Pub Date : 2020-09-03DOI: 10.1177/0734904120952347
N. Mishra, D. Vasava
Flame retardants are chemical compounds when mixed or incorporated in to polymers provide varying degrees of flammability protection. Flammable polymeric materials are ubiquitous with a wide array of applications. However, recent studies have shown potential environmental and health concerns with certain halogen-containing flame retardants. Thus, it has now become a necessity to explore new and effective materials that are safer and environmentally benign. In this context, halogen-free phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing flame retardants have attracted much attention worldwide. Moreover, s-triazine is the central focus because of its excellent charring effect. General strategies for synthesizing s-triazine compounds mostly via nucleophilic substitution reaction have been highlighted. This review provides a comprehensive description on design and synthesis of flame-retardant materials with significant flammability performance.
{"title":"Recent developments in s-triazine holding phosphorus and nitrogen flame-retardant materials","authors":"N. Mishra, D. Vasava","doi":"10.1177/0734904120952347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120952347","url":null,"abstract":"Flame retardants are chemical compounds when mixed or incorporated in to polymers provide varying degrees of flammability protection. Flammable polymeric materials are ubiquitous with a wide array of applications. However, recent studies have shown potential environmental and health concerns with certain halogen-containing flame retardants. Thus, it has now become a necessity to explore new and effective materials that are safer and environmentally benign. In this context, halogen-free phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing flame retardants have attracted much attention worldwide. Moreover, s-triazine is the central focus because of its excellent charring effect. General strategies for synthesizing s-triazine compounds mostly via nucleophilic substitution reaction have been highlighted. This review provides a comprehensive description on design and synthesis of flame-retardant materials with significant flammability performance.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120952347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48470390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-28DOI: 10.1177/0734904120948215
Eui Jin, Yeong-Jin Chung
This study investigated the fire risk properties of cypress wood for the construction of interiors, especially focusing on heat and smoke hazard properties in fire scenarios. Fire risk characteristics were measured using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). The external heat flux was maintained at 50 kW/m2. The flame retardants used were metal oxide and metal silicate; they were mixed with a water glass solution. Flame retardants and the silicon compound were dispersed in a concentration of 20 wt% versus 80 wt%, respectively, during 24 h using a magnetic stirrer. The fire performance indexes of the specimens increased by 3–16 times, compared with uncoated specimen and the fire growth index of the specimens increased by 70%–92%. The smoke performance index of the specimens increased by 9–66 times, compared with uncoated specimens. The smoke risk as shown by the smoke performance index increased in the following order: SnO < mica < Co3O4 < ZrSiO4 < cypress. The smoke growth index decreased from 93% to 98%, compared with uncoated wood. The smoke risk due to smoke growth index increased in the following order: SnO < mica < ZrSiO4≈ Co3O4 < cypress. The smoke intensity decreased from a minimum of 85% to a maximum of 99%, compared with uncoated wood. The concentration of CO gas generated after combustion was decreased by 24%–67%. They increased in the following order: mica ≈ ZrSiO4 < SnO < Co3O4 < cypress. A comprehensive assessment of fire performance shows that flame retardants decreased heat hazards, smoke hazards, and CO toxicity.
