Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.294
Chiranjeevi Sirikonda
Soil chemistry is the analysis of the distribution of the elements and their compounds between the three main phases that form the soil, solid, liquid, and gaseous phases and within them. We aim to understand and predict how positively charged ions are dispersed between the solid and liquid phases by observing cation exchange reactions. Cation exchange is an important and unifying principle in soil science because it affects the flocculation and dispersion of soils and suspended sediments, the availability and transport of nutrient and contaminant cations, and the regulation of soil acidity. The first systemic studies of cation exchange reactions in soils are credited to J.T. Way. Way determined that equal quantities of Ca2+ were extracted from soils when leached with NH4+, K+, and Na+, based on H.S. Thompson's observation that CaSO4 was leached out when (NH4)2SO4 was applied to soil columns. Since then, a significant amount of work has been done to apply the cation exchange concept to model the availability of nutrient ions in soils, particularly the exchange of K+, NH4+, and Ca2+. The degree of colloid dispersion, and thus the formation of soil crusts and soil hydraulic conductivity, is directly affected by the relative concentration of sodium on soil surfaces. Na2+-Ca2+ exchange concepts have since been used to reclaim and control saline-sodic soils. The effects of sodium and solution composition, pH, ionic strength, and mineralogy on soil dispersive properties have made significant progress. The effects of acid rain and other anthropogenic inputs on soil acidification have been studied using aluminum–calcium exchange reactions. As evidenced by the numerous research articles published on the topic, cation exchange reactions have been, and continue to be, an active field of soil chemistry research. Several outstanding reviews are available, including those with background information, experimental methods, and cation exchange kinetic aspects. In soils, cation exchange occurs as a result of two general phenomena that are easily identified and comprehended. Second, most soils have a net negative charge, except for the very acid and extremely weathered ones. Second, they are electrically neutral in all normal macroscopic environments. As salts are applied to the soil by natural mineral weathering or decomposition processes of organic matter, some fraction of the added ions accumulate in the interfacial region and displace a charge-equivalent amount of ions from the interfacial region into the soil solution in irrigation water as a fertiliser, acid rain, or other anthropogenic input. When applied to a system as varied and heterogeneous as the soil, the simplicity of these principles belies the difficulty of the cation exchange process.
{"title":"Editorial Note on Environmental Soil Chemistry","authors":"Chiranjeevi Sirikonda","doi":"10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.294","url":null,"abstract":"Soil chemistry is the analysis of the distribution of the elements and their compounds between the three main phases that form the soil, solid, liquid, and gaseous phases and within them. We aim to understand and predict how positively charged ions are dispersed between the solid and liquid phases by observing cation exchange reactions. Cation exchange is an important and unifying principle in soil science because it affects the flocculation and dispersion of soils and suspended sediments, the availability and transport of nutrient and contaminant cations, and the regulation of soil acidity. The first systemic studies of cation exchange reactions in soils are credited to J.T. Way. Way determined that equal quantities of Ca2+ were extracted from soils when leached with NH4+, K+, and Na+, based on H.S. Thompson's observation that CaSO4 was leached out when (NH4)2SO4 was applied to soil columns. Since then, a significant amount of work has been done to apply the cation exchange concept to model the availability of nutrient ions in soils, particularly the exchange of K+, NH4+, and Ca2+. The degree of colloid dispersion, and thus the formation of soil crusts and soil hydraulic conductivity, is directly affected by the relative concentration of sodium on soil surfaces. Na2+-Ca2+ exchange concepts have since been used to reclaim and control saline-sodic soils. The effects of sodium and solution composition, pH, ionic strength, and mineralogy on soil dispersive properties have made significant progress. The effects of acid rain and other anthropogenic inputs on soil acidification have been studied using aluminum–calcium exchange reactions. As evidenced by the numerous research articles published on the topic, cation exchange reactions have been, and continue to be, an active field of soil chemistry research. Several outstanding reviews are available, including those with background information, experimental methods, and cation exchange kinetic aspects. In soils, cation exchange occurs as a result of two general phenomena that are easily identified and comprehended. Second, most soils have a net negative charge, except for the very acid and extremely weathered ones. Second, they are electrically neutral in all normal macroscopic environments. As salts are applied to the soil by natural mineral weathering or decomposition processes of organic matter, some fraction of the added ions accumulate in the interfacial region and displace a charge-equivalent amount of ions from the interfacial region into the soil solution in irrigation water as a fertiliser, acid rain, or other anthropogenic input. When applied to a system as varied and heterogeneous as the soil, the simplicity of these principles belies the difficulty of the cation exchange process.","PeriodicalId":15764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental analytical chemistry","volume":"27 41","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91509760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.287
