Pub Date : 2020-04-13DOI: 10.1177/0734904120902852
Ying Zeng, C. Weinell, K. Dam‐Johansen, L. Ring, S. Kiil
Due to increasing demands for fire protection in high-risk environments, such as petrochemical processes and offshore platforms, so-called hydrocarbon intumescent coatings are increasingly used to protect structural steel in the event of a hydrocarbon fire. For these coatings, the fire-resistance performance is typically evaluated in a series of costly experiments with industrial-scale (i.e. 1–10 m3) furnaces, programmed to follow a standard hydrocarbon fire test curve. In this work, we propose a laboratory-scale furnace for coating evaluation, which can simulate the conditions of a typical hydrocarbon fire curve, that is, the standard UL 1709. In a case study with five hydrocarbon intumescent coating formulations, the correlation between the laboratory- and the industrial-scale furnace was investigated and a good agreement was found for the temperature progression of the coated steel plates. The physical and chemical properties of the intumescent coating chars were also similar for the two furnaces. In summary, the low-cost, time-efficient laboratory-scale furnace can provide reliable screening of hydrocarbon intumescent coatings and is recommended as a complementary tool for industrial fire tests.
{"title":"Comparison of an industrial- and a laboratory-scale furnace for analysis of hydrocarbon intumescent coating performance","authors":"Ying Zeng, C. Weinell, K. Dam‐Johansen, L. Ring, S. Kiil","doi":"10.1177/0734904120902852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120902852","url":null,"abstract":"Due to increasing demands for fire protection in high-risk environments, such as petrochemical processes and offshore platforms, so-called hydrocarbon intumescent coatings are increasingly used to protect structural steel in the event of a hydrocarbon fire. For these coatings, the fire-resistance performance is typically evaluated in a series of costly experiments with industrial-scale (i.e. 1–10 m3) furnaces, programmed to follow a standard hydrocarbon fire test curve. In this work, we propose a laboratory-scale furnace for coating evaluation, which can simulate the conditions of a typical hydrocarbon fire curve, that is, the standard UL 1709. In a case study with five hydrocarbon intumescent coating formulations, the correlation between the laboratory- and the industrial-scale furnace was investigated and a good agreement was found for the temperature progression of the coated steel plates. The physical and chemical properties of the intumescent coating chars were also similar for the two furnaces. In summary, the low-cost, time-efficient laboratory-scale furnace can provide reliable screening of hydrocarbon intumescent coatings and is recommended as a complementary tool for industrial fire tests.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"309 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120902852","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42773382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-20DOI: 10.1177/0734904120911722
Lichen Zhang, Deqi Yi, Jian-wei Hao
The flame retardant poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate polyelectrolyte complex and the curing agent m-Phenylenediamine were blended into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-type epoxy resin to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resin thermosets. The effects of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate on fire retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of epoxy resins (EP)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate composites were tested by Limiting Oxygen Index, UL-94, cone calorimeter tests, and thermogravimetric analysis and compared with pure EP. The results showed that the Limiting Oxygen Index value of EP/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate composite could reach 31.9%, and UL-94 V-0 rating at 10 wt% poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate loading. Meanwhile the cone calorimetry peak heat release rate and total heat release were reduced up to 55.2% and 21.8%, respectively; smoke production rate and total smoke production were also declined significantly, compared with those of pure epoxy resins. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate played a very good flame-retardant effect on epoxy resins.