{"title":"Fire risk assessment of cypress wood coated with metal oxide and metal silicate flame retardant using cone calorimeter","authors":"Eui Jin, Yeong-Jin Chung","doi":"10.1177/0734904120948215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120948215","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the fire risk properties of cypress wood for the construction of interiors, especially focusing on heat and smoke hazard properties in fire scenarios. Fire risk characteristics were measured using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). The external heat flux was maintained at 50 kW/m2. The flame retardants used were metal oxide and metal silicate; they were mixed with a water glass solution. Flame retardants and the silicon compound were dispersed in a concentration of 20 wt% versus 80 wt%, respectively, during 24 h using a magnetic stirrer. The fire performance indexes of the specimens increased by 3–16 times, compared with uncoated specimen and the fire growth index of the specimens increased by 70%–92%. The smoke performance index of the specimens increased by 9–66 times, compared with uncoated specimens. The smoke risk as shown by the smoke performance index increased in the following order: SnO < mica < Co3O4 < ZrSiO4 < cypress. The smoke growth index decreased from 93% to 98%, compared with uncoated wood. The smoke risk due to smoke growth index increased in the following order: SnO < mica < ZrSiO4≈ Co3O4 < cypress. The smoke intensity decreased from a minimum of 85% to a maximum of 99%, compared with uncoated wood. The concentration of CO gas generated after combustion was decreased by 24%–67%. They increased in the following order: mica ≈ ZrSiO4 < SnO < Co3O4 < cypress. A comprehensive assessment of fire performance shows that flame retardants decreased heat hazards, smoke hazards, and CO toxicity.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120948215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41942513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-18DOI: 10.1177/0734904120947324
Fuya Liu, Zewei Wen, Ning Zhang, He Zhao, Weidong Hu, Jianzhong Xu, Y. Jiao
Spherical cobalt hydroxystannate was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyzer–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that cobalt hydroxystannate spheres have an average particle size of 440 nm and disperse uniformly. The flame-retardant flexible poly(vinyl chloride) treated with cobalt hydroxystannate was studied by the limiting oxygen index, universal tensile testing machine, thermogravimetric analyzer–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and laser Raman spectra methods. Compared with the pure poly(vinyl chloride), the limiting oxygen index value of the poly(vinyl chloride) sample (PVC/10) treated with 10 phr of cobalt hydroxystannate is increased by 4% points, and its total heat release and total smoke production decreased by 18% and 50%, respectively. The result could be attributed to the water produced by the dehydration of cobalt hydroxystannate, and the interaction of cobalt hydroxystannate and the poly(vinyl chloride) matrix, which produces dense and highly graphitized char residue containing hexagonal phase graphite, CoCl2, Co2O3, and Co3O4.
{"title":"Preparation of spherical cobalt hydroxystannate and its flame retardant and smoke suppressant effect in poly(vinyl chloride)","authors":"Fuya Liu, Zewei Wen, Ning Zhang, He Zhao, Weidong Hu, Jianzhong Xu, Y. Jiao","doi":"10.1177/0734904120947324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120947324","url":null,"abstract":"Spherical cobalt hydroxystannate was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyzer–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that cobalt hydroxystannate spheres have an average particle size of 440 nm and disperse uniformly. The flame-retardant flexible poly(vinyl chloride) treated with cobalt hydroxystannate was studied by the limiting oxygen index, universal tensile testing machine, thermogravimetric analyzer–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and laser Raman spectra methods. Compared with the pure poly(vinyl chloride), the limiting oxygen index value of the poly(vinyl chloride) sample (PVC/10) treated with 10 phr of cobalt hydroxystannate is increased by 4% points, and its total heat release and total smoke production decreased by 18% and 50%, respectively. The result could be attributed to the water produced by the dehydration of cobalt hydroxystannate, and the interaction of cobalt hydroxystannate and the poly(vinyl chloride) matrix, which produces dense and highly graphitized char residue containing hexagonal phase graphite, CoCl2, Co2O3, and Co3O4.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120947324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47960011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-03DOI: 10.1177/0734904120944340
J. Luche, T. Rogaume, É. Guillaume
In an ISO 5660 Cone Calorimeter, heat fluxes were applied to a polyvinyl chloride–based floor covering to characterize their influence on the thermal decomposition parameters as well as on the concentrations of species emitted during the combustion process. Gas concentrations were quantified for identifying the fire behaviour and the decomposition chemistry. Thus, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen chloride and oxygen with concentrations and emission yields of high consistency were encountered at all heat fluxes considered. Moreover, nitrogen monoxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide and lightweight hydrocarbons were observed with low concentrations and emission yields. Other species can be considered as negligible due to their concentrations close to zero at all heat fluxes studied. Furthermore, using the oxygen consumption method, heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat of combustion were also calculated for each irradiance level and were compared with data found in the literature.
