Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1177/07349041241268991
XY Liu, MX Ma, ZL Wei, HS Zhen, YL Wang
Driven by the necessity to understand the fire and smoke dispersion characteristics of electric bicycle (escooter) fires and their effects on residents’ safety in rural houses, this study was conducted to perform full-scale fire experiments in a village house in Hainan, People’s Republic of China. The tested building is a typical multi-story building representative of rural houses in southern China. It is found that an escooter fire grows rapidly once its lithium-ion battery is overcharged to ignite. Inside the stairwell where the escooters are parked, a significant increase in temperature over 60°C across all floors is observed and the maximum temperature reaches up to 800°C on the first floor. Furthermore, the propagation of smoke is fast, reaching the upper floors within 5 minutes and filling the entire building within 7 minutes. Due to stack effect, carbon monoxide concentration is the highest on the fourth floor, notably higher than the other floors. Closing the doors of rooms where occupants are typically present is found to effectively block heat and smoke transfer. Thus, in case an escooter’s lithium-ion battery undergoes explosion combustion, it is better that residents stay in rooms by closing or even sealing the doors, waiting for help during most of the fire period. However, in case the lithium-ion battery has not been burning, there still are chances for evacuation or putting out the flame.
{"title":"An experimental case study of escooter fire in a four-story building","authors":"XY Liu, MX Ma, ZL Wei, HS Zhen, YL Wang","doi":"10.1177/07349041241268991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241268991","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by the necessity to understand the fire and smoke dispersion characteristics of electric bicycle (escooter) fires and their effects on residents’ safety in rural houses, this study was conducted to perform full-scale fire experiments in a village house in Hainan, People’s Republic of China. The tested building is a typical multi-story building representative of rural houses in southern China. It is found that an escooter fire grows rapidly once its lithium-ion battery is overcharged to ignite. Inside the stairwell where the escooters are parked, a significant increase in temperature over 60°C across all floors is observed and the maximum temperature reaches up to 800°C on the first floor. Furthermore, the propagation of smoke is fast, reaching the upper floors within 5 minutes and filling the entire building within 7 minutes. Due to stack effect, carbon monoxide concentration is the highest on the fourth floor, notably higher than the other floors. Closing the doors of rooms where occupants are typically present is found to effectively block heat and smoke transfer. Thus, in case an escooter’s lithium-ion battery undergoes explosion combustion, it is better that residents stay in rooms by closing or even sealing the doors, waiting for help during most of the fire period. However, in case the lithium-ion battery has not been burning, there still are chances for evacuation or putting out the flame.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/07349041241259989
Mingwei Tang, Thomas Rogaume, Benjamin Batiot, Tsilla Bensabath, Serge Bourbigot
The project aimed to develop a reduced scale test protocol designed to be repeatable and capable of providing the upward fire evaluation for assessing fire risk on external thermal insulation composite system facade samples. The variation of heat flux is simulated by radiant panel. This experimental setup permits the recording of dynamic variables in flame propagation, such as ignition time, flame extinguishing time, and variations in both surface and back temperatures of the insulation panel. Notably, the measurement of back temperature provides a means to assess the thermal insulation efficiency of the external thermal insulation composite system facade. Furthermore, the fire spreading temperature is collected during the test could also be useful for larger-scale testing.