Amani Atayat, M. Behalo, N. Mzoughi
Now-a-days, the management of water resources is one of the main global challenges, both at the level of agricultural and industrial activities as well as direct consumption and poses various problems of both qualitative and quantitative order. In the entire world, groundwater suffers from various sources of contamination principally due to overusing of chemical fertilizer in the agricultural sector. The contamination of groundwater by organochlorines and more precisely by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a problem of global order. As we know that Tunisia is based on agriculture work like citrus, olive, wheat and cereal, the study of water pollution is a topical subject that remains unclear. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are one class of persistent organic pollutants. PCBs in recent decades have attracted the attention of scientific and policy maker communities due to their persistence, their high capacity to bioaccumulation in the food chain and their toxic properties. This work is aimed to develop an efficient method for the analysis of targeted PCBs in groundwater sample taken from the region of Grombalia. Optimization of PCBs extraction was performed with applied the experimental design of Dohlert with two factors, solvent and number of extractions. Analysis of PCBs was performed with gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) with an optimization of temperature program. Results shows that the optimal temperature program was obtained with a starting temperature of 160°C up to 280°C during 10 min with a rate of 4°C min-1 and the optimal condition of extraction was obtained with a mixture of hexane/ether (75/25%) and a three time extractions. The optimized method has been applied to the analysis of the PCBs in nine groundwater samples collected from the Grombalia city. Results indicate that PCBs concentrations varied between 5.2 μgL-1 and 169 μgL-1. However, the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) in drinking and surface water recommended by EPA is 0.5 μgL-1 with a detection limit (LD) ranged between 0.05 to 1.9 μg L-1.
{"title":"Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Groundwater of Grombalia: Optimization and Validation of Analytical Procedures Using Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detector","authors":"Amani Atayat, M. Behalo, N. Mzoughi","doi":"10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.287","url":null,"abstract":"Now-a-days, the management of water resources is one of the main global challenges, both at the level of agricultural and industrial activities as well as direct consumption and poses various problems of both qualitative and quantitative order. In the entire world, groundwater suffers from various sources of contamination principally due to overusing of chemical fertilizer in the agricultural sector. The contamination of groundwater by organochlorines and more precisely by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a problem of global order. As we know that Tunisia is based on agriculture work like citrus, olive, wheat and cereal, the study of water pollution is a topical subject that remains unclear. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are one class of persistent organic pollutants. PCBs in recent decades have attracted the attention of scientific and policy maker communities due to their persistence, their high capacity to bioaccumulation in the food chain and their toxic properties. This work is aimed to develop an efficient method for the analysis of targeted PCBs in groundwater sample taken from the region of Grombalia. Optimization of PCBs extraction was performed with applied the experimental design of Dohlert with two factors, solvent and number of extractions. Analysis of PCBs was performed with gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) with an optimization of temperature program. Results shows that the optimal temperature program was obtained with a starting temperature of 160°C up to 280°C during 10 min with a rate of 4°C min-1 and the optimal condition of extraction was obtained with a mixture of hexane/ether (75/25%) and a three time extractions. The optimized method has been applied to the analysis of the PCBs in nine groundwater samples collected from the Grombalia city. Results indicate that PCBs concentrations varied between 5.2 μgL-1 and 169 μgL-1. However, the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) in drinking and surface water recommended by EPA is 0.5 μgL-1 with a detection limit (LD) ranged between 0.05 to 1.9 μg L-1.","PeriodicalId":15764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental analytical chemistry","volume":"66 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89032368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Matsuda, I. Watanabe, Ayano Gomi, T. Hosono, H. Ozaki