{"title":"Characterization of polyvinyl chloride–based floor covering thermal decomposition parameters in a cone calorimeter","authors":"J. Luche, T. Rogaume, É. Guillaume","doi":"10.1177/0734904120944340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120944340","url":null,"abstract":"In an ISO 5660 Cone Calorimeter, heat fluxes were applied to a polyvinyl chloride–based floor covering to characterize their influence on the thermal decomposition parameters as well as on the concentrations of species emitted during the combustion process. Gas concentrations were quantified for identifying the fire behaviour and the decomposition chemistry. Thus, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen chloride and oxygen with concentrations and emission yields of high consistency were encountered at all heat fluxes considered. Moreover, nitrogen monoxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide and lightweight hydrocarbons were observed with low concentrations and emission yields. Other species can be considered as negligible due to their concentrations close to zero at all heat fluxes studied. Furthermore, using the oxygen consumption method, heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat of combustion were also calculated for each irradiance level and were compared with data found in the literature.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120944340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46611332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-27DOI: 10.1177/0734904120934085
Wei Yan, P. Xie, Zhengwei Yang, G. Luo, Weijiang Huang, Qin Tian, Chun I. Tu, Chunmei Zhang, Chunlin Yang, Kui Wang
Aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite nanocomposite was fabricated via a simple one-pot heterogeneous precipitation strategy, and the effects of aluminum phosphates on the morphology of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite were investigated. Moreover, the effect of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite on the flame-retardant behavior, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of epoxy resin have been discussed. The results indicated that the introduction of only 20 wt% aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite in epoxy resin increased the limited oxygen index from 21.8% to 30.1%, thus the material met the UL-94 V-0 rating. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed that char yield increased in the presence of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite form thermally stable carbonaceous char. Aluminum phosphates–coated sepiolite could improve the mechanical performance, thermal stability of epoxy resin.
{"title":"Flame-retardant behaviors of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite in epoxy resin","authors":"Wei Yan, P. Xie, Zhengwei Yang, G. Luo, Weijiang Huang, Qin Tian, Chun I. Tu, Chunmei Zhang, Chunlin Yang, Kui Wang","doi":"10.1177/0734904120934085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120934085","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite nanocomposite was fabricated via a simple one-pot heterogeneous precipitation strategy, and the effects of aluminum phosphates on the morphology of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite were investigated. Moreover, the effect of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite on the flame-retardant behavior, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of epoxy resin have been discussed. The results indicated that the introduction of only 20 wt% aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite in epoxy resin increased the limited oxygen index from 21.8% to 30.1%, thus the material met the UL-94 V-0 rating. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed that char yield increased in the presence of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite form thermally stable carbonaceous char. Aluminum phosphates–coated sepiolite could improve the mechanical performance, thermal stability of epoxy resin.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120934085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43784847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.1177/0734904120930342
Tebogo Maake, J. Asante, B. Mwakikunga
The effect of fire or heat and the associated fire hazards of South African hardwoods had been minimally researched. Quantitative investigations on fire performances of selected and common South African hardwood species that include Leadwood (Combretum imberbe), Mopani (Colophospermum mopane), Tamboti (Spirostachys Africana), Stinkwood (ocotea bullata), and Real Yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius) were undertaken using the cone calorimeter and the thermal gravimetric analysis instrument. The results indicated that Leadwood has the superior thermal performance. It has the lowest peak heat release rate (first peak at 156 kW/m2) at external heat irradiation flux of 75 kW/m2, highest thermal response parameter (376.2 kW s1/2/m2), highest thermal inertial (11.5 kW2 s/K2 m4), highest q · ″ cr = 15 kW / m 2 , lowest fire growth index (derived from first heat release rate peak at 3120 W/s) and lowest smoke growth index (derived from first smoke production rate peaks at 0.760 m2/s2), and lowest smoke release (toxicity) 446.5 kg/kg. Bad thermal performance wood species are Mopani and Real Yellowwood. Stinkwood on the other hand has the best thermal stability from activation energy measurements.
