Roberto Masis, Paul Karabinos, Maureen D. Long, John W. F. Waldron, James Bourke
The Appalachian-Caledonian orogen was built during the Paleozoic by accretion of peri-Gondwanan terranes onto Laurentia, culminating in the formation of Pangea. During the Mesozoic, Pangea broke apart, displacing one section of the belt to eastern North America and another to northwestern Europe. These areas share aspects of their tectonic history but have been shaped differently by later Paleozoic orogenesis and Mesozoic rifting; therefore, comparisons between these regions offer an opportunity to understand which processes have been responsible for shaping their present-day crustal structure. This study compares the crustal structure across the Laurentian and peri-Gondwanan sutures in these regions and explores how it has been shaped by their tectonic histories. We use receiver functions with harmonic decomposition to analyze the geometry of Laurentia, Ganderian and Avalonian crust beneath Ireland and Britain and compare them with New England, northeastern USA. The Laurentian crustal thickness beneath Ireland and Britain ranges from ∼26 to 32 km, whereas that of the peri-Gondwanan terranes varies from ∼32 to 38 km. Our analysis also provides insight into dipping interfaces and anisotropy near the Moho, which vary considerably across the study area. In contrast to our findings in Ireland and Britain, beneath New England Laurentian crust is significantly thicker (∼44 km) than accreted terrane crust (∼32 km). We hypothesize that Mesozoic rifting led to significant thinning of Laurentian crust beneath Ireland and Britain, and that regionally specific orogenic processes during the middle and late Paleozoic controlled the evolution of accreted terrane crust differently in these areas.
{"title":"Crustal Structure of Laurentia and Peri-Gondwanan Terranes Beneath Ireland and Britain and Comparison With Eastern North America","authors":"Roberto Masis, Paul Karabinos, Maureen D. Long, John W. F. Waldron, James Bourke","doi":"10.1029/2025jb031184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb031184","url":null,"abstract":"The Appalachian-Caledonian orogen was built during the Paleozoic by accretion of peri-Gondwanan terranes onto Laurentia, culminating in the formation of Pangea. During the Mesozoic, Pangea broke apart, displacing one section of the belt to eastern North America and another to northwestern Europe. These areas share aspects of their tectonic history but have been shaped differently by later Paleozoic orogenesis and Mesozoic rifting; therefore, comparisons between these regions offer an opportunity to understand which processes have been responsible for shaping their present-day crustal structure. This study compares the crustal structure across the Laurentian and peri-Gondwanan sutures in these regions and explores how it has been shaped by their tectonic histories. We use receiver functions with harmonic decomposition to analyze the geometry of Laurentia, Ganderian and Avalonian crust beneath Ireland and Britain and compare them with New England, northeastern USA. The Laurentian crustal thickness beneath Ireland and Britain ranges from ∼26 to 32 km, whereas that of the peri-Gondwanan terranes varies from ∼32 to 38 km. Our analysis also provides insight into dipping interfaces and anisotropy near the Moho, which vary considerably across the study area. In contrast to our findings in Ireland and Britain, beneath New England Laurentian crust is significantly thicker (∼44 km) than accreted terrane crust (∼32 km). We hypothesize that Mesozoic rifting led to significant thinning of Laurentian crust beneath Ireland and Britain, and that regionally specific orogenic processes during the middle and late Paleozoic controlled the evolution of accreted terrane crust differently in these areas.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magma intrusion often drives uplift of the overburden and free surface. Analytical modeling of such surface uplift at active volcanoes allows us to estimate intrusion geometries and positions, as well as volume and pressure changes; these insights have proven critical to forecasting volcanic unrest and eruptions. However, it is rarely possible to compare geodetic source parameters retrieved from analytical models to known intrusion geometries. Seismic reflection data offer an opportunity to image and quantify ancient, buried intrusion geometries and their overburden deformation (i.e., a forced fold). Here, we use 3D seismic reflection data offshore NW Australia to investigate an Early Cretaceous forced fold developed above a laccolith emplaced at ∼0.6–1 km depth. We remove the effects of post-emplacement, burial-related compaction and estimate surface displacement patterns for the forced fold. Analytical modeling of these surface displacements, using both thin plate bending and elastic half-space solutions, suggest source (intrusion) estimates of position and lateral dimensions are similar to those of the actual laccolith. There are some differences between measurements of the laccolith and modeled source estimates, which we attribute to syn-intrusion space-making mechanisms (e.g., compaction). We particularly find penny shaped crack and rectangular dislocation elastic half-space solutions underestimate source emplacement depth by ∼0.2–0.9 km, probably reflecting a lack of heterogeneity (layering) in our models. Our novel approach highlights seismic reflection data is a powerful tool for understanding and testing how magma emplacement translates into surface deformation at active volcanoes.