{"title":"Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate polyelectrolyte complex as flame retardant for char-forming epoxy resins","authors":"Lichen Zhang, Deqi Yi, Jian-wei Hao","doi":"10.1177/0734904120911722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120911722","url":null,"abstract":"The flame retardant poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate polyelectrolyte complex and the curing agent m-Phenylenediamine were blended into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-type epoxy resin to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resin thermosets. The effects of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate on fire retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of epoxy resins (EP)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate composites were tested by Limiting Oxygen Index, UL-94, cone calorimeter tests, and thermogravimetric analysis and compared with pure EP. The results showed that the Limiting Oxygen Index value of EP/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate composite could reach 31.9%, and UL-94 V-0 rating at 10 wt% poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate loading. Meanwhile the cone calorimetry peak heat release rate and total heat release were reduced up to 55.2% and 21.8%, respectively; smoke production rate and total smoke production were also declined significantly, compared with those of pure epoxy resins. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate played a very good flame-retardant effect on epoxy resins.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"333 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120911722","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45183580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0734904120905579
O. Marino, F. Muñoz, W. Jahn
With the aim of minimising the losses produced by fire accidents, fire engineering applies physics and engineering principles to preserve the integrity of people, environment and infrastructure. Fire modelling is complex due to the interaction between chemistry, heat transfer and fluid dynamics. Commercially available simulation tools necessarily simplify this complexity, excluding less fundamental processes, such as soot production. By not including this compound in the simulations, the interactions of radiation heat transfer, fire propagation and toxicity must be approximated based on input parameters that are often not well defined. In this work, two semi-empirical soot models are incorporated in the fire dynamics simulator. The models are compared against experimental data. For the operational viability in large-scale scenarios, a correction factor for the local variables is proposed as a function of the cell size, achieving good agreement with experimental data in terms of the amount of soot generated.
{"title":"Soot production modelling for operational computational fluid dynamics fire simulations","authors":"O. Marino, F. Muñoz, W. Jahn","doi":"10.1177/0734904120905579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120905579","url":null,"abstract":"With the aim of minimising the losses produced by fire accidents, fire engineering applies physics and engineering principles to preserve the integrity of people, environment and infrastructure. Fire modelling is complex due to the interaction between chemistry, heat transfer and fluid dynamics. Commercially available simulation tools necessarily simplify this complexity, excluding less fundamental processes, such as soot production. By not including this compound in the simulations, the interactions of radiation heat transfer, fire propagation and toxicity must be approximated based on input parameters that are often not well defined. In this work, two semi-empirical soot models are incorporated in the fire dynamics simulator. The models are compared against experimental data. For the operational viability in large-scale scenarios, a correction factor for the local variables is proposed as a function of the cell size, achieving good agreement with experimental data in terms of the amount of soot generated.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"284 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120905579","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44312848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0734904119888823
F. Arrais, N. Lopes, P. Real
Stainless steel has countless desirable characteristics for a structural material. Although initially more expensive than conventional carbon steel, stainless steel structures can be competitive due to their smaller need for fire protection material and lower life-cycle cost, thus contributing to a more sustainable construction. The most common stainless steel groups used in structural applications are the austenitic, ferritic and austenitic–ferritic (also known as Duplex grades). This work presents a numerical study on the behaviour of stainless steel circular hollow section members under axial compression at elevated temperatures, with different cross-section slenderness. The numerically obtained ultimate load-bearing capacities are compared with simplified calculation formulae from Eurocode 3 for columns under fire situation. A parametric study, considering different stainless steel grades from the aforementioned groups, cross-sectional classes and slendernesses, is here presented for different elevated temperatures. The numerical analyses were performed with the finite element programme SAFIR, with material and geometric non-linear analysis considering imperfections. Comparisons between the numerical results and the Eurocode 3 rules demonstrated that a specific design approach must be developed for stainless steel columns under fire situation.
{"title":"Numerical study of fire resistance of stainless steel circular hollow section columns","authors":"F. Arrais, N. Lopes, P. Real","doi":"10.1177/0734904119888823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904119888823","url":null,"abstract":"Stainless steel has countless desirable characteristics for a structural material. Although initially more expensive than conventional carbon steel, stainless steel structures can be competitive due to their smaller need for fire protection material and lower life-cycle cost, thus contributing to a more sustainable construction. The most common stainless steel groups used in structural applications are the austenitic, ferritic and austenitic–ferritic (also known as Duplex grades). This work presents a numerical study on the behaviour of stainless steel circular hollow section members under axial compression at elevated temperatures, with different cross-section slenderness. The numerically obtained ultimate load-bearing capacities are compared with simplified calculation formulae from Eurocode 3 for columns under fire situation. A parametric study, considering different stainless steel grades from the aforementioned groups, cross-sectional classes and slendernesses, is here presented for different elevated temperatures. The numerical analyses were performed with the finite element programme SAFIR, with material and geometric non-linear analysis considering imperfections. Comparisons between the numerical results and the Eurocode 3 rules demonstrated that a specific design approach must be developed for stainless steel columns under fire situation.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"156 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904119888823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44448148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0734904119895436
P. Bamonte
A reappraisal of the method based on nominal curvature for designing reinforced concrete columns in fire is proposed, with the focus on the validation of an alternative and widely accepted way of applying the method, which differs from the current provisions of EN 1992-1-2. To this end, a systematic comparison between experimental and numerical results is carried out on a database consisting of 74 columns tested in different laboratories. The comparison shows that the method based on nominal curvature yields conservative estimates of the time to failure. Moreover, the numerical results obtained are reasonably close to those obtained by means of finite element analysis. By contrast, if the method is applied in combination with the simplified methods introduced in EN 1992-1-2, the numerical results are not conservative, with a significant overestimation of the bearing capacity of the columns, and of the time to failure, mainly because of the overestimation of the stiffness by the simplified methods.
