Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.1177/07349041221092968
S. Chatenet, O. Authier, S. Bourbigot, G. Fontaine
Electrical cable sheaths are the most abundant fire load in nuclear power plants, mainly in rooms that are kept in under slight pressure. This configuration leads fires to grow in under-ventilated and vitiated conditions. Assessing fire threat involves characterizing the heat released, responsible for fire growth, and the smoke evolved, which may interact with sensitive components in the area. For that purpose, a revisited controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter has been designed, set up, and coupled to a Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer and an electrical low-pressure impactor to measure simultaneously the evolved gases and aerosols, respectively. This bench-scale apparatus has been first qualified with polymethylmethacrylate. It has second been used to characterize polyvinylchloride cable sheath representative material reaction to fire in under-ventilated and vitiated conditions. It appeared that vitiation in under-ventilated fires lowers the heat release rate and the fuel mass loss rate.
{"title":"Reaction to fire of polymethylmethacrylate and polyvinylchloride under reduced oxygen concentrations in a controlled-atmospherecone calorimeter","authors":"S. Chatenet, O. Authier, S. Bourbigot, G. Fontaine","doi":"10.1177/07349041221092968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221092968","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical cable sheaths are the most abundant fire load in nuclear power plants, mainly in rooms that are kept in under slight pressure. This configuration leads fires to grow in under-ventilated and vitiated conditions. Assessing fire threat involves characterizing the heat released, responsible for fire growth, and the smoke evolved, which may interact with sensitive components in the area. For that purpose, a revisited controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter has been designed, set up, and coupled to a Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer and an electrical low-pressure impactor to measure simultaneously the evolved gases and aerosols, respectively. This bench-scale apparatus has been first qualified with polymethylmethacrylate. It has second been used to characterize polyvinylchloride cable sheath representative material reaction to fire in under-ventilated and vitiated conditions. It appeared that vitiation in under-ventilated fires lowers the heat release rate and the fuel mass loss rate.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44596149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-08DOI: 10.1177/07349041221089829
L. Terrei, D. Zeinali, Z. Acem, V. Marchetti, Paul Lardet, P. Boulet, G. Parent
The aim of this work is to study and characterize the fire behavior of vertically oriented spruce wood panels using experiments conducted at the scales of cone calorimeter and single burning item tests. For this purpose, first incombustible panels were exposed to burner powers of 15, 20, 30, and 50 kW in the single burning item tests to obtain a mapping of the total heat fluxes received by the panel. Subsequently, wood panels were exposed to the same burner powers for exposure times of 15, 20, and 30 min. Very thin thermocouples were embedded inside the wood panel to measure accurately the in-depth temperatures while the lateral position of the char front on the exposed surface and the depth of the char layer were also measured for each test. The latter measurement permitted to establish a char depth map according to the burner power and exposure time. Correspondingly, it was observed that for a fixed exposure time, the degraded area on the surface grows linearly with the burner power. Moreover, the in-depth char front position deduced from the 300 °C isotherm was found to comply very well with that obtained from direct measurements. Finally, a comparison is made between the char front depths measured with the single burning item and those measured with the cone calorimeter for similar heat fluxes, showing that the corresponding charring rates from these two tests deviate from one another only at low heat fluxes.