{"title":"Testing Volcano Deformation Models Against 3D Seismic Reflection Imagery of Ancient Intrusions","authors":"C. Magee, S. K. Ebmeier, J. Hickey","doi":"10.1029/2025jb032007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb032007","url":null,"abstract":"Magma intrusion often drives uplift of the overburden and free surface. Analytical modeling of such surface uplift at active volcanoes allows us to estimate intrusion geometries and positions, as well as volume and pressure changes; these insights have proven critical to forecasting volcanic unrest and eruptions. However, it is rarely possible to compare geodetic source parameters retrieved from analytical models to known intrusion geometries. Seismic reflection data offer an opportunity to image and quantify ancient, buried intrusion geometries and their overburden deformation (i.e., a forced fold). Here, we use 3D seismic reflection data offshore NW Australia to investigate an Early Cretaceous forced fold developed above a laccolith emplaced at ∼0.6–1 km depth. We remove the effects of post-emplacement, burial-related compaction and estimate surface displacement patterns for the forced fold. Analytical modeling of these surface displacements, using both thin plate bending and elastic half-space solutions, suggest source (intrusion) estimates of position and lateral dimensions are similar to those of the actual laccolith. There are some differences between measurements of the laccolith and modeled source estimates, which we attribute to syn-intrusion space-making mechanisms (e.g., compaction). We particularly find penny shaped crack and rectangular dislocation elastic half-space solutions underestimate source emplacement depth by ∼0.2–0.9 km, probably reflecting a lack of heterogeneity (layering) in our models. Our novel approach highlights seismic reflection data is a powerful tool for understanding and testing how magma emplacement translates into surface deformation at active volcanoes.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenhao Su, Wen-Yi Zhou, Jiasen Hu, Ming Hao, Anne Pommier, Jin S. Zhang
The study of silicate glasses is important to understand the physical and chemical properties of silicate melts under high-pressure conditions relevant to planetary interiors. We conducted in situ Brillouin spectroscopy measurements on two endmember, low-impurity CaSiO3 glasses and one Fe, Al, Mg, Ti-bearing CaSiO3 glass up to 23 GPa. We obtained pressure-dependent acoustic velocities and derived elastic moduli that exhibit discontinuities indicative of structural transitions in all compositions. The endmember CaSiO3 glasses exhibit velocity softening below 2.6 GPa, consistent with earlier findings in other silicate glasses, while the Fe, Al, Mg, Ti-bearing CaSiO3 glass displays a delayed onset of softening and densification. This softening is attributed to intermediate-range structural rearrangements. Above ∼8 GPa, both glasses show rapid increases in velocities and elastic moduli, reflecting densification associated with structural transitions. Comparison with other silicate glasses demonstrates that Ca acts as a strong network modifier, significantly reducing the stiffness of the glasses, while the addition of Fe, Al, Mg, and Ti collectively has a mixed effect on elasticity. CaSiO3 glass crosses over in density with its counterpart crystal, wollastonite, at only ∼3 GPa—a pressure lower than any other crossover pressure observed in silicate glasses—suggesting that Ca-rich melts may become gravitationally stable at much shallower depths in planetary interiors than other silicate melts. These results provide new constraints on the structural evolution and elasticity of Ca-rich silicate glasses under compression and have implications for modeling the mobility of silicate melts in deep planetary environments.
