, as well as vegetation status. In region 1, the selected tree was Salix matsudana, shrub was Forsythia mandshurica, and suitable herb was Iris lactea var. chinensis. In region 2, the proper tree was Fraxinus velutina, shrub was Amorpha fruticosa, and herb was Festuca arundinacea. In region 3, the suitable tree was Pinus tabulaeformis var. mukdensis, shrub was Lespedeza bicolor, and herb was Eleocharis yokoscensis. The rational allocation of vegetation may prevent soil erosion, contribute to the full use of the land of the submerged area, achieve optimization of social, economic, and ecological benefits, and provide a reference for plant configuration of other reservoirs in Liaoning Province, China.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91061361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-22DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000503
Nwankwoala Ho, Harry Mt, Amangabara Gt, T. Warmate
This study aims at the assessment of the impacts of artisanal refining of crude on soil and water quality in parts of Okrika and Ogu-Bolo areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. Standard sampling methods were used in the study. A total number of sixteen (16) sampling points were selected using random sampling techniques for the water points and soil samples within Ogu-Bolo and Okrika. Water and soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. The ArcGIS version 10.3, ENVI version 4.7, Surfer 10, SPSS 22 and Microsoft Enterprise were used for the interpretation. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was created from the elevation data obtained from Short Radar Thematic Mapper (SRTM) satellite image and contour extracted from the topographic map. The influence of the soil type, slope, flow accumulation and flow direction of the study area was used to delineate the level of contaminant plume. This was generated from the DEM using the ArcGIS 10.3 3-D analyst tool function. A water Quality index rating of 1 was measured in the study area which is an indication that the water is very bad. Also, the physio-chemical analysis on soil and water revealed poor water and soil. Water analysis showed high concentration of Fe and Zn which made the water in such area unsuitable for drinking. Also, the soil samples recorded high levels of crude content from 1 m, with concentration reducing with depth up to 3 m. A general contamination map of Okrika/Ogu-Bolo was modelled, indicating the contamination rating of total land mass of the study area, with 23.59 km (5.71%) rated very good, while 85.65 km (20.71%) were rated good. Also, 140.37 km (33.95%) had only showed moderate level of contamination while 112.56 km (27.22%) recorded bad level of contamination, with 51.29 km (12.40%) of the total land mass having very bad contamination record. Water quality assessment should be carried out regularly to determine any future pollution of the water. It is recommended that artisanal refining activities in the area should be discouraged to avoid further contamination in the area.
{"title":"Impacts of Artisanal Refining Activities on Soil and Water Quality in Parts of Okrika and Ogu-Bolo Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"Nwankwoala Ho, Harry Mt, Amangabara Gt, T. Warmate","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000503","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims at the assessment of the impacts of artisanal refining of crude on soil and water quality in parts of Okrika and Ogu-Bolo areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. Standard sampling methods were used in the study. A total number of sixteen (16) sampling points were selected using random sampling techniques for the water points and soil samples within Ogu-Bolo and Okrika. Water and soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. The ArcGIS version 10.3, ENVI version 4.7, Surfer 10, SPSS 22 and Microsoft Enterprise were used for the interpretation. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was created from the elevation data obtained from Short Radar Thematic Mapper (SRTM) satellite image and contour extracted from the topographic map. The influence of the soil type, slope, flow accumulation and flow direction of the study area was used to delineate the level of contaminant plume. This was generated from the DEM using the ArcGIS 10.3 3-D analyst tool function. A water Quality index rating of 1 was measured in the study area which is an indication that the water is very bad. Also, the physio-chemical analysis on soil and water revealed poor water and soil. Water analysis showed high concentration of Fe and Zn which made the water in such area unsuitable for drinking. Also, the soil samples recorded high levels of crude content from 1 m, with concentration reducing with depth up to 3 m. A general contamination map of Okrika/Ogu-Bolo was modelled, indicating the contamination rating of total land mass of the study area, with 23.59 km (5.71%) rated very good, while 85.65 km (20.71%) were rated good. Also, 140.37 km (33.95%) had only showed moderate level of contamination while 112.56 km (27.22%) recorded bad level of contamination, with 51.29 km (12.40%) of the total land mass having very bad contamination record. Water quality assessment should be carried out regularly to determine any future pollution of the water. It is recommended that artisanal refining activities in the area should be discouraged to avoid further contamination in the area.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86439598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000427
Yinglong Sun, Zhenkai Liang, Fang Sun, Shichao He, Mingming He, Bangda Wang, Yi Wang
In this paper, a calcination-leaching method by using CaCl2 and H2SO4 to recover alumina from coal fly ash (CFA) is developed. The process conditions including the parameters of CaCl2 content, calcination temperature and time, acid concentration and leaching time are studied. Heat treatment under 900°C for 1 h of the ash with 80 wt.% CaCl2 significantly enhances the alumina leachability (>96.6%) in comparison with the directing acid-leaching (2.31-4.78%) method. The recovery rate increases dramatically with the increasing of CaCl2 content from 20% to 80%, and a H2SO4 leaching time from 10 minutes to 1 hour as well, but it remains near constantly as the increasing of CaCl2 dosage >80% or acid-leaching time >1 h. The reaction mechanism is studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to determine the crystalline phases change. The results indicate that quartz, mullite and amorphous phases have been destroyed after calcination with CaCl2 and transformed to gehlenite, calcium aluminum silicate, andradite, wollastonite and mayenite, which are susceptible to acid leaching. The mineralogical characteristics of roasted clinker indicate that molten CaCl2 can promote the incorporation of Ca into silica and silicates and result in the progressive susceptibility to acid attack. The potential chemical reactions during calcinating and leaching processes are also studied via chemical equations. The reuse and resource of coal fly ash can reduce the environmental impact of ash heap and the heavy metal pollution to the surrounding environment.