{"title":"Experimental study of spruce wood reaction to fire in single burning item test","authors":"L. Terrei, D. Zeinali, Z. Acem, V. Marchetti, Paul Lardet, P. Boulet, G. Parent","doi":"10.1177/07349041221089829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221089829","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to study and characterize the fire behavior of vertically oriented spruce wood panels using experiments conducted at the scales of cone calorimeter and single burning item tests. For this purpose, first incombustible panels were exposed to burner powers of 15, 20, 30, and 50 kW in the single burning item tests to obtain a mapping of the total heat fluxes received by the panel. Subsequently, wood panels were exposed to the same burner powers for exposure times of 15, 20, and 30 min. Very thin thermocouples were embedded inside the wood panel to measure accurately the in-depth temperatures while the lateral position of the char front on the exposed surface and the depth of the char layer were also measured for each test. The latter measurement permitted to establish a char depth map according to the burner power and exposure time. Correspondingly, it was observed that for a fixed exposure time, the degraded area on the surface grows linearly with the burner power. Moreover, the in-depth char front position deduced from the 300 °C isotherm was found to comply very well with that obtained from direct measurements. Finally, a comparison is made between the char front depths measured with the single burning item and those measured with the cone calorimeter for similar heat fluxes, showing that the corresponding charring rates from these two tests deviate from one another only at low heat fluxes.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65155925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-28DOI: 10.1177/07349041221085898
Jonathan Siow, A. Dasari
Flammability of intumescent coatings at the materials-scale is “expected” to have an impact on their fire resistance offered to the steel member. However, to what extent and at what stage during the exposure to an imposed fire curve in a furnace are not thoroughly established. The role of different functionality of the flame-retardant additives in this process is also not clear despite a thorough understanding of their thermal decomposition mechanisms. In an effort to better understand some of these aspects, in this work, model systems based on different flame-retardant additives in epoxy are chosen to cover various strategies (like intumescent, radical quenching, and endothermic behavior) that are typically employed to reduce the flammability of a coating system. The flame-retardant additives chosen are ammonium polyphosphate, tetrabromobisphenol-A, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene oxide, and aluminum trihydroxide. The effects of flame-retardant additives on the curing, thermal decomposition, and flammability of epoxy resin are investigated. Reactive flame-retardant additives, in particular, are found to reduce the enthalpy associated with curing of epoxy by more than 45%. However, as the amount of hardener incorporated in these formulations is not controlled despite the presence of reactive flame-retardant additives, this had a negative effect on the thermal decomposition behavior of the epoxy/flame-retardant formulations, and consequently on the calculated decomposition activation energies. Heating rate seems to be a dominating parameter influencing the flammability of the formulations. Peak heat release rate values, irrespective of the formulation, increased by more than 1382%–1970% by changing the heating rate in a pyrolysis flow combustion calorimeter from 6°C/min to 100°C/min. As the flammable volatiles released per unit time are higher at high heating rates, ignition and subsequent flaming of the coating occurred in the furnace tests, where a cellulosic fire curve was simulated. This has significantly influenced the fire resistance times.
{"title":"Material-scale flammability characteristics of epoxy-based coating systems","authors":"Jonathan Siow, A. Dasari","doi":"10.1177/07349041221085898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221085898","url":null,"abstract":"Flammability of intumescent coatings at the materials-scale is “expected” to have an impact on their fire resistance offered to the steel member. However, to what extent and at what stage during the exposure to an imposed fire curve in a furnace are not thoroughly established. The role of different functionality of the flame-retardant additives in this process is also not clear despite a thorough understanding of their thermal decomposition mechanisms. In an effort to better understand some of these aspects, in this work, model systems based on different flame-retardant additives in epoxy are chosen to cover various strategies (like intumescent, radical quenching, and endothermic behavior) that are typically employed to reduce the flammability of a coating system. The flame-retardant additives chosen are ammonium polyphosphate, tetrabromobisphenol-A, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene oxide, and aluminum trihydroxide. The effects of flame-retardant additives on the curing, thermal decomposition, and flammability of epoxy resin are investigated. Reactive