{"title":"Sound Velocities and Structural Transitions of Endmember and Fe, Al, Mg, Ti-Bearing CaSiO3 Glasses Up to 23 GPa","authors":"Wenhao Su, Wen-Yi Zhou, Jiasen Hu, Ming Hao, Anne Pommier, Jin S. Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025jb032766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb032766","url":null,"abstract":"The study of silicate glasses is important to understand the physical and chemical properties of silicate melts under high-pressure conditions relevant to planetary interiors. We conducted in situ Brillouin spectroscopy measurements on two endmember, low-impurity CaSiO<sub>3</sub> glasses and one Fe, Al, Mg, Ti-bearing CaSiO<sub>3</sub> glass up to 23 GPa. We obtained pressure-dependent acoustic velocities and derived elastic moduli that exhibit discontinuities indicative of structural transitions in all compositions. The endmember CaSiO<sub>3</sub> glasses exhibit velocity softening below 2.6 GPa, consistent with earlier findings in other silicate glasses, while the Fe, Al, Mg, Ti-bearing CaSiO<sub>3</sub> glass displays a delayed onset of softening and densification. This softening is attributed to intermediate-range structural rearrangements. Above ∼8 GPa, both glasses show rapid increases in velocities and elastic moduli, reflecting densification associated with structural transitions. Comparison with other silicate glasses demonstrates that Ca acts as a strong network modifier, significantly reducing the stiffness of the glasses, while the addition of Fe, Al, Mg, and Ti collectively has a mixed effect on elasticity. CaSiO<sub>3</sub> glass crosses over in density with its counterpart crystal, wollastonite, at only ∼3 GPa—a pressure lower than any other crossover pressure observed in silicate glasses—suggesting that Ca-rich melts may become gravitationally stable at much shallower depths in planetary interiors than other silicate melts. These results provide new constraints on the structural evolution and elasticity of Ca-rich silicate glasses under compression and have implications for modeling the mobility of silicate melts in deep planetary environments.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Earthquake ruptures often exhibit complex behaviors, including abrupt arrest followed by delayed re-nucleation. While on-fault stress heterogeneity is a recognized contributing factor, as it can arrest or slow down rupture propagation, its interaction with propagating ruptures remains complex and not fully understood. Here, we study frictional ruptures under controlled laboratory conditions by imposing a heterogeneous stress field along an artificial fault. This setup consistently led to the spontaneous emergence of a well-defined stress barrier. Our results show that the presence and strength of the stress barrier systematically influence rupture propagation, sometimes in non-trivial ways. As expected, strong barriers tend to arrest ruptures, while weaker ones reduce their velocity, inducing a time delay in the rupture propagation. However, we also observe several less-intuitive outcomes, including static triggering, barrier-induced supershear transition, and dynamic triggering. We elucidate the physics behind each interaction mechanism through Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (for the arrest and deceleration mechanisms) and the Rate-and-State framework (for the static triggering). Interestingly, static triggering and barrier-induced supershear transitions can enable rupture propagation beyond barriers that are expected to arrest ruptures. Similarly, dynamic triggering can accelerate the onset of rupture beyond barriers that decelerate ruptures. Moreover, our experiments show that the barrier efficiency evolves over successive earthquake cycles, weakening with repeated partial ruptures and becoming permanent once complete ruptures break through the fault. This experimental study underscores the critical role of stress heterogeneity in controlling the dynamics of frictional ruptures and offers new insights into the physics of delayed rupture triggering.