{"title":"Reduced scale test bench for investigating the upward flame heat impact on external thermal insulation composite system facades","authors":"Mingwei Tang, Thomas Rogaume, Benjamin Batiot, Tsilla Bensabath, Serge Bourbigot","doi":"10.1177/07349041241259989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241259989","url":null,"abstract":"The project aimed to develop a reduced scale test protocol designed to be repeatable and capable of providing the upward fire evaluation for assessing fire risk on external thermal insulation composite system facade samples. The variation of heat flux is simulated by radiant panel. This experimental setup permits the recording of dynamic variables in flame propagation, such as ignition time, flame extinguishing time, and variations in both surface and back temperatures of the insulation panel. Notably, the measurement of back temperature provides a means to assess the thermal insulation efficiency of the external thermal insulation composite system facade. Furthermore, the fire spreading temperature is collected during the test could also be useful for larger-scale testing.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141779566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study applies the Morris method for a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the input parameters’ influence on the heat release rate in a pyrolysis model, focusing on two materials, poly(methyl methacrylate) (non-charring) and poly(vinyl chloride) (charring), examined under a cone calorimeter. A key aspect of our exploration was the role of input parameter variation intervals on the sensitivity outcomes. We analyzed three interval-setting methods:1. A standard ±10% deviation from the nominal value, commonly used in the literature.2. A range determined by the experimental uncertainties for individual parameters.3. A span from minimum to maximum values found in existing literature for each parameter.Our intensive literature review supported the framing of intervals for the latter two methods. Our findings underscore the critical role of the selected variation interval. Specifically, while a uniform ±10% variation identified activation energies as the primary influencers—consistent with prior literature—the introduction of experimental uncertainties shifted this prominence toward heats of reaction. Thus, the selected interval can drastically reshape the perceived importance of certain parameters. This original work challenges the traditionally employed variation ranges in sensitivity studies, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach.
{"title":"Influence of parameter variation intervals on pyrolysis sensitivity analysis for charring and non-charring materials","authors":"Abdenour Amokrane, Manon Fleurotte, Ali Hodroj, Olivier Authier, Gérald Debenest, Gaëlle Fontaine, Serge Bourbigot","doi":"10.1177/07349041241248080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241248080","url":null,"abstract":"This study applies the Morris method for a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the input parameters’ influence on the heat release rate in a pyrolysis model, focusing on two materials, poly(methyl methacrylate) (non-charring) and poly(vinyl chloride) (charring), examined under a cone calorimeter. A key aspect of our exploration was the role of input parameter variation intervals on the sensitivity outcomes. We analyzed three interval-setting methods:1. A standard ±10% deviation from the nominal value, commonly used in the literature.2. A range determined by the experimental uncertainties for individual parameters.3. A span from minimum to maximum values found in existing literature for each parameter.Our intensive literature review supported the framing of intervals for the latter two methods. Our findings underscore the critical role of the selected variation interval. Specifically, while a uniform ±10% variation identified activation energies as the primary influencers—consistent with prior literature—the introduction of experimental uncertainties shifted this prominence toward heats of reaction. Thus, the selected interval can drastically reshape the perceived importance of certain parameters. This original work challenges the traditionally employed variation ranges in sensitivity studies, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141167944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1177/07349041241249635
Lucas M Kekana, Joseph KO Asante, Bonex Mwakikunga
Fire performance measurements of one of the most used firefighting protective ensembles (also called turnout gears), in terms of thermal and smoke hazards, were determined with the cone calorimeter, that of thermal stability were determined with thermogravimetric analyzer, the physical inspection (physical degradation) of the surface done with the scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements determined the elemental compositions of the detergent used in washing and the residual elements in the turnout gears. The cone calorimeter results indicated that the values of the thermal performance parameters, namely: peak heat release rate, maximum average rate of heat emission, and fire growth rate index, all decrease with increasing number of washing cycles, while the smoke parameters: peak smoke production rate, smoke growth rate index, total smoke release, and related sustained flaming values, all increase with increasing number of washing cycles. From the thermogravimetric analyzer measurements, the thermal stability of the turnout gears decrease with increasing number of washings.