flame-retardant additives, in particular, are found to reduce the enthalpy associated with curing of epoxy by more than 45%. However, as the amount of hardener incorporated in these formulations is not controlled despite the presence of reactive flame-retardant additives, this had a negative effect on the thermal decomposition behavior of the epoxy/flame-retardant formulations, and consequently on the calculated decomposition activation energies. Heating rate seems to be a dominating parameter influencing the flammability of the formulations. Peak heat release rate values, irrespective of the formulation, increased by more than 1382%–1970% by changing the heating rate in a pyrolysis flow combustion calorimeter from 6°C/min to 100°C/min. As the flammable volatiles released per unit time are higher at high heating rates, ignition and subsequent flaming of the coating occurred in the furnace tests, where a cellulosic fire curve was simulated. This has significantly influenced the fire resistance times.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45688541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-24DOI: 10.1177/07349041221081998
Byoungchul Kwon, Ya-Ting T. Liao
Firebrand (ember) attack has been shown to be one of the key mechanisms of wildfire spread into wildland–urban interface communities. After the firebrands land on a substrate material, the ignition propensity of the material depends on not only the attributes (e.g. shape, size, and numbers) but also the distribution of the firebrands. To help characterize this process, this study aims to investigate the effects of gap spacing on the burning behaviors of a group of wooden samples. Experiments are conducted using nine wooden cubes, 19 mm on each side. These samples are arranged in a 3 × 3 square pattern on suspension wires and are ignited by hot coils from the bottom surface. The gap spacing (s) between the samples varies in each test (ranging from 0 to 30 mm). After ignition, the samples are left to burn to completion. The burning process is recorded using video cameras. Sample mass loss and temperatures are monitored during the flaming and smoldering processes. The results show that the flame height and the sample mass loss rate have non-monotonic dependencies on the gap spacing. When the gap spacing reduces, the flame height and the mass loss rate first increase due to enhanced heat input from the adjacent flames to each sample. When s ≤ 10 mm, flames from individual samples are observed to merge into a single large fire. As s further decreases, the air entrainment at the flame bottom decreases and the flame lift-off distance at the flame center increases, resulting in an increased flame height, decreased flame heat feedback to the solid samples, and a decreased mass loss rate. The decreased mass loss rate eventually leads to a decrease in the flame height as well. The gaseous flame height is correlated to the solid burning rate. The correlation generally follows previous empirical equations for continuous fire sources. For the smoldering combustion, compared to a single burning sample, the smoldering temperature and duration significantly increase due to the thermal interactions between adjacent burning samples. To help interpret the results of the burning experiments, thermogravimetric analysis is also performed in air and nitrogen, resulting in heating rates ranging from 10 to 100 K/min.
{"title":"Effects of spacing on flaming and smoldering firebrands in wildland–urban interface fires","authors":"Byoungchul Kwon, Ya-Ting T. Liao","doi":"10.1177/07349041221081998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221081998","url":null,"abstract":"Firebrand (ember) attack has been shown to be one of the key mechanisms of wildfire spread into wildland–urban interface communities. After the firebrands land on a substrate material, the ignition propensity of the material depends on not only the attributes (e.g. shape, size, and numbers) but also the distribution of the firebrands. To help characterize this process, this study aims to investigate the effects of gap spacing on the burning behaviors of a group of wooden samples. Experiments are conducted using nine wooden cubes, 19 mm on each side. These samples are arranged in a 3 × 3 square pattern on suspension wires and are ignited by hot coils from the bottom surface. The gap spacing (s) between the samples varies in each test (ranging from 0 to 30 mm). After ignition, the samples are left to burn to completion. The burning process is recorded using video cameras. Sample mass loss and temperatures are monitored during the flaming and smoldering processes. The results show that the flame height and the sample mass loss rate have non-monotonic dependencies on the gap spacing. When the gap spacing reduces, the flame height and the mass loss rate first increase due to enhanced heat input from the adjacent flames to each sample. When s ≤ 10 mm, flames from individual samples are observed to merge into a single large fire. As s further decreases, the air entrainment at the flame bottom decreases and the flame lift-off distance at the flame center increases, resulting in an increased flame height, decreased flame heat feedback to the solid samples, and a decreased mass loss rate. The decreased mass loss rate eventually leads to a decrease in the flame height as well. The gaseous flame height is correlated to the solid burning rate. The correlation generally follows previous empirical equations for continuous fire sources. For the smoldering combustion, compared to a single burning sample, the smoldering temperature and duration significantly increase due to the thermal interactions between adjacent burning samples. To help interpret the results of the burning experiments, thermogravimetric analysis is also performed in air and nitrogen, resulting in heating rates ranging from 10 to 100 K/min.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41498584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-11DOI: 10.1177/07349041221082928
