Andrea Fabbrizzi, Jillian M. Maloney, Boe Derosier, Bradley Keith
The Outer California Borderland (OCB) is an active transform plate boundary offshore Southern California, where the relationship between faulting and submarine mass transport deposits (MTDs) remains poorly understood. Onshore paleoseismic data provide high-resolution earthquake records, whereas marine geophysical data capture longer-term histories. Offshore fault systems pose hazards to infrastructure and dense coastal populations, particularly when linked to submarine landslides. We present new high-resolution geophysical data set (cruise SR2303), including bathymetric and CHIRP sub-bottom data integrated with legacy seismic reflection data and chronostratigraphic constraints from ODP Site 1012 to examine Quaternary MTD recurrence and tectonic controls in the Cortes Basin, OCB. Bathymetry shows deformational features, including slide scarps and previously unmapped fault segments with evidence of Holocene activity. CHIRP profiles reveal 10 stacked MTDs in the East Cortes Basin and 8 in the West Cortes Basin, spanning ∼752 ka with an average recurrence of ∼83.6 ± 1 ka. Acoustic imaging shows 7 MTD intervals coinciding with fault offset increments and fault growth suggesting earthquake-triggered mass wasting. A strong association between MTD occurrences and sea-level extremes also supports glacio-eustatic contribution to slope failure. Stratigraphic correlations suggest quasi-synchronous MTDs across the eastern and western areas, likely triggered by larger eathquakes in the Quaternary. Although the identified MTDs occur relatively far from the Southern California coast, they still pose a potential tsunamigenic hazard requiring further assessment. Moreover, if linked to earthquakes along major strike-slip faults, for example, the Ferrelo fault, the MTDs may provide valuable proxies to constrain rupture scenarios and fault connectivity within the understudied OCB.
{"title":"Interplay Between Tectonics and Submarine Mass Transport Deposits in Cortes Basin: New High-Resolution Geophysics in the Outer California Borderland","authors":"Andrea Fabbrizzi, Jillian M. Maloney, Boe Derosier, Bradley Keith","doi":"10.1029/2025jb032100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb032100","url":null,"abstract":"The Outer California Borderland (OCB) is an active transform plate boundary offshore Southern California, where the relationship between faulting and submarine mass transport deposits (MTDs) remains poorly understood. Onshore paleoseismic data provide high-resolution earthquake records, whereas marine geophysical data capture longer-term histories. Offshore fault systems pose hazards to infrastructure and dense coastal populations, particularly when linked to submarine landslides. We present new high-resolution geophysical data set (cruise SR2303), including bathymetric and CHIRP sub-bottom data integrated with legacy seismic reflection data and chronostratigraphic constraints from ODP Site 1012 to examine Quaternary MTD recurrence and tectonic controls in the Cortes Basin, OCB. Bathymetry shows deformational features, including slide scarps and previously unmapped fault segments with evidence of Holocene activity. CHIRP profiles reveal 10 stacked MTDs in the East Cortes Basin and 8 in the West Cortes Basin, spanning ∼752 ka with an average recurrence of ∼83.6 ± 1 ka. Acoustic imaging shows 7 MTD intervals coinciding with fault offset increments and fault growth suggesting earthquake-triggered mass wasting. A strong association between MTD occurrences and sea-level extremes also supports glacio-eustatic contribution to slope failure. Stratigraphic correlations suggest quasi-synchronous MTDs across the eastern and western areas, likely triggered by larger eathquakes in the Quaternary. Although the identified MTDs occur relatively far from the Southern California coast, they still pose a potential tsunamigenic hazard requiring further assessment. Moreover, if linked to earthquakes along major strike-slip faults, for example, the Ferrelo fault, the MTDs may provide valuable proxies to constrain rupture scenarios and fault connectivity within the understudied OCB.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Late Cretaceous Oman ophiolite includes a series of volcanic rocks generated during the transition from spreading ridge to protoarc associated with subduction initiation. We analyzed major and trace elements and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions of lavas and dikes of the protoarc stage, especially boninites. We also analyzed amphibolites and metacherts of the metamorphic sole, as subducted slab materials. Furthermore, we examined trace element patterns reconstructed based on analyses of whole rocks and relict clinopyroxene phenocrysts from volcanic rocks of both axial and protoarc stages. The compositions of protoarc tholeiites, which represent the first and most voluminous magmas generated in the protoarc stage, are consistent with flux melting of residual depleted mantle, metasomatized by aqueous fluids liberated from the amphibolite-facies slab. On the other hand, the successively produced calc-alkaline, low-Si boninites show distinctly radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios, spoon-shaped rare earth patterns, and low Nb/Ta ratios, which require addition of amphibolite slab fluids formed at higher temperatures as well as small amounts of mafic-sedimentary hybrid slab melt to the residual highly depleted mantle. Although axial lavas lack enrichment in fluid-mobile elements except for K, later off-ridge lavas exhibit clear K, Sr, and Pb enrichments, suggesting decompression melting of fluid-metasomatized mantle associated with subduction initiation near the dying spreading ridge. The resultant hot subduction zone is favorable for mantle wedge melting to generate tholeiitic and boninitic magmas in the protoarc stage.