{"title":"The effect of repeated washings on thermal protective performances of one most used structural firefighting turnout gear in the Gauteng Province in South Africa","authors":"Lucas M Kekana, Joseph KO Asante, Bonex Mwakikunga","doi":"10.1177/07349041241249635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241249635","url":null,"abstract":"Fire performance measurements of one of the most used firefighting protective ensembles (also called turnout gears), in terms of thermal and smoke hazards, were determined with the cone calorimeter, that of thermal stability were determined with thermogravimetric analyzer, the physical inspection (physical degradation) of the surface done with the scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements determined the elemental compositions of the detergent used in washing and the residual elements in the turnout gears. The cone calorimeter results indicated that the values of the thermal performance parameters, namely: peak heat release rate, maximum average rate of heat emission, and fire growth rate index, all decrease with increasing number of washing cycles, while the smoke parameters: peak smoke production rate, smoke growth rate index, total smoke release, and related sustained flaming values, all increase with increasing number of washing cycles. From the thermogravimetric analyzer measurements, the thermal stability of the turnout gears decrease with increasing number of washings.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-26DOI: 10.1177/07349041241245697
Matthieu Caron, Karima Ben Tayeb, Serge Bourbigot, Gaëlle Fontaine
The mixture of ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol is a very efficient intumescent system suitable for polyolefins, especially polypropylene. In this article, the intumescence mechanism of this intumescent system with and without zeolite 4A used as a synergy agent is revisited. The intumescent system was investigated in depth using continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and the advanced technique, namely hyperfine sublevel correlation pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance. It was observed that the char generated between 250°C and 350°C is made of polycyclic heterocyclic radicals with nitrogen atoms and that free radicals are mainly generated at these temperatures with a spin concentration relatively stable at least up to 500°C. Moreover, the presence of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus was clearly evidenced in the chemical environment of free electrons at 350°C (hyperfine sublevel correlation pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance). Besides, it was also evidenced that 4A totally collapses below 250°C. Contrary to previous works suggesting the presence of aluminosilicophosphate complexes, this work demonstrated that distinct alumino- and silicophosphate complexes are generated and protected the residue at high temperatures.
{"title":"Re-examination of the intumescence mechanism of ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/zeolite 4A fire-retarded formulation using advanced spectroscopic techniques","authors":"Matthieu Caron, Karima Ben Tayeb, Serge Bourbigot, Gaëlle Fontaine","doi":"10.1177/07349041241245697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241245697","url":null,"abstract":"The mixture of ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol is a very efficient intumescent system suitable for polyolefins, especially polypropylene. In this article, the intumescence mechanism of this intumescent system with and without zeolite 4A used as a synergy agent is revisited. The intumescent system was investigated in depth using continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and the advanced technique, namely hyperfine sublevel correlation pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance. It was observed that the char generated between 250°C and 350°C is made of polycyclic heterocyclic radicals with nitrogen atoms and that free radicals are mainly generated at these temperatures with a spin concentration relatively stable at least up to 500°C. Moreover, the presence of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus was clearly evidenced in the chemical environment of free electrons at 350°C (hyperfine sublevel correlation pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance). Besides, it was also evidenced that 4A totally collapses below 250°C. Contrary to previous works suggesting the presence of aluminosilicophosphate complexes, this work demonstrated that distinct alumino- and silicophosphate complexes are generated and protected the residue at high temperatures.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140800477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1177/07349041241238151
Fengju Shang, Jiaqing Zhang, Taiyun Zhu, Wen Su, Kaiyuan Li, Yanyan Zou, Yi Guo
This article investigates the suppression of transformer oil pool fires using compressed nitrogen aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agents with varying nozzle pressures (0.1–0.4 MPa), and a comprehensive analysis of fire extinguishing behavior and resistance to re-ignition was conducted. The research findings indicate that at a nozzle pressure of 0.4 MPa, there is a significant enhancement in fire extinguishing efficiency, with a reduction in extinguishing time by 15.0%–29.2%, and an increase in resistance to re-ignition by 32.2%–48.2%, making it the optimal choice. In comparison to the 0.1 MPa condition, the maximum instantaneous emissions of CO and SO2 at 0.4 MPa are only 66.7%. The interaction of various effects, such as atomization, results in a significant enhancement of flame intensification and fire extinguishing effects when compressed nitrogen aqueous film-forming foam is sprayed at high nozzle pressures. The study provides valuable insights for firefighters in the practical use of foam extinguishing agents.