Y. Al-Majali, J. Trembly
This investigation characterized flammability and thermal stability for a novel sustainable composite engineered for use in building applications. Flammability and thermal stability of coal plastic composites composed of coal (40–60 wt.%) and high-density polyethylene were compared to commercial wood–plastic composites. Pyrolysis thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that coal plastic composites possessed a single-step decomposition and higher char residue, while wood–plastic composites had two-step decomposition, with the first peak occurring at much lower temperatures. Thermogravimetric analyses in air suggest coal plastic composites, compared to wood–plastic composites and neat high-density polyethylene, were more thermally stable. Flash ignition temperatures for coal plastic composites were higher than high-density polyethylene and wood–plastic composites, while self-ignition temperatures were in the same range as wood–plastic composites. Rate of burning data indicated coal plastic composites were slower burning than wood–plastic composites, with increasing coal content slowing burning rate by 19.9%–27.6%. Cone calorimeter testing showed 27% and 59% reduction in total heat release and total smoke release as coal content increased while coal plastic composite with 60 wt.% coal possessed lower overall flammability in comparison with predominant commercially available wood–plastic composite products. Coal improved composite overall thermal stability and flammability by acting as char former and foaming agent.
{"title":"Flammability and thermal stability of thermoplastic-based composites filled with natural carbon","authors":"Y. Al-Majali, J. Trembly","doi":"10.1177/07349041221082928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221082928","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation characterized flammability and thermal stability for a novel sustainable composite engineered for use in building applications. Flammability and thermal stability of coal plastic composites composed of coal (40–60 wt.%) and high-density polyethylene were compared to commercial wood–plastic composites. Pyrolysis thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that coal plastic composites possessed a single-step decomposition and higher char residue, while wood–plastic composites had two-step decomposition, with the first peak occurring at much lower temperatures. Thermogravimetric analyses in air suggest coal plastic composites, compared to wood–plastic composites and neat high-density polyethylene, were more thermally stable. Flash ignition temperatures for coal plastic composites were higher than high-density polyethylene and wood–plastic composites, while self-ignition temperatures were in the same range as wood–plastic composites. Rate of burning data indicated coal plastic composites were slower burning than wood–plastic composites, with increasing coal content slowing burning rate by 19.9%–27.6%. Cone calorimeter testing showed 27% and 59% reduction in total heat release and total smoke release as coal content increased while coal plastic composite with 60 wt.% coal possessed lower overall flammability in comparison with predominant commercially available wood–plastic composite products. Coal improved composite overall thermal stability and flammability by acting as char former and foaming agent.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44461518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1177/07349041221079004
F. Shakeriaski, M. Ghodrat
This review aims to present recent improvements and existing challenges in the design of wearable sensors used in the firefighters’ protective clothing. Wearable sensors are generally used directly on the body or placed on wearable items to monitor data for the safety of firefighters. Recently, wearable sensors have attracted much attention from researchers and experts. Most investigations have addressed novel designs for wearable sensors to enhance firefighters’ safety measures and reduce the risk of exposure to fires. This article is an attempt to review design limitations of wearable sensors for future developments and improve existing shortcomings. The growing body of knowledge focused on the application of wearable technology to monitor firefighters’ activity, health, and body temperature. In the following, we have discussed the trials of the design of the existing sensors. Finally, moisture and radiation as common exterior parameters in fire events are discussed which received less attention and have major impact on the performance of firefighters’ wearable sensors.