{"title":"Slab-Mantle Interaction During Subduction Initiation: Constraints From Trace Element and Sr-Nd-Pb Isotope Systematics of Boninite and Other Magmas and Metamorphic Sole in the Oman Ophiolite","authors":"Tsuyoshi Ishikawa, Kazuya Nagaishi, Kyoko Kanayama, Keitaro Kitamura, Shigeyuki Wakaki, Yuki Kusano, Susumu Umino","doi":"10.1029/2025JB032926","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025JB032926","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Late Cretaceous Oman ophiolite includes a series of volcanic rocks generated during the transition from spreading ridge to protoarc associated with subduction initiation. We analyzed major and trace elements and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions of lavas and dikes of the protoarc stage, especially boninites. We also analyzed amphibolites and metacherts of the metamorphic sole, as subducted slab materials. Furthermore, we examined trace element patterns reconstructed based on analyses of whole rocks and relict clinopyroxene phenocrysts from volcanic rocks of both axial and protoarc stages. The compositions of protoarc tholeiites, which represent the first and most voluminous magmas generated in the protoarc stage, are consistent with flux melting of residual depleted mantle, metasomatized by aqueous fluids liberated from the amphibolite-facies slab. On the other hand, the successively produced calc-alkaline, low-Si boninites show distinctly radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios, spoon-shaped rare earth patterns, and low Nb/Ta ratios, which require addition of amphibolite slab fluids formed at higher temperatures as well as small amounts of mafic-sedimentary hybrid slab melt to the residual highly depleted mantle. Although axial lavas lack enrichment in fluid-mobile elements except for K, later off-ridge lavas exhibit clear K, Sr, and Pb enrichments, suggesting decompression melting of fluid-metasomatized mantle associated with subduction initiation near the dying spreading ridge. The resultant hot subduction zone is favorable for mantle wedge melting to generate tholeiitic and boninitic magmas in the protoarc stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"131 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB032926","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deep mantle downwellings are typically located away from the two Large Low-Velocity Provinces (LLVPs) in Earth's mantle. Geodynamic models based on global seismic tomography generally predict that convective flow at the core-mantle boundary spreads laterally away from downwelling regions and toward LLVPs. While this offers a framework for understanding large-scale deformation in the lowermost mantle, it has yet to be confirmed by seismic constraints. This study investigates seismic anisotropy and wave reflections in the deepest mantle beneath Alaska, linking a known reflector to the inferred deformation. To capture large-scale deformation, the analysis utilizes waves with long raypaths through the deepest mantle. Mantle shear direction is then determined using global wavefield simulations that incorporate mineral physics constraints. The inferred North-South shear direction agrees with findings for an adjacent region beneath the northeastern Pacific Ocean, together forming a continuous <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/84993052-4fa4-47a9-9cf3-c33b85ba33e8/jgrb70186-math-0001.png"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter="123" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex="1" jax="CHTML" role="application" sre-explorer- style="font-size: 103%; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><mjx-math aria-hidden="true" location="graphic/jgrb70186-math-0001.png"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children="9,3,10,7" data-semantic-collapsed="(14 (c 11 12 13) 9 3 10 7)" data-semantic- data-semantic-role="text" data-semantic-speech="tilde 3000 km times 3000 km" data-semantic-type="punctuated"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children="8,1" data-semantic-content="0" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="14" data-semantic-role="equality" data-semantic-type="relseq"><mjx-mrow data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="9" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-type="empty"></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator="relseq,∼" data-semantic-parent="9" data-semantic-role="equality" data-semantic-type="relation" rspace="5" space="5"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="9" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-type="number"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow><mjx-mspace style="width: 0.17em;"></mjx-mspace><mjx-mtext data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="14" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-type="text"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mtext><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children="5" data-semantic-content="4" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="14" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-type="prefixop"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator="prefixop,×" data-semantic-parent="10" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-type="operator" rspace="4" space="4"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="normal"