{"title":"Stress Barriers and Their Impact on Rupture Propagation","authors":"F. Paglialunga, J. P. Ampuero, F. Passelègue","doi":"10.1029/2025jb032879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb032879","url":null,"abstract":"Earthquake ruptures often exhibit complex behaviors, including abrupt arrest followed by delayed re-nucleation. While on-fault stress heterogeneity is a recognized contributing factor, as it can arrest or slow down rupture propagation, its interaction with propagating ruptures remains complex and not fully understood. Here, we study frictional ruptures under controlled laboratory conditions by imposing a heterogeneous stress field along an artificial fault. This setup consistently led to the spontaneous emergence of a well-defined stress barrier. Our results show that the presence and strength of the stress barrier systematically influence rupture propagation, sometimes in non-trivial ways. As expected, strong barriers tend to arrest ruptures, while weaker ones reduce their velocity, inducing a time delay in the rupture propagation. However, we also observe several less-intuitive outcomes, including static triggering, barrier-induced supershear transition, and dynamic triggering. We elucidate the physics behind each interaction mechanism through Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (for the arrest and deceleration mechanisms) and the Rate-and-State framework (for the static triggering). Interestingly, static triggering and barrier-induced supershear transitions can enable rupture propagation beyond barriers that are expected to arrest ruptures. Similarly, dynamic triggering can accelerate the onset of rupture beyond barriers that decelerate ruptures. Moreover, our experiments show that the barrier efficiency evolves over successive earthquake cycles, weakening with repeated partial ruptures and becoming permanent once complete ruptures break through the fault. This experimental study underscores the critical role of stress heterogeneity in controlling the dynamics of frictional ruptures and offers new insights into the physics of delayed rupture triggering.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We performed laboratory experiments to study the effects of fluid-induced precipitation and dissolution on pore space geometry and corresponding acoustic velocity in carbonate rocks. This approach separates the impact of pore structure changes from other factors like compaction and tracks only variations in acoustic velocity alongside changes in porosity resulting from calcium carbonate cementation and dissolution. In the precipitation experiments, the degree of velocity variation is strongly influenced by the specific location of cementation. Grain-contact cementation strengthens the rock framework, which results in a marked increase in acoustic velocity, while the growth of intrapore aragonite crystals usually produce more intricate, softer frameworks that have a minimal effect on velocity yet generally cause a slight reduction. Dissolution predominantly eliminates non-load-bearing small particles, which leads to increased porosity yet results in only a marginal decrease in acoustic velocity. The dissolution creates bigger void spaces in the rock without increasing its structural complexity while maintaining its inherent strength. Using the parameters of internal pore geometry, including dominant pore size and perimeter-over-area ratio, we demonstrate that pore geometry has a greater influence on elastic properties and acoustic velocity than porosity by itself. These results question standard porosity-velocity models while demonstrating the need for quantitative pore geometry parameters in rock physics models that analyze seismic reflection data. Without integrating pore geometry parameters, seismic data analysis risks underestimating porosity in dissolution areas or incorrectly classifying grain-contact cementation as lithological changes.
{"title":"Impact of Fluid-Induced Pore Geometry Alteration on Acoustic Velocity in Carbonate Rocks","authors":"Ralf J. Weger, Peter K. Swart, Gregor P. Eberli","doi":"10.1029/2025jb031854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb031854","url":null,"abstract":"We performed laboratory experiments to study the effects of fluid-induced precipitation and dissolution on pore space geometry and corresponding acoustic velocity in carbonate rocks. This approach separates the impact of pore structure changes from other factors like compaction and tracks only variations in acoustic velocity alongside changes in porosity resulting from calcium carbonate cementation and dissolution. In the precipitation experiments, the degree of velocity variation is strongly influenced by the specific location of cementation. Grain-contact cementation strengthens the rock framework, which results in a marked increase in acoustic velocity, while the growth of intrapore aragonite crystals usually produce more intricate, softer frameworks that have a minimal effect on velocity yet generally cause a slight reduction. Dissolution predominantly eliminates non-load-bearing small particles, which leads to increased porosity yet results in only a marginal decrease in acoustic velocity. The dissolution creates bigger void spaces in the rock without increasing its structural complexity while maintaining its inherent strength. Using the parameters of internal pore geometry, including dominant pore size and perimeter-over-area ratio, we demonstrate that pore geometry has a greater influence on elastic properties and acoustic velocity than porosity by itself. These results question standard porosity-velocity models while demonstrating the need for quantitative pore geometry parameters in rock physics models that analyze seismic reflection data. Without integrating pore geometry parameters, seismic data analysis risks underestimating porosity in dissolution areas or incorrectly classifying grain-contact cementation as lithological changes.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eva Vernet, Manuel Calvo-Rathert, Ángel Carrancho, Yuhji Yamamoto, Lidia Rodríguez-Méndez, Josep M. Parés, Vicente Soler
We present new vector paleomagnetic data from 13 radiometrically dated lava-flows in southern La Palma (Canary Islands) spanning from 1 to 56 ka, which covers most of the Late Pleistocene to prehistoric Holocene volcanic record in the island. Using a paleointensity multimethod approach including Thellier-type and Shaw-type techniques, and combining detailed rock magnetic and mineralogical analyses, we assess the reliability and possible biases in paleointensity estimations in volcanic rocks affected by low-temperature oxidation and coarse ferromagnetic grains. Results indicate a strong viscous component linked to maghemitization, which compromises paleointensity reliability and accuracy. Low temperature demagnetization pretreatments significantly mitigated the viscosity contribution, improving success rates by highlighting the original thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) and revealing possible overestimations in standard Thellier-type treated samples affected by maghemitization. The full vector results, compared with several paleosecular variation curves, exhibited both low and high field intensity periods, including a relative paleointensity minimum at ∼27 ka (VADM ∼26 ZAm2) and the record of the Levant intensity high (VADM ∼108 ZAm2). This study contributes with valuable constraints for improving geomagnetic models, especially for low-latitude regions, and underscores the importance of integrating magnetic mineralogy with paleointensity protocols to mitigate bias in geomagnetic reconstructions.