{"title":"A reappraisal of the nominal curvature method in the fire design of reinforced concrete columns","authors":"P. Bamonte","doi":"10.1177/0734904119895436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904119895436","url":null,"abstract":"A reappraisal of the method based on nominal curvature for designing reinforced concrete columns in fire is proposed, with the focus on the validation of an alternative and widely accepted way of applying the method, which differs from the current provisions of EN 1992-1-2. To this end, a systematic comparison between experimental and numerical results is carried out on a database consisting of 74 columns tested in different laboratories. The comparison shows that the method based on nominal curvature yields conservative estimates of the time to failure. Moreover, the numerical results obtained are reasonably close to those obtained by means of finite element analysis. By contrast, if the method is applied in combination with the simplified methods introduced in EN 1992-1-2, the numerical results are not conservative, with a significant overestimation of the bearing capacity of the columns, and of the time to failure, mainly because of the overestimation of the stiffness by the simplified methods.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"106 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904119895436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48307916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0734904119893921
D. Ferreira, Eduarda Luso, M. L. Cruz, L. Mesquita, Guilherme Gontijo
The main goal of this study is to assess the behaviour of soil–cement blocks with incorporation of organic wastes. The problem of waste accumulation exists worldwide and has become a concern in today’s society, leading to enormous environmental damage. One of the possibilities for reducing their environmental impact is the reuse of these wastes in new materials. However, incorporating waste changes the mechanical, physical and thermal properties of the new material. In order to evaluate the potential use of waste in blocks composition, laboratory tests were conducted and the results were analysed. This article presents the fire behaviour of ecological soil–cement blocks with waste incorporation. Therefore, an experimental programme was performed using samples of wall panel with soil–cement blocks. The wall specimen under fire conditions was also analysed by a non-linear transient finite element numerical model, in time and temperature domains, and the numerical and experimental temperature fields were compared.
{"title":"Fire behaviour of ecological soil–cement blocks with waste incorporation: Experimental and numerical analysis","authors":"D. Ferreira, Eduarda Luso, M. L. Cruz, L. Mesquita, Guilherme Gontijo","doi":"10.1177/0734904119893921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904119893921","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of this study is to assess the behaviour of soil–cement blocks with incorporation of organic wastes. The problem of waste accumulation exists worldwide and has become a concern in today’s society, leading to enormous environmental damage. One of the possibilities for reducing their environmental impact is the reuse of these wastes in new materials. However, incorporating waste changes the mechanical, physical and thermal properties of the new material. In order to evaluate the potential use of waste in blocks composition, laboratory tests were conducted and the results were analysed. This article presents the fire behaviour of ecological soil–cement blocks with waste incorporation. Therefore, an experimental programme was performed using samples of wall panel with soil–cement blocks. The wall specimen under fire conditions was also analysed by a non-linear transient finite element numerical model, in time and temperature domains, and the numerical and experimental temperature fields were compared.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"173 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904119893921","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45704313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0734904120914194
P. Piloto, A. Morgan
Evident from this definition, or from any of its variants that one can find in the growing literature on the subject, are two characteristic aspects. The first one being that such a risk takes place at a much larger scale than that of an individual institution. The second one being that it eventually spreads to the real economy outside the financial system through various “leakage” mechanisms, of which the last crisis has given some examples: liquidity shrinkage, fire sale of assets, drop in market value of derivatives. . . This type of risk, long confined to the monetary market, has spread widely in the recent past, culminating in the subprime crisis of 2008. The understanding and control of systemic risk has therefore become an extremely important societal and economic question. Such problems are now extensively being studied by people from disciplines like economics, finance and physics. The contributions by physicists are relatively new. The Econophys-Kolkata VI conference, the 6th event in this series of international conferences, held during October 21–25 last year, was dedicated to address and discuss extensively these issues and the recent developments. Like the last event in the series, this one was also organized jointly by the École Centrale Paris and the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, and was held at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata. This proceedings volume contains the written versions of most of the talks and seminars delivered by distinguished experts from all over the world, participating in the meeting, and accepted after refereeing. For some completeness in the cases of one or two important topics (like in the case Many-agent Games), some reviews, by experts who could not attend, were invited and incorporated in this volume.