{"title":"Fire performance properties of commonly used South African hardwood","authors":"Tebogo Maake, J. Asante, B. Mwakikunga","doi":"10.1177/0734904120930342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120930342","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of fire or heat and the associated fire hazards of South African hardwoods had been minimally researched. Quantitative investigations on fire performances of selected and common South African hardwood species that include Leadwood (Combretum imberbe), Mopani (Colophospermum mopane), Tamboti (Spirostachys Africana), Stinkwood (ocotea bullata), and Real Yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius) were undertaken using the cone calorimeter and the thermal gravimetric analysis instrument. The results indicated that Leadwood has the superior thermal performance. It has the lowest peak heat release rate (first peak at 156 kW/m2) at external heat irradiation flux of 75 kW/m2, highest thermal response parameter (376.2 kW s1/2/m2), highest thermal inertial (11.5 kW2 s/K2 m4), highest q · ″ cr = 15 kW / m 2 , lowest fire growth index (derived from first heat release rate peak at 3120 W/s) and lowest smoke growth index (derived from first smoke production rate peaks at 0.760 m2/s2), and lowest smoke release (toxicity) 446.5 kg/kg. Bad thermal performance wood species are Mopani and Real Yellowwood. Stinkwood on the other hand has the best thermal stability from activation energy measurements.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120930342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44122536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-19DOI: 10.1177/0734904120923566
M. Spearpoint, C. Hopkin, D. Hopkin
Kitchen hob fires present a potential threat to occupants escaping from dwellings and calculations may be needed to assess the hazard. Determination of the thermal heat flux from flames to a target can be achieved through the use of hand calculation methods or computational tools. This article compares point source, parallel plane and cylindrical view factor hand calculations and computational simulations using B-RISK and Fire Dynamics Simulator of thermal heat flux with kitchen hob fire experiments presented in the literature. Knowing the level of accuracy of each method provides useful information to designers. Although the point source model is influenced by whether the radial distance is measured perpendicular to the heat flux target or is offset relative to the centre of the flame, the article concludes that it provides an adequate approach for the calculation of thermal heat flux in the case of kitchen hob fires.
{"title":"Modelling the thermal radiation from kitchen hob fires","authors":"M. Spearpoint, C. Hopkin, D. Hopkin","doi":"10.1177/0734904120923566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120923566","url":null,"abstract":"Kitchen hob fires present a potential threat to occupants escaping from dwellings and calculations may be needed to assess the hazard. Determination of the thermal heat flux from flames to a target can be achieved through the use of hand calculation methods or computational tools. This article compares point source, parallel plane and cylindrical view factor hand calculations and computational simulations using B-RISK and Fire Dynamics Simulator of thermal heat flux with kitchen hob fire experiments presented in the literature. Knowing the level of accuracy of each method provides useful information to designers. Although the point source model is influenced by whether the radial distance is measured perpendicular to the heat flux target or is offset relative to the centre of the flame, the article concludes that it provides an adequate approach for the calculation of thermal heat flux in the case of kitchen hob fires.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120923566","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48858970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-19DOI: 10.1177/0734904120927314
Jingwen Wang, Heng Yu, Weijian Chen, Wei Cai, Liang Cheng, Junling Wang, Xin Jin, Lei Song, X. Mu, Yuan Hu
Storage grains before and after mildew are first subjected to thermal radiation experiments under different heat radiant flux conditions using a cone calorimeter. The chemical constitution, morphology, operational taxonomic unit analysis, and the degree of mildew of four disaggregated storage grains under the same proceeding conditions are studied. Normal grain and mildewed grain are significantly different in terms of the mounts and species of mold. The peak heat release rate and the total heat release of mildewed grains are higher than that of normal grains. Under different heat radiations, the fire performance index of mildewed grains tends to be lower than that of normal samples, while the fire growth index value is just the opposite. The higher the heat radiation, the less the effect of mold on the fire performance index difference. Besides, the reciprocal of the square root time of sample ignition has a linear relationship with the heat flux.