{"title":"Reconstructing Late Pleistocene to Prehistorical Holocene Geomagnetic Field Variations From La Palma Lava Flows (Canary Islands, Spain): Unraveling Viscous Components","authors":"Eva Vernet, Manuel Calvo-Rathert, Ángel Carrancho, Yuhji Yamamoto, Lidia Rodríguez-Méndez, Josep M. Parés, Vicente Soler","doi":"10.1029/2025jb032659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb032659","url":null,"abstract":"We present new vector paleomagnetic data from 13 radiometrically dated lava-flows in southern La Palma (Canary Islands) spanning from 1 to 56 ka, which covers most of the Late Pleistocene to prehistoric Holocene volcanic record in the island. Using a paleointensity multimethod approach including Thellier-type and Shaw-type techniques, and combining detailed rock magnetic and mineralogical analyses, we assess the reliability and possible biases in paleointensity estimations in volcanic rocks affected by low-temperature oxidation and coarse ferromagnetic grains. Results indicate a strong viscous component linked to maghemitization, which compromises paleointensity reliability and accuracy. Low temperature demagnetization pretreatments significantly mitigated the viscosity contribution, improving success rates by highlighting the original thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) and revealing possible overestimations in standard Thellier-type treated samples affected by maghemitization. The full vector results, compared with several paleosecular variation curves, exhibited both low and high field intensity periods, including a relative paleointensity minimum at ∼27 ka (VADM ∼26 ZAm<sup>2</sup>) and the record of the Levant intensity high (VADM ∼108 ZAm<sup>2</sup>). This study contributes with valuable constraints for improving geomagnetic models, especially for low-latitude regions, and underscores the importance of integrating magnetic mineralogy with paleointensity protocols to mitigate bias in geomagnetic reconstructions.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"302 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mineral precipitation is ubiquitous in subsurface environments, influencing processes such as karst evolution and carbon mineralization. While precipitation dynamics have been extensively studied in porous media, the pattern formation and transitions in fractured media remain underexplored. In this study, we develop a novel experimental system to investigate precipitation dynamics in microfluidic fractures by integrating charge-coupled device camera, micro-PIV, and confocal microscopy. Flow-through experiments on CaCO3 precipitation are performed by co-injecting Na2CO3 and CaCl2 under controlled flow rates Pe and saturation indices SI. Real-time imaging of precipitation dynamics and velocity fields revealed two distinct patterns. At low Pe and low SI, mineral precipitation exhibits precipitation band acting as a barrier that inhibits mixing of the reactants and results in minimal permeability reduction. In contrast, at high Pe and high SI, the system transitions to precipitation clusters, characterized by widespread particle distribution that significantly reduces permeability. We demonstrate that this pattern shift is governed by the balance between fluid shear forces and repulsive forces between CaCO3 particles. When repulsive forces dominate, particles cannot aggregate, leading to band formation, whereas shear-induced aggregation promotes cluster growth. Theoretical analysis is developed to interpret the regime transition, and a phase diagram mapping precipitation regime as a function of Pe and SI shows well agreement with experimental results. These findings provide critical insights into fracture mineral precipitation, which are crucial for predicting injectivity and permeability in CO2 mineralization processes.