{"title":"Preface","authors":"P. Piloto, A. Morgan","doi":"10.1177/0734904120914194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120914194","url":null,"abstract":"Evident from this definition, or from any of its variants that one can find in the growing literature on the subject, are two characteristic aspects. The first one being that such a risk takes place at a much larger scale than that of an individual institution. The second one being that it eventually spreads to the real economy outside the financial system through various “leakage” mechanisms, of which the last crisis has given some examples: liquidity shrinkage, fire sale of assets, drop in market value of derivatives. . . This type of risk, long confined to the monetary market, has spread widely in the recent past, culminating in the subprime crisis of 2008. The understanding and control of systemic risk has therefore become an extremely important societal and economic question. Such problems are now extensively being studied by people from disciplines like economics, finance and physics. The contributions by physicists are relatively new. The Econophys-Kolkata VI conference, the 6th event in this series of international conferences, held during October 21–25 last year, was dedicated to address and discuss extensively these issues and the recent developments. Like the last event in the series, this one was also organized jointly by the École Centrale Paris and the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, and was held at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata. This proceedings volume contains the written versions of most of the talks and seminars delivered by distinguished experts from all over the world, participating in the meeting, and accepted after refereeing. For some completeness in the cases of one or two important topics (like in the case Many-agent Games), some reviews, by experts who could not attend, were invited and incorporated in this volume.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"105 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120914194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41716712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0734904119884706
E. Fonseca, Lino D. S. Silva, P. Leite
The main objective of this work is to present a numerical model to predict the effect of wood density in unprotected wood connections with an internal steel plate (wood–steel–wood), when comparing with the same connections using passive protection with gypsum plasterboard, submitted to fire conditions. Wood–steel–wood connections are made of four wood members, two on each side, with an internal steel plate that connects the pieces using steel dowel fasteners. First, analytical methodologies according to Eurocode 5 part 1-1 were used to design the connections at room temperature. After that, to predict the fire exposure and the connection ability, a numerical model was performed which permits to compare the fire resistance in wood–steel–wood connections without and with passive protection following the Eurocode 5 part 1-2. Results of the temperature and the wood char layer depth were compared using three different wood densities. The evolution of the charring rate was calculated in different locations of the connections and compared with the analytical value proposed by the Eurocode 5 part 1-2.