{"title":"Large-Scale Flow Toward Low-Velocity Anomalies Reconciles Seismic and Geodynamic Constraints in the Deepest Mantle Beneath Alaska","authors":"Jonathan Wolf","doi":"10.1029/2025jb033063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb033063","url":null,"abstract":"Deep mantle downwellings are typically located away from the two Large Low-Velocity Provinces (LLVPs) in Earth's mantle. Geodynamic models based on global seismic tomography generally predict that convective flow at the core-mantle boundary spreads laterally away from downwelling regions and toward LLVPs. While this offers a framework for understanding large-scale deformation in the lowermost mantle, it has yet to be confirmed by seismic constraints. This study investigates seismic anisotropy and wave reflections in the deepest mantle beneath Alaska, linking a known reflector to the inferred deformation. To capture large-scale deformation, the analysis utilizes waves with long raypaths through the deepest mantle. Mantle shear direction is then determined using global wavefield simulations that incorporate mineral physics constraints. The inferred North-South shear direction agrees with findings for an adjacent region beneath the northeastern Pacific Ocean, together forming a continuous <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/84993052-4fa4-47a9-9cf3-c33b85ba33e8/jgrb70186-math-0001.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"123\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/jgrb70186-math-0001.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"9,3,10,7\" data-semantic-collapsed=\"(14 (c 11 12 13) 9 3 10 7)\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"text\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde 3000 km times 3000 km\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuated\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"8,1\" data-semantic-content=\"0\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"14\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"9\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"empty\"></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,∼\" data-semantic-parent=\"9\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\" rspace=\"5\" space=\"5\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"9\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow><mjx-mspace style=\"width: 0.17em;\"></mjx-mspace><mjx-mtext data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"14\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"text\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mtext><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"5\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"14\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"prefixop\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"prefixop,×\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"4\" space=\"4\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\"","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lauren J. Reeher, Seth Busetti, Amanda N. Hughes, George H. Davis
Salt's inherent weakness and capacity for ductile deformation create significant mechanical contrasts that locally perturb the stress field in surrounding rocks, often leading to deviations from regional tectonic stresses. Variations in local stress are a critical factor for wellbore stability, seal integrity, and fluid flow in subsurface energy and storage applications. This study investigates paleo stress variations through fracture analysis along the deformed margin of the exhumed Salt Valley salt wall near Arches National Park (Paradox Basin, Utah), where regional tectonic compression drove salt wall amplification and folding and fracturing of the overlying strata. New field and unmanned aerial vehicle fracture data, when integrated with prior fracture-based studies in the region, suggest a two-phase deformation history: early, kinematically consistent shear fractures (salt wall amplification-related), predating later joints (salt dissolution and collapse-related). Our primary focus is understanding the patterns within the early shear fracture system. We applied a computationally efficient elastic dislocation (ED) modeling approach, constrained by a 3D structural framework model derived from restored cross sections, to simulate the stress response to salt wall amplification under tectonic compression. Both observed and modeled results demonstrate spatially variable local stress states: an extensional regime (vertical maximum stress) above the salt wall roof transitions to a strike-slip regime (horizontal maximum stress) near the underlying vertical salt wall margin. This consistency substantiates the ED modeling approach for interpreting complex stress states adjacent to salt, offering a valuable tool for refining subsurface structural and geotechnical interpretations without explicitly modeling salt rheology.