{"title":"Quantifying Regime Transition of Mineral Precipitation in a Microfluidic Fracture","authors":"Xu-Sheng Chen, Ran Hu, Chen-Xing Zhou, Qiu-Rong Jiang, Zhibing Yang, Yi-Feng Chen","doi":"10.1029/2025jb031915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb031915","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral precipitation is ubiquitous in subsurface environments, influencing processes such as karst evolution and carbon mineralization. While precipitation dynamics have been extensively studied in porous media, the pattern formation and transitions in fractured media remain underexplored. In this study, we develop a novel experimental system to investigate precipitation dynamics in microfluidic fractures by integrating charge-coupled device camera, micro-PIV, and confocal microscopy. Flow-through experiments on CaCO<sub>3</sub> precipitation are performed by co-injecting Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and CaCl<sub>2</sub> under controlled flow rates <i>Pe</i> and saturation indices SI. Real-time imaging of precipitation dynamics and velocity fields revealed two distinct patterns. At low <i>Pe</i> and low SI, mineral precipitation exhibits precipitation band acting as a barrier that inhibits mixing of the reactants and results in minimal permeability reduction. In contrast, at high <i>Pe</i> and high SI, the system transitions to precipitation clusters, characterized by widespread particle distribution that significantly reduces permeability. We demonstrate that this pattern shift is governed by the balance between fluid shear forces and repulsive forces between CaCO<sub>3</sub> particles. When repulsive forces dominate, particles cannot aggregate, leading to band formation, whereas shear-induced aggregation promotes cluster growth. Theoretical analysis is developed to interpret the regime transition, and a phase diagram mapping precipitation regime as a function of <i>Pe</i> and SI shows well agreement with experimental results. These findings provide critical insights into fracture mineral precipitation, which are crucial for predicting injectivity and permeability in CO<sub>2</sub> mineralization processes.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Fabbrizzi, Jillian M. Maloney, Boe Derosier, Bradley Keith
The Outer California Borderland (OCB) is an active transform plate boundary offshore Southern California, where the relationship between faulting and submarine mass transport deposits (MTDs) remains poorly understood. Onshore paleoseismic data provide high-resolution earthquake records, whereas marine geophysical data capture longer-term histories. Offshore fault systems pose hazards to infrastructure and dense coastal populations, particularly when linked to submarine landslides. We present new high-resolution geophysical data set (cruise SR2303), including bathymetric and CHIRP sub-bottom data integrated with legacy seismic reflection data and chronostratigraphic constraints from ODP Site 1012 to examine Quaternary MTD recurrence and tectonic controls in the Cortes Basin, OCB. Bathymetry shows deformational features, including slide scarps and previously unmapped fault segments with evidence of Holocene activity. CHIRP profiles reveal 10 stacked MTDs in the East Cortes Basin and 8 in the West Cortes Basin, spanning ∼752 ka with an average recurrence of ∼83.6 ± 1 ka. Acoustic imaging shows 7 MTD intervals coinciding with fault offset increments and fault growth suggesting earthquake-triggered mass wasting. A strong association between MTD occurrences and sea-level extremes also supports glacio-eustatic contribution to slope failure. Stratigraphic correlations suggest quasi-synchronous MTDs across the eastern and western areas, likely triggered by larger eathquakes in the Quaternary. Although the identified MTDs occur relatively far from the Southern California coast, they still pose a potential tsunamigenic hazard requiring further assessment. Moreover, if linked to earthquakes along major strike-slip faults, for example, the Ferrelo fault, the MTDs may provide valuable proxies to constrain rupture scenarios and fault connectivity within the understudied OCB.