{"title":"Numerical model to predict the effect of wood density in wood–steel–wood connections with and without passive protection under fire","authors":"E. Fonseca, Lino D. S. Silva, P. Leite","doi":"10.1177/0734904119884706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904119884706","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this work is to present a numerical model to predict the effect of wood density in unprotected wood connections with an internal steel plate (wood–steel–wood), when comparing with the same connections using passive protection with gypsum plasterboard, submitted to fire conditions. Wood–steel–wood connections are made of four wood members, two on each side, with an internal steel plate that connects the pieces using steel dowel fasteners. First, analytical methodologies according to Eurocode 5 part 1-1 were used to design the connections at room temperature. After that, to predict the fire exposure and the connection ability, a numerical model was performed which permits to compare the fire resistance in wood–steel–wood connections without and with passive protection following the Eurocode 5 part 1-2. Results of the temperature and the wood char layer depth were compared using three different wood densities. The evolution of the charring rate was calculated in different locations of the connections and compared with the analytical value proposed by the Eurocode 5 part 1-2.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"122 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904119884706","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43603428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0734904119900931
Seddik M Khetata, P. Piloto, Ana BR Gavilán
The light steel frame walls are mostly used for non-load bearing applications. The light steel framed walls are made with studs and tracks that require fire protection, normally achieved by single plasterboard, by composite protection layers or by insulation of the cavity. The partition walls are fire rated to resist by integrity and insulation. Seven small-scale specimens were tested to define the fire resistance of non-load bearing light steel frame walls made with different materials. All tests were validated using two-dimensional numerical models, based on the finite-element method, the finite-volume method and hybrid finite-element method. A good agreement was achieved between the numerical and the experimental results from fire tests. The fire resistance increases with the number of studs and also with the thickness of the protection layers. The hybrid finite-element method solution method looks to be the best approximation model to predict fire resistance.
{"title":"Fire resistance of composite non-load bearing light steel framing walls","authors":"Seddik M Khetata, P. Piloto, Ana BR Gavilán","doi":"10.1177/0734904119900931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904119900931","url":null,"abstract":"The light steel frame walls are mostly used for non-load bearing applications. The light steel framed walls are made with studs and tracks that require fire protection, normally achieved by single plasterboard, by composite protection layers or by insulation of the cavity. The partition walls are fire rated to resist by integrity and insulation. Seven small-scale specimens were tested to define the fire resistance of non-load bearing light steel frame walls made with different materials. All tests were validated using two-dimensional numerical models, based on the finite-element method, the finite-volume method and hybrid finite-element method. A good agreement was achieved between the numerical and the experimental results from fire tests. The fire resistance increases with the number of studs and also with the thickness of the protection layers. The hybrid finite-element method solution method looks to be the best approximation model to predict fire resistance.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"136 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904119900931","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48932026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.1177/0734904119899851
J. Reuter, T. Standau, V. Altstädt, M. Döring
A highly efficient flame-retardant hybrid foam material combining expandable polystyrene foam beads and a waterborne resin equipped with inorganic flame retardants is described. The resin and the inorganic fillers were varied, and the different compositions were investigated in small burner and cone calorimeter tests. The burning time during the small burner test decreases from >60 s for neat expandable polystyrene to 0 s for optimized hybrid specimens. The peak of the heat release rate decreases from 661.0 kW/m2 for neat expandable polystyrene to 121.36 kW/m2 for a hybrid composition of 1:1:1 (expandable polystyrene:aluminum hydroxide:phenol formaldehyde resin). The hybrid materials containing inorganic flame retardants are burning slower and release heat and smoke more constantly at significantly lower rates. Furthermore, a continuous network of the cured thermoset is shown, which leads to embedded expandable polystyrene beads. The flame-retardant thermoset protects the expandable polystyrene from fire and leads to a material with high dimensional stability and efficient flame retardancy.
{"title":"Flame-retardant hybrid materials based on expandable polystyrene beads","authors":"J. Reuter, T. Standau, V. Altstädt, M. Döring","doi":"10.1177/0734904119899851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904119899851","url":null,"abstract":"A highly efficient flame-retardant hybrid foam material combining expandable polystyrene foam beads and a waterborne resin equipped with inorganic flame retardants is described. The resin and the inorganic fillers were varied, and the different compositions were investigated in small burner and cone calorimeter tests. The burning time during the small burner test decreases from >60 s for neat expandable polystyrene to 0 s for optimized hybrid specimens. The peak of the heat release rate decreases from 661.0 kW/m2 for neat expandable polystyrene to 121.36 kW/m2 for a hybrid composition of 1:1:1 (expandable polystyrene:aluminum hydroxide:phenol formaldehyde resin). The hybrid materials containing inorganic flame retardants are burning slower and release heat and smoke more constantly at significantly lower rates. Furthermore, a continuous network of the cured thermoset is shown, which leads to embedded expandable polystyrene beads. The flame-retardant thermoset protects the expandable polystyrene from fire and leads to a material with high dimensional stability and efficient flame retardancy.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"270 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904119899851","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45425604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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