{"title":"Challenges and limitation of wearable sensors used in firefighters’ protective clothing","authors":"F. Shakeriaski, M. Ghodrat","doi":"10.1177/07349041221079004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221079004","url":null,"abstract":"This review aims to present recent improvements and existing challenges in the design of wearable sensors used in the firefighters’ protective clothing. Wearable sensors are generally used directly on the body or placed on wearable items to monitor data for the safety of firefighters. Recently, wearable sensors have attracted much attention from researchers and experts. Most investigations have addressed novel designs for wearable sensors to enhance firefighters’ safety measures and reduce the risk of exposure to fires. This article is an attempt to review design limitations of wearable sensors for future developments and improve existing shortcomings. The growing body of knowledge focused on the application of wearable technology to monitor firefighters’ activity, health, and body temperature. In the following, we have discussed the trials of the design of the existing sensors. Finally, moisture and radiation as common exterior parameters in fire events are discussed which received less attention and have major impact on the performance of firefighters’ wearable sensors.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46301692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents the fire performance of typical components of wood structure buildings. The wooden beams and floor slabs, quite common in wood structure buildings, were burned with different fire exposure times by a pool fire source. Then, the surface temperature evolution and the charring rate were recorded and analyzed. The results show that the flashover and re-ignition phenomenon occurred in all wood materials under the burning pool fires. The glulam beam cross-section was U-shaped, and the maximum charring rates of glulam beam, cross-laminated timber floor, and cross-laminated timber partition board were 0.833 mm/min, 1.538 mm/min, and 0.435 mm/min, respectively. It can be seen that the combustion behavior time of specimens with different cross-section thicknesses is different. If the thickness of the specimens is appropriately increased, their combustion behavior time can be significantly improved.
{"title":"Experimental research on temperature distribution and charring rate of typical components of wood structure building","authors":"S. Wei, Huan Yang, Butong Gao, Haitao Cheng, Rongxiu Lu, Lihui Dong","doi":"10.1177/07349041211073303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041211073303","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the fire performance of typical components of wood structure buildings. The wooden beams and floor slabs, quite common in wood structure buildings, were burned with different fire exposure times by a pool fire source. Then, the surface temperature evolution and the charring rate were recorded and analyzed. The results show that the flashover and re-ignition phenomenon occurred in all wood materials under the burning pool fires. The glulam beam cross-section was U-shaped, and the maximum charring rates of glulam beam, cross-laminated timber floor, and cross-laminated timber partition board were 0.833 mm/min, 1.538 mm/min, and 0.435 mm/min, respectively. It can be seen that the combustion behavior time of specimens with different cross-section thicknesses is different. If the thickness of the specimens is appropriately increased, their combustion behavior time can be significantly improved.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42947508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-17DOI: 10.1177/07349041211072534
A. Saber, M. Abo El-Nasr, A. Elbanhawy
Compromising between application rate and spacing between tanks is one of the vague points regarding fire mitigation in hydrocarbon storage tanks. Codes and standards recommendations are not comprehensive and sometimes contradicting. The traditional, uniform, coolant application technique requires high storage capacities and over-consumes the coolant. This study investigates a non-traditional technique using non-uniform coolant distribution and illustrates the effect of this technique on coolant and land savings. A model is created to simulate fire propagation and mitigation through cooling water application under steady state conditions for surface pool fires in cylindrical hydrocarbon storage tanks. The model considers the types of fuel, the wind speed and direction, the smoke effect and the nozzles distribution, and the number of segments on the target tank surface. The model is applied on a real-life case study. The suggested technique achieved up to 30% reduction in cooling water consumption or 5.6% reduction in land area.