{"title":"Analysis of fire extinguishing performance and mechanisms in transformer oil pool fires by large-scale compressed nitrogen foam: Impact of different nozzle pressures","authors":"Fengju Shang, Jiaqing Zhang, Taiyun Zhu, Wen Su, Kaiyuan Li, Yanyan Zou, Yi Guo","doi":"10.1177/07349041241238151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241238151","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the suppression of transformer oil pool fires using compressed nitrogen aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agents with varying nozzle pressures (0.1–0.4 MPa), and a comprehensive analysis of fire extinguishing behavior and resistance to re-ignition was conducted. The research findings indicate that at a nozzle pressure of 0.4 MPa, there is a significant enhancement in fire extinguishing efficiency, with a reduction in extinguishing time by 15.0%–29.2%, and an increase in resistance to re-ignition by 32.2%–48.2%, making it the optimal choice. In comparison to the 0.1 MPa condition, the maximum instantaneous emissions of CO and SO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> at 0.4 MPa are only 66.7%. The interaction of various effects, such as atomization, results in a significant enhancement of flame intensification and fire extinguishing effects when compressed nitrogen aqueous film-forming foam is sprayed at high nozzle pressures. The study provides valuable insights for firefighters in the practical use of foam extinguishing agents.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140302281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-16DOI: 10.1177/07349041241231206
John T Wade, Bhushan Lohar, Kari Lippert, Rob Cloutier, Sean Walker, Olabode Olanipekun
The United States Air Force (USAF) dictates policy for foam fire suppression systems in their hangars. In November 2021, the USAF issued a Sundown Policy for Foam Fire Suppression Systems. The National Fire Protection Association’s Standard on Aircraft Hangars, NFPA 409 serves a similar function. This article uses a real-world installation and analysis of the hangar fire protection scheme stipulated in the USAF Sundown Policy as compared to an installation in compliance with NFPA 409. Applying the Poisson process for a zero-inflated probability distribution, the data referenced for the event tree were evaluated and thereafter validated. The analysis shows that the installation of hangar fire protection stipulated in the USAF Sundown Policy achieves a better performance for the fire protection system than an installation in compliance with NFPA 409, insofar as the risk analysis is concerned. Second, the installation of a fire protection system that complies with the requirements of NFPA 409 fails to achieve the basic probabilistic performance promulgated by the International Code Council’s Performance Code (ICCPC). The validation also demonstrated that the scenario involving the accidental discharge of fire foam was significantly more likely to occur compared to that involving only fire occurrences.
{"title":"A probabilistic analysis of non-military hangar fire protection systems","authors":"John T Wade, Bhushan Lohar, Kari Lippert, Rob Cloutier, Sean Walker, Olabode Olanipekun","doi":"10.1177/07349041241231206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241231206","url":null,"abstract":"The United States Air Force (USAF) dictates policy for foam fire suppression systems in their hangars. In November 2021, the USAF issued a Sundown Policy for Foam Fire Suppression Systems. The National Fire Protection Association’s Standard on Aircraft Hangars, NFPA 409 serves a similar function. This article uses a real-world installation and analysis of the hangar fire protection scheme stipulated in the USAF Sundown Policy as compared to an installation in compliance with NFPA 409. Applying the Poisson process for a zero-inflated probability distribution, the data referenced for the event tree were evaluated and thereafter validated. The analysis shows that the installation of hangar fire protection stipulated in the USAF Sundown Policy achieves a better performance for the fire protection system than an installation in compliance with NFPA 409, insofar as the risk analysis is concerned. Second, the installation of a fire protection system that complies with the requirements of NFPA 409 fails to achieve the basic probabilistic performance promulgated by the International Code Council’s Performance Code (ICCPC). The validation also demonstrated that the scenario involving the accidental discharge of fire foam was significantly more likely to occur compared to that involving only fire occurrences.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140147459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The region where the ulnar nerve (UN) is swollen in baseball players with ulnar neuropathy is not apparent. This study investigated the UN's cross-sectional area (CSA) at each entrapment point in baseball players. We also aimed to clarify the relationship between valgus instability and the CSA of the UN.