{"title":"Stress and Rock Failure Near Salt Bodies: Insights From Field Observations, Kinematic Modeling, and Mechanical Analysis Near Arches National Park, Paradox Basin, Utah","authors":"Lauren J. Reeher, Seth Busetti, Amanda N. Hughes, George H. Davis","doi":"10.1029/2024jb030829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jb030829","url":null,"abstract":"Salt's inherent weakness and capacity for ductile deformation create significant mechanical contrasts that locally perturb the stress field in surrounding rocks, often leading to deviations from regional tectonic stresses. Variations in local stress are a critical factor for wellbore stability, seal integrity, and fluid flow in subsurface energy and storage applications. This study investigates paleo stress variations through fracture analysis along the deformed margin of the exhumed Salt Valley salt wall near Arches National Park (Paradox Basin, Utah), where regional tectonic compression drove salt wall amplification and folding and fracturing of the overlying strata. New field and unmanned aerial vehicle fracture data, when integrated with prior fracture-based studies in the region, suggest a two-phase deformation history: early, kinematically consistent shear fractures (salt wall amplification-related), predating later joints (salt dissolution and collapse-related). Our primary focus is understanding the patterns within the early shear fracture system. We applied a computationally efficient elastic dislocation (ED) modeling approach, constrained by a 3D structural framework model derived from restored cross sections, to simulate the stress response to salt wall amplification under tectonic compression. Both observed and modeled results demonstrate spatially variable local stress states: an extensional regime (vertical maximum stress) above the salt wall roof transitions to a strike-slip regime (horizontal maximum stress) near the underlying vertical salt wall margin. This consistency substantiates the ED modeling approach for interpreting complex stress states adjacent to salt, offering a valuable tool for refining subsurface structural and geotechnical interpretations without explicitly modeling salt rheology.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiulei Zhang, Bo Chen, Russell N. Pysklywec, Ebru Şengül Uluocak, Jianxin Liu
Eastern China has undergone significant intracontinental extension and intraplate magmatism since the Cenozoic, but related geodynamic mechanisms remain controversial. Here we use calculations of Residual Topography (RT) and Dynamic Topography (DT) as diagnostic indicators of active mantle flow in the region. The latest crustal structure is adopted to calculate new RT estimates, and 3D spherical mantle convection experiments based on a high-resolution seismic velocity model are constructed to estimate the DT across Eastern China. Comparative analyses reveal several insights: (a) RT and DT are correlated at medium wavelength, showing a low-west and high-east pattern. High positive values dominate Northeastern China, Cathaysia Block, and the South China Sea (SCS), whereas low negative values concentrate in the Ordos, Sichuan, and Songliao basins; (b) Positive DT in Northeastern China correlates with Quaternary intraplate volcanism, linked to mantle upwelling induced by the Pacific Plate subduction. Conversely, negative DT in Songliao Basin and Eastern North China Block (ENCB) reflects mantle downwelling associated with lithospheric delamination; (c) The stable Ordos and Sichuan basins display pronounced negative RT and DT, indicative of dense cratonic roots, while the elevated topography in the ENCB and Cathaysia Block is driven by mantle upwelling from the Pacific-Philippine plate subduction; (d) High positive RT and DT in the SCS correspond to widespread recent magmatism, primarily fueled by large-scale mantle upwelling beneath the SCS. The findings suggest that mantle convection caused by surrounding subduction systems plays a significant role in Cenozoic intraplate volcanism and lithospheric evolution in Eastern China.