{"title":"Recovery of Alumina from Coal Fly Ash by CaCl2 Calcination Followed byH2SO4 Leaching","authors":"Yinglong Sun, Zhenkai Liang, Fang Sun, Shichao He, Mingming He, Bangda Wang, Yi Wang","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000427","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a calcination-leaching method by using CaCl2 and H2SO4 to recover alumina from coal fly ash (CFA) is developed. The process conditions including the parameters of CaCl2 content, calcination temperature and time, acid concentration and leaching time are studied. Heat treatment under 900°C for 1 h of the ash with 80 wt.% CaCl2 significantly enhances the alumina leachability (>96.6%) in comparison with the directing acid-leaching (2.31-4.78%) method. The recovery rate increases dramatically with the increasing of CaCl2 content from 20% to 80%, and a H2SO4 leaching time from 10 minutes to 1 hour as well, but it remains near constantly as the increasing of CaCl2 dosage >80% or acid-leaching time >1 h. The reaction mechanism is studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to determine the crystalline phases change. The results indicate that quartz, mullite and amorphous phases have been destroyed after calcination with CaCl2 and transformed to gehlenite, calcium aluminum silicate, andradite, wollastonite and mayenite, which are susceptible to acid leaching. The mineralogical characteristics of roasted clinker indicate that molten CaCl2 can promote the incorporation of Ca into silica and silicates and result in the progressive susceptibility to acid attack. The potential chemical reactions during calcinating and leaching processes are also studied via chemical equations. The reuse and resource of coal fly ash can reduce the environmental impact of ash heap and the heavy metal pollution to the surrounding environment.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91289177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-28DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000486
Adebayo Ia
The concentrations of Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Manganese (Mn) in water, sediment and selected fish samples from Ureje water reservoir, Ado Ekiti, were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three samples each of water, sediment, fishes (Hemichromis fasciatus and Hepsetus odoe) were collected and analyzed for heavy metals. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) test at 0.05%. The results showed higher levels of Zn (13.08 ± 0.45 mg/g) and Fe (2.10 ± 0.56 mg/g) in fish in comparison with other heavy metals examined. Chromium has exceeded the toxicity threshold in the muscle of the fishes in line with W.H.O standards in food. Cadmium was not detected in soil, while other elements detected were in trace amount below the Environmental Protection Agency allowable limits in soil. In water, except for Fe (1.25 ± 0.02) mg/l, other metals were below allowable limit in water with reference to the World Health Organization’s recommendation. This finding indicates that the water is safe for both aquatic life and man.
{"title":"Determination of Heavy Metals in Water, Fish and Sediment from Ureje Water Reservoir","authors":"Adebayo Ia","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000486","url":null,"abstract":"The concentrations of Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Manganese (Mn) in water, sediment and selected fish samples from Ureje water reservoir, Ado Ekiti, were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three samples each of water, sediment, fishes (Hemichromis fasciatus and Hepsetus odoe) were collected and analyzed for heavy metals. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) test at 0.05%. The results showed higher levels of Zn (13.08 ± 0.45 mg/g) and Fe (2.10 ± 0.56 mg/g) in fish in comparison with other heavy metals examined. Chromium has exceeded the toxicity threshold in the muscle of the fishes in line with W.H.O standards in food. Cadmium was not detected in soil, while other elements detected were in trace amount below the Environmental Protection Agency allowable limits in soil. In water, except for Fe (1.25 ± 0.02) mg/l, other metals were below allowable limit in water with reference to the World Health Organization’s recommendation. This finding indicates that the water is safe for both aquatic life and man.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91494328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-27DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000495
Esam Bakeir, S. Attaf, M. El-shahat
Recovering of heavy metal ions Zn(II), Cu(II) and Mn(II) in aqueous solution has been investigated using a novel nano silica modified by hemtaprophyrin. Nano sorbent was prepared by sol gel method. Transmission electron microscope and EDAX analysis showed the nano scale with porosity of a new sorbent. The proposed structure of modified silica with HP was predicted according to FTIR and elemental analysis. The new sorbent have good thermal stability. The phenomena of the sorbent sorption included the static studies such as pH and the Langmuir and Freundlish models were applied at equilibrium state. The linear regression analysis was Langmuir isotherm according to the values of relation coefficient (R2). The limit of detection (LOD) for Zn, Cu and Mn were 0.01, 0.12 and 0.03 μg L-1 respectively, within the analytical range 0.1-10 μgL-1. This method achieved highly precision for the samples of environmental and pharmaceutical formulations of % RSD less than 10%.