Methods: Forty baseball players were separated into healthy and ulnar neuropathy groups. The CSA and valgus instability were measured using ultrasonography (US). Relative to the medial epicondyle (MEC), the arcade of Struthers (SA) was 5 cm proximal, the cubital tunnel was the posterior part, and Osborne's ligament was defined as 3 cm distal. The ulnohumeral joint space was imaged as a low-echo space between the distal-medial corner of the trochlea and the proximal edge of the sublime tubercle.
Results: The UN in the ulnar neuropathy group had significant swelling in the cubital tunnel and Osborne's ligament. We found a weak positive correlation between the CSA and ulnohumeral joint space, and the ulnohumeral joint space at rest and valgus stress.
Conclusion: Evaluation and treatment of UN, especially cubital tunnel and Osborne's ligament, are necessary for the rehabilitation of baseball players presenting with ulnar neuropathy and valgus instability.
背景：患有尺神经病的棒球运动员的尺神经（UN）肿胀区域并不明显。本研究调查了棒球运动员尺神经各卡压点的横截面积（CSA）。我们还旨在阐明外翻不稳定性与 UN 的横截面积之间的关系：方法：将 40 名棒球运动员分为健康组和尺神经病组。方法：将 40 名棒球运动员分为健康组和尺神经病组，使用超声波（US）测量其 CSA 和外翻不稳定性。相对于内侧上髁（MEC），Struthers弧（SA）为近端5厘米，肘隧道为后部，Osborne韧带被定义为远端3厘米。尺肱骨关节间隙被成像为套骨远端内侧角与近端小结节边缘之间的低回波间隙：尺神经病变组的联合国军在肘隧道和奥斯本韧带有明显肿胀。我们发现CSA与尺肱骨关节间隙、静止时尺肱骨关节间隙和外翻应力之间存在微弱的正相关性：结论：对于患有尺神经病变和外翻不稳定的棒球运动员，有必要对联合国进行评估和治疗，尤其是肘隧道和奥斯本韧带。
{"title":"Characteristics of ulnar neuropathy in baseball players: Focusing on the entrapment point of the ulnar nerve and valgus instability.","authors":"Issei Noda, Yusuke Fukumoto, Masashi Kitano, Shintarou Kudo","doi":"10.1177/17585732231156547","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17585732231156547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The region where the ulnar nerve (UN) is swollen in baseball players with ulnar neuropathy is not apparent. This study investigated the UN's cross-sectional area (CSA) at each entrapment point in baseball players. We also aimed to clarify the relationship between valgus instability and the CSA of the UN.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty baseball players were separated into healthy and ulnar neuropathy groups. The CSA and valgus instability were measured using ultrasonography (US). Relative to the medial epicondyle (MEC), the arcade of Struthers (SA) was 5 cm proximal, the cubital tunnel was the posterior part, and Osborne's ligament was defined as 3 cm distal. The ulnohumeral joint space was imaged as a low-echo space between the distal-medial corner of the trochlea and the proximal edge of the sublime tubercle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The UN in the ulnar neuropathy group had significant swelling in the cubital tunnel and Osborne's ligament. We found a weak positive correlation between the CSA and ulnohumeral joint space, and the ulnohumeral joint space at rest and valgus stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Evaluation and treatment of UN, especially cubital tunnel and Osborne's ligament, are necessary for the rehabilitation of baseball players presenting with ulnar neuropathy and valgus instability.</p>","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"35-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10901173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87237620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-05DOI: 10.1177/07349041231218967
Gilbert Accary, Joseph Darido, Dominique Morvan, Leo Schneider, Benjamin Betting, Nicolas Frangieh, Sofiane Meradji, Albert Simeoni
The physics and the dynamics of static fires were studied numerically and experimentally by burning single Douglas fir trees. The mass loss rate was recorded, as well as the radiative heat flux and temperature at different positions. The numerical simulations were carried out using a fully physical CFD code (FireStar3D), and two levels of description were considered: in the first one, the vegetation was represented using a single fuel-type; in the second, four fuel-types were considered. The numerical results were compared to the experimental data for fuel moisture content of 14% and 50%. The results clearly show the advantage of considering several fuel-types to represent the tree; nevertheless, compared to the experiments, faster tree burning dynamics is obtained by simulation. The role played by the ignition process was also analysed numerically, highlighting the sensitivity of the tree burning dynamics to the ignition protocol.