{"title":"Combustion behavior and fire security of storage grains before and after mildew","authors":"Jingwen Wang, Heng Yu, Weijian Chen, Wei Cai, Liang Cheng, Junling Wang, Xin Jin, Lei Song, X. Mu, Yuan Hu","doi":"10.1177/0734904120927314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120927314","url":null,"abstract":"Storage grains before and after mildew are first subjected to thermal radiation experiments under different heat radiant flux conditions using a cone calorimeter. The chemical constitution, morphology, operational taxonomic unit analysis, and the degree of mildew of four disaggregated storage grains under the same proceeding conditions are studied. Normal grain and mildewed grain are significantly different in terms of the mounts and species of mold. The peak heat release rate and the total heat release of mildewed grains are higher than that of normal grains. Under different heat radiations, the fire performance index of mildewed grains tends to be lower than that of normal samples, while the fire growth index value is just the opposite. The higher the heat radiation, the less the effect of mold on the fire performance index difference. Besides, the reciprocal of the square root time of sample ignition has a linear relationship with the heat flux.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120927314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41806321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-07DOI: 10.1177/0734904120920818
Q. Xie, Hong Chen, Yanhua Yuan
Early detection for inner overheating of high-voltage cable is important for safe power supply. A new radial heat transfer model is developed for a typical 110 kV cable with an air gap layer. Numerical analyses are conducted for dynamic temperature field in cable induced by hot copper core with different thicknesses of air gap. The results show that the air gap has an important heat blockage for the outward heat transfer in cable. The air gap causes the temperature inside the overheated cable to rise faster and the temperature outside slower. The air gap not only reduces the response sensitivity of the surface temperature on inner overheating but also induces the inner layers to heat up and even break down. Finally, the non-dimensional temperatures on cable surface indicate that the detection of inner overheating cable would be delayed if the air gap is not considered in calculation models.
{"title":"Heat blockage of air gap for inner overheating of high-voltage power cable and delay of early detection","authors":"Q. Xie, Hong Chen, Yanhua Yuan","doi":"10.1177/0734904120920818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120920818","url":null,"abstract":"Early detection for inner overheating of high-voltage cable is important for safe power supply. A new radial heat transfer model is developed for a typical 110 kV cable with an air gap layer. Numerical analyses are conducted for dynamic temperature field in cable induced by hot copper core with different thicknesses of air gap. The results show that the air gap has an important heat blockage for the outward heat transfer in cable. The air gap causes the temperature inside the overheated cable to rise faster and the temperature outside slower. The air gap not only reduces the response sensitivity of the surface temperature on inner overheating but also induces the inner layers to heat up and even break down. Finally, the non-dimensional temperatures on cable surface indicate that the detection of inner overheating cable would be delayed if the air gap is not considered in calculation models.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120920818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45564508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-05DOI: 10.1177/0734904120915153
Yuanbo Wu, Liandong Tang, L. Yuan, Yunchu Hu, Hao Wang, G. Yuan
In this study, sulfonated carbon was obtained by sulfonating pine carbon with fuming sulfuric acid. Characterized by elemental analyzer, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, it showed that –SO3H was successfully bonded onto the pine carbon’ skeleton in the sulfonation reaction. The effects of pine carbon and sulfonated carbon on the catalytic carbonization and smoke suppression of sawdust boards, and its flame-retardant mechanism were investigated by cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. And the results demonstrated that sawdust boards containing sulfonated carbon showed superior performance, determined by comparing the peak heat release rate, total heat release, smoke release rate, and total smoke product. Furthermore, with the addition of sulfonated carbon, a carbon layer was formed with a strong oxygen-containing hybrid structure and carbohydrate structure, the pyrolysis of sawdust boards was inhibited, and its char yield was increased.
{"title":"Effects of sulfonated carbon on the catalytic carbonization and smoke suppression of sawdust board","authors":"Yuanbo Wu, Liandong Tang, L. Yuan, Yunchu Hu, Hao Wang, G. Yuan","doi":"10.1177/0734904120915153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120915153","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, sulfonated carbon was obtained by sulfonating pine carbon with fuming sulfuric acid. Characterized by elemental analyzer, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, it showed that –SO3H was successfully bonded onto the pine carbon’ skeleton in the sulfonation reaction. The effects of pine carbon and sulfonated carbon on the catalytic carbonization and smoke suppression of sawdust boards, and its flame-retardant mechanism were investigated by cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. And the results demonstrated that sawdust boards containing sulfonated carbon showed superior performance, determined by comparing the peak heat release rate, total heat release, smoke release rate, and total smoke product. Furthermore, with the addition of sulfonated carbon, a carbon layer was formed with a strong oxygen-containing hybrid structure and carbohydrate structure, the pyrolysis of sawdust boards was inhibited, and its char yield was increased.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120915153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45924799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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