{"title":"Interplay Between Tectonics and Submarine Mass Transport Deposits in Cortes Basin: New High-Resolution Geophysics in the Outer California Borderland","authors":"Andrea Fabbrizzi, Jillian M. Maloney, Boe Derosier, Bradley Keith","doi":"10.1029/2025jb032100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb032100","url":null,"abstract":"The Outer California Borderland (OCB) is an active transform plate boundary offshore Southern California, where the relationship between faulting and submarine mass transport deposits (MTDs) remains poorly understood. Onshore paleoseismic data provide high-resolution earthquake records, whereas marine geophysical data capture longer-term histories. Offshore fault systems pose hazards to infrastructure and dense coastal populations, particularly when linked to submarine landslides. We present new high-resolution geophysical data set (cruise SR2303), including bathymetric and CHIRP sub-bottom data integrated with legacy seismic reflection data and chronostratigraphic constraints from ODP Site 1012 to examine Quaternary MTD recurrence and tectonic controls in the Cortes Basin, OCB. Bathymetry shows deformational features, including slide scarps and previously unmapped fault segments with evidence of Holocene activity. CHIRP profiles reveal 10 stacked MTDs in the East Cortes Basin and 8 in the West Cortes Basin, spanning ∼752 ka with an average recurrence of ∼83.6 ± 1 ka. Acoustic imaging shows 7 MTD intervals coinciding with fault offset increments and fault growth suggesting earthquake-triggered mass wasting. A strong association between MTD occurrences and sea-level extremes also supports glacio-eustatic contribution to slope failure. Stratigraphic correlations suggest quasi-synchronous MTDs across the eastern and western areas, likely triggered by larger eathquakes in the Quaternary. Although the identified MTDs occur relatively far from the Southern California coast, they still pose a potential tsunamigenic hazard requiring further assessment. Moreover, if linked to earthquakes along major strike-slip faults, for example, the Ferrelo fault, the MTDs may provide valuable proxies to constrain rupture scenarios and fault connectivity within the understudied OCB.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Late Cretaceous Oman ophiolite includes a series of volcanic rocks generated during the transition from spreading ridge to protoarc associated with subduction initiation. We analyzed major and trace elements and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions of lavas and dikes of the protoarc stage, especially boninites. We also analyzed amphibolites and metacherts of the metamorphic sole, as subducted slab materials. Furthermore, we examined trace element patterns reconstructed based on analyses of whole rocks and relict clinopyroxene phenocrysts from volcanic rocks of both axial and protoarc stages. The compositions of protoarc tholeiites, which represent the first and most voluminous magmas generated in the protoarc stage, are consistent with flux melting of residual depleted mantle, metasomatized by aqueous fluids liberated from the amphibolite-facies slab. On the other hand, the successively produced calc-alkaline, low-Si boninites show distinctly radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios, spoon-shaped rare earth patterns, and low Nb/Ta ratios, which require addition of amphibolite slab fluids formed at higher temperatures as well as small amounts of mafic-sedimentary hybrid slab melt to the residual highly depleted mantle. Although axial lavas lack enrichment in fluid-mobile elements except for K, later off-ridge lavas exhibit clear K, Sr, and Pb enrichments, suggesting decompression melting of fluid-metasomatized mantle associated with subduction initiation near the dying spreading ridge. The resultant hot subduction zone is favorable for mantle wedge melting to generate tholeiitic and boninitic magmas in the protoarc stage.
{"title":"Slab-Mantle Interaction During Subduction Initiation: Constraints From Trace Element and Sr-Nd-Pb Isotope Systematics of Boninite and Other Magmas and Metamorphic Sole in the Oman Ophiolite","authors":"Tsuyoshi Ishikawa, Kazuya Nagaishi, Kyoko Kanayama, Keitaro Kitamura, Shigeyuki Wakaki, Yuki Kusano, Susumu Umino","doi":"10.1029/2025jb032926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb032926","url":null,"abstract":"The Late Cretaceous Oman ophiolite includes a series of volcanic rocks generated during the transition from spreading ridge to protoarc associated with subduction initiation. We analyzed major and trace elements and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions of lavas and dikes of the protoarc stage, especially boninites. We also analyzed amphibolites and metacherts of the metamorphic sole, as subducted slab materials. Furthermore, we examined trace element patterns reconstructed based on analyses of whole rocks and relict clinopyroxene phenocrysts from volcanic rocks of both axial and protoarc stages. The compositions of protoarc tholeiites, which represent the first and most voluminous magmas generated in the protoarc stage, are consistent with flux melting of residual depleted mantle, metasomatized by aqueous fluids liberated from the amphibolite-facies slab. On the other hand, the successively produced calc-alkaline, low-Si boninites show distinctly radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios, spoon-shaped rare earth patterns, and low Nb/Ta ratios, which require addition of amphibolite slab fluids formed at higher temperatures as well as small amounts of mafic-sedimentary hybrid slab melt to the residual highly depleted mantle. Although axial lavas lack enrichment in fluid-mobile elements except for K, later off-ridge lavas exhibit clear K, Sr, and Pb enrichments, suggesting decompression melting of fluid-metasomatized mantle associated with subduction initiation near the dying spreading ridge. The resultant hot subduction zone is favorable for mantle wedge melting to generate tholeiitic and boninitic magmas in the protoarc stage.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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