{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of a single-tree fire","authors":"Gilbert Accary, Joseph Darido, Dominique Morvan, Leo Schneider, Benjamin Betting, Nicolas Frangieh, Sofiane Meradji, Albert Simeoni","doi":"10.1177/07349041231218967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231218967","url":null,"abstract":"The physics and the dynamics of static fires were studied numerically and experimentally by burning single Douglas fir trees. The mass loss rate was recorded, as well as the radiative heat flux and temperature at different positions. The numerical simulations were carried out using a fully physical CFD code (FireStar3D), and two levels of description were considered: in the first one, the vegetation was represented using a single fuel-type; in the second, four fuel-types were considered. The numerical results were compared to the experimental data for fuel moisture content of 14% and 50%. The results clearly show the advantage of considering several fuel-types to represent the tree; nevertheless, compared to the experiments, faster tree burning dynamics is obtained by simulation. The role played by the ignition process was also analysed numerically, highlighting the sensitivity of the tree burning dynamics to the ignition protocol.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"171 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139949804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.1177/07349041231220840
A.B.C. Oguaka, Natalia Flores-Quiroz, Richard Walls
Fire safety of food grains in storage, transport and processing facilities requires knowledge of their ignition properties some of which have been determined in this study. Cowpea, lentils, millet, soybean, unshelled peanut, flax (linseed), sunflower, shelled peanut and sesame, at 10% moisture content were studied. A cone calorimeter heater was used to impose radiative heat fluxes of 25, 35 and 47.5 kW/m2 on the food grains to determine the time to piloted ignition concurrently with the surface temperature at ignition ( Ts,ig). Ignition temperatures ( Tig) were calculated from experimentally determined critical heat fluxes. The thermal response parameter and thermal inertia ([Formula: see text]) essential for the characterization of the ignition of the food grains were also calculated. Thermal response parameter appears to be best suited for distinguishing the ignitability of the food grains. Ignition temperatures range between 239°C and 305°C, while thermal response parameter varies between 261 and 565 kWs0.5/m2. Small particle-sized grains showed higher ignitability.
{"title":"Radiative ignition properties of food grains and surface temperatures at ignition","authors":"A.B.C. Oguaka, Natalia Flores-Quiroz, Richard Walls","doi":"10.1177/07349041231220840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231220840","url":null,"abstract":"Fire safety of food grains in storage, transport and processing facilities requires knowledge of their ignition properties some of which have been determined in this study. Cowpea, lentils, millet, soybean, unshelled peanut, flax (linseed), sunflower, shelled peanut and sesame, at 10% moisture content were studied. A cone calorimeter heater was used to impose radiative heat fluxes of 25, 35 and 47.5 kW/m2 on the food grains to determine the time to piloted ignition concurrently with the surface temperature at ignition ( Ts,ig). Ignition temperatures ( Tig) were calculated from experimentally determined critical heat fluxes. The thermal response parameter and thermal inertia ([Formula: see text]) essential for the characterization of the ignition of the food grains were also calculated. Thermal response parameter appears to be best suited for distinguishing the ignitability of the food grains. Ignition temperatures range between 239°C and 305°C, while thermal response parameter varies between 261 and 565 kWs0.5/m2. Small particle-sized grains showed higher ignitability.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":"103 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139391337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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