By the 1970s, Cr(VI) sludge was illegally dumped around Komatsu-gawa, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, in the metropolitan area of Japan. Even now, high level of Cr(VI) pollution is observed in water in street inlet. Although Cr(VI) is easily reduced to Cr(III) under reducing conditions, the concentration is very high (>150 mg/L) under the high pH (>11) and low Eh (<0 mV) condition in the inlet. In order to explain why such high concentration of Cr(VI) has been detected under the reductive condition, influence of pH, Eh on redox reaction of Cr(VI) was investigated by batch experiment using Cr(VI) solution prepared from chemicals and the contaminated water sample collected from the polluted inlet. Iron sulfate (II) was used as reductant. When the Cr(VI) chemical was used, Cr(VI) was reduced less with higher pH condition. When contaminated water sample was used, the redox reaction was also suppressed in the higher pH condition (pH>9 ). The results of batch experiment also showed that, with the lower Eh condition, the more Cr(VI) was reduced when sample water collected form the polluted inlet was used. And it is also showed that pH is a stronger factor which influence on concentration of Cr(VI) than Eh. The reason why high concentration of Cr(VI) was detected under low Eh condition at Komatsu-gawa seemed to be the suppression of reducing reaction by the high pH.
{"title":"Influence of pH and Eh on Hexavalent Chromium Level which Occurs in Street Inlet Water in Komatsugawa District, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo","authors":"S. Matsuda, I. Watanabe, Ayano Gomi, T. Hosono, H. Ozaki","doi":"10.5985/jec.31.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5985/jec.31.1","url":null,"abstract":"By the 1970s, Cr(VI) sludge was illegally dumped around Komatsu-gawa, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, in the metropolitan area of Japan. Even now, high level of Cr(VI) pollution is observed in water in street inlet. Although Cr(VI) is easily reduced to Cr(III) under reducing conditions, the concentration is very high (>150 mg/L) under the high pH (>11) and low Eh (<0 mV) condition in the inlet. In order to explain why such high concentration of Cr(VI) has been detected under the reductive condition, influence of pH, Eh on redox reaction of Cr(VI) was investigated by batch experiment using Cr(VI) solution prepared from chemicals and the contaminated water sample collected from the polluted inlet. Iron sulfate (II) was used as reductant. When the Cr(VI) chemical was used, Cr(VI) was reduced less with higher pH condition. When contaminated water sample was used, the redox reaction was also suppressed in the higher pH condition (pH>9 ). The results of batch experiment also showed that, with the lower Eh condition, the more Cr(VI) was reduced when sample water collected form the polluted inlet was used. And it is also showed that pH is a stronger factor which influence on concentration of Cr(VI) than Eh. The reason why high concentration of Cr(VI) was detected under low Eh condition at Komatsu-gawa seemed to be the suppression of reducing reaction by the high pH.","PeriodicalId":15764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental analytical chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87039593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.301
Chiranjeevi Sirikonda
{"title":"The Hurtful Impacts of Toxic Synthetics in the Environment","authors":"Chiranjeevi Sirikonda","doi":"10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.301","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental analytical chemistry","volume":"524 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80127551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.291
Chintala Mounica
Environmental biotechnology specifically is the use of cycles for the insurance and rebuilding of the nature of the climate. Ecological biotechnology can be utilized to recognize, forestall and remediate the outflow of toxins into the climate in various manners.
{"title":"Editorial on Environmental Biotechnology","authors":"Chintala Mounica","doi":"10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.291","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental biotechnology specifically is the use of cycles for the insurance and rebuilding of the nature of the climate. Ecological biotechnology can be utilized to recognize, forestall and remediate the outflow of toxins into the climate in various manners.","PeriodicalId":15764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental analytical chemistry","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81342701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.305
S. Sowmya
{"title":"Positive Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Air Quality in India","authors":"S. Sowmya","doi":"10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2380-2391.2021.8.305","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental analytical chemistry","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90888363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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