{"title":"On the application of non-uniform water cooling for the fire safety of fuel storage tank farms","authors":"A. Saber, M. Abo El-Nasr, A. Elbanhawy","doi":"10.1177/07349041211072534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041211072534","url":null,"abstract":"Compromising between application rate and spacing between tanks is one of the vague points regarding fire mitigation in hydrocarbon storage tanks. Codes and standards recommendations are not comprehensive and sometimes contradicting. The traditional, uniform, coolant application technique requires high storage capacities and over-consumes the coolant. This study investigates a non-traditional technique using non-uniform coolant distribution and illustrates the effect of this technique on coolant and land savings. A model is created to simulate fire propagation and mitigation through cooling water application under steady state conditions for surface pool fires in cylindrical hydrocarbon storage tanks. The model considers the types of fuel, the wind speed and direction, the smoke effect and the nozzles distribution, and the number of segments on the target tank surface. The model is applied on a real-life case study. The suggested technique achieved up to 30% reduction in cooling water consumption or 5.6% reduction in land area.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43609756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-15DOI: 10.1177/07349041211062046
Angeline Paturel, M. Casetta, Stijn Rambour, L. Janus, S. Duquesne
Artificial turf structures are increasingly used in closed areas and have to comply with the European fire standard for building products (EN ISO 13501-1). The main test to evaluate the fire performance of flooring products is the EN ISO 9239-1 radiant panel test. The test principle is to determine the critical heat flux of floorings exposed to a forced ignition and a specific heat flux profile. As large amounts of material are needed to perform the test, the development of a radiant panel test at reduced scale was considered. The experimental design methodology was implemented to mimic the heat flux profile. The fire performance of artificial turf structures was evaluated at both scales and the results were compared. The burnt lengths of the specimens and thus the critical heat flux are similar for both scales. Thus, the downscaled device could advantageously be used for high throughput development of artificial turf structures.
人造草坪结构越来越多地用于封闭区域，并且必须符合欧洲建筑产品防火标准(EN ISO 13501-1)。评估地板产品防火性能的主要测试是EN ISO 9239-1辐射板测试。测试原理是确定暴露在强制点火下的地板的临界热流密度和特定热流密度分布图。由于需要大量的材料来进行测试，因此考虑了小型化辐射板测试的发展。采用实验设计方法模拟热流场分布。在两个尺度上对人造草坪结构的防火性能进行了评价，并对结果进行了比较。试样的燃烧长度和临界热流密度在两种尺度上是相似的。因此，该装置可用于人造草坪结构的高通量开发。
{"title":"Design of a radiant panel test at reduced scale for the high throughput development of artificial turf structures","authors":"Angeline Paturel, M. Casetta, Stijn Rambour, L. Janus, S. Duquesne","doi":"10.1177/07349041211062046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041211062046","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial turf structures are increasingly used in closed areas and have to comply with the European fire standard for building products (EN ISO 13501-1). The main test to evaluate the fire performance of flooring products is the EN ISO 9239-1 radiant panel test. The test principle is to determine the critical heat flux of floorings exposed to a forced ignition and a specific heat flux profile. As large amounts of material are needed to perform the test, the development of a radiant panel test at reduced scale was considered. The experimental design methodology was implemented to mimic the heat flux profile. The fire performance of artificial turf structures was evaluated at both scales and the results were compared. The burnt lengths of the specimens and thus the critical heat flux are similar for both scales. Thus, the downscaled device could advantageously be used for high throughput development of artificial turf structures.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47021834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-02DOI: 10.1177/07349041211057893
Yumi Matsuyama, F. Takahashi
The combustion characteristics of charring wood have been studied experimentally in a well-ventilated environment of a smoke chamber. A numerical simulation has also been performed for a limited case, with the Fire Dynamics Simulator, to estimate the burning environment. A horizontally placed specimen (ponderosa pine) with a moisture content of 0% or 20% is exposed to a radiant flux (25 kW/m2), with or without flaming ignition. Simultaneous measurements of the specimen’s in-depth temperature and the mass loss determine the charring front (rate) at 300 °C and the gasification rate, respectively. These condensed-phase conditions relate directly to real-time variations of gas-phase quantities: the specific optical density of smoke and the concentrations of toxic gases measured by a Fourier transform infrared gas analyzer. In-depth temperature trends are similar whether the flame exists, whereas the smoke and toxicants’ concentrations are substantially different. After the charring front moves through the specimen, the oxidative pyrolysis continues under the irradiation at high temperatures (up to ∼550 °C). Carbon monoxide and acrolein are produced continuously throughout the test, and the results indicate strong correlations. Although char formation of wood is favorable for fire safety, consequent incomplete combustion produces smoke and toxicants.
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