{"title":"Nano-Silica Modified by Hematoporphyrin for Determination Someof Traces Metals Ions (Cu(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II)) in Environmental andPharmaceutical Formula","authors":"Esam Bakeir, S. Attaf, M. El-shahat","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000495","url":null,"abstract":"Recovering of heavy metal ions Zn(II), Cu(II) and Mn(II) in aqueous solution has been investigated using a novel nano silica modified by hemtaprophyrin. Nano sorbent was prepared by sol gel method. Transmission electron microscope and EDAX analysis showed the nano scale with porosity of a new sorbent. The proposed structure of modified silica with HP was predicted according to FTIR and elemental analysis. The new sorbent have good thermal stability. The phenomena of the sorbent sorption included the static studies such as pH and the Langmuir and Freundlish models were applied at equilibrium state. The linear regression analysis was Langmuir isotherm according to the values of relation coefficient (R2). The limit of detection (LOD) for Zn, Cu and Mn were 0.01, 0.12 and 0.03 μg L-1 respectively, within the analytical range 0.1-10 μgL-1. This method achieved highly precision for the samples of environmental and pharmaceutical formulations of % RSD less than 10%.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"59 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87911288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-25DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000494
A. Huo, Xiaolu Zheng, Guoliang Wang, Juan Xie, Dan Yu, Hong Wei, Xiaofan Wang
Eutrophication has become a major water quality problem in most urban landscape waters of the world. Despite extensive research over the last four to five decades, many of the key issues in eutrophication science remain unsolved. In this paper, based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) a new method was proposed to monitor and evaluate the water trophic state of Qujiang South Lake. SVM is suitable for a limited number of samples because of strong nonlinear mapping ability. Model parameters can be automatically chosen by Genetic Algorithm (GA) which contributes to advantages of the Genetic Algorithm- Support Vector Machine (GA-SVM) which has high precision in solving regression problems. Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data can be used to estimate the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration of the water body. The characteristic band ratio and SVM method are used to establish a model of Chl-a concentration through remote sensing. The comprehensive eutrophication condition can be evaluated by the remote sensing (RS) results. Results show that the prediction accuracy of the GA-SVM method is better than the retrieval results of the traditional statistical regression method and a neural network. Besides, RS retrieval results corresponded with the in situ measured values, indicating that the GA-SVM is effective. Furthermore, RS data can be free downloaded, so it is also economical than in situ measuring methods. The GA-SVM can also be used to assessment larger lake eutrophication.
{"title":"GA-SVM Applied in Assessing the Water Trophic State of South Lake Qujiang based on Multispectral RS","authors":"A. Huo, Xiaolu Zheng, Guoliang Wang, Juan Xie, Dan Yu, Hong Wei, Xiaofan Wang","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000494","url":null,"abstract":"Eutrophication has become a major water quality problem in most urban landscape waters of the world. Despite extensive research over the last four to five decades, many of the key issues in eutrophication science remain unsolved. In this paper, based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) a new method was proposed to monitor and evaluate the water trophic state of Qujiang South Lake. SVM is suitable for a limited number of samples because of strong nonlinear mapping ability. Model parameters can be automatically chosen by Genetic Algorithm (GA) which contributes to advantages of the Genetic Algorithm- Support Vector Machine (GA-SVM) which has high precision in solving regression problems. Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data can be used to estimate the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration of the water body. The characteristic band ratio and SVM method are used to establish a model of Chl-a concentration through remote sensing. The comprehensive eutrophication condition can be evaluated by the remote sensing (RS) results. Results show that the prediction accuracy of the GA-SVM method is better than the retrieval results of the traditional statistical regression method and a neural network. Besides, RS retrieval results corresponded with the in situ measured values, indicating that the GA-SVM is effective. Furthermore, RS data can be free downloaded, so it is also economical than in situ measuring methods. The GA-SVM can also be used to assessment larger lake eutrophication.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79342118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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