{"title":"Small- and Medium-Wavelength Dynamic Topography and Active Mantle Flow in Eastern China","authors":"Xiulei Zhang, Bo Chen, Russell N. Pysklywec, Ebru Şengül Uluocak, Jianxin Liu","doi":"10.1029/2025jb032000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb032000","url":null,"abstract":"Eastern China has undergone significant intracontinental extension and intraplate magmatism since the Cenozoic, but related geodynamic mechanisms remain controversial. Here we use calculations of Residual Topography (RT) and Dynamic Topography (DT) as diagnostic indicators of active mantle flow in the region. The latest crustal structure is adopted to calculate new RT estimates, and 3D spherical mantle convection experiments based on a high-resolution seismic velocity model are constructed to estimate the DT across Eastern China. Comparative analyses reveal several insights: (a) RT and DT are correlated at medium wavelength, showing a low-west and high-east pattern. High positive values dominate Northeastern China, Cathaysia Block, and the South China Sea (SCS), whereas low negative values concentrate in the Ordos, Sichuan, and Songliao basins; (b) Positive DT in Northeastern China correlates with Quaternary intraplate volcanism, linked to mantle upwelling induced by the Pacific Plate subduction. Conversely, negative DT in Songliao Basin and Eastern North China Block (ENCB) reflects mantle downwelling associated with lithospheric delamination; (c) The stable Ordos and Sichuan basins display pronounced negative RT and DT, indicative of dense cratonic roots, while the elevated topography in the ENCB and Cathaysia Block is driven by mantle upwelling from the Pacific-Philippine plate subduction; (d) High positive RT and DT in the SCS correspond to widespread recent magmatism, primarily fueled by large-scale mantle upwelling beneath the SCS. The findings suggest that mantle convection caused by surrounding subduction systems plays a significant role in Cenozoic intraplate volcanism and lithospheric evolution in Eastern China.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ning-Chen Sun, Jian-Bo Zhou, Zhong-Jie Xu, Simon A. Wilde, Wen-Jiao Xiao, Zhuo Chen, Ri-Hui Cheng, Gong-Yu Li, Hong-Yan Wang
The eastern margin of Eurasia records complex tectonic events from its interaction with the Paleo-Asian, Mongol-Okhotsk, and Paleo-Pacific Ocean plates during the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic. However, the subduction histories remain controversial. We employed detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and trace element analyses to investigate the provenance of strata of this age within the Jiamusi Massif of NE China. To mitigate age bias from variations in zircon fertility, we compiled zirconium concentrations from 338 granitoid samples across the massif, grouped into four categories: Neoproterozoic (996–722 Ma), early Paleozoic (538–446 Ma), late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic (338–209 Ma), and Cretaceous (112–92 Ma). Applying the zircon fertility factors (ZFFs) revealed no difference between the early Paleozoic and late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic suites, which we combined, resulting in values of 1.58, 1.45, and 1.0, respectively. After correcting detrital zircon age spectra using these ZFFs, a sediment provenance shift was evident from active magmatic arcs along the eastern margin of the Jiamusi Massif during the early Permian, to collisional orogenesis between the Jiamusi and Songliao massifs in the Late Triassic along the western margin. Integration with regional tectonic data defines a transition in geodynamics from subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in the early Permian to combined subduction and collision related to the Paleo-Pacific domain in the Late Triassic. This study improves the accuracy of interpreting provenance evolution through multi-dimensional provenance analysis using ZFF correction procedures and offers a reproducible methodology for refining tectonic reconstructions of accretionary orogens and other tectonically complex regions worldwide.
{"title":"Coupled Basin-Mountain Data Record the Permian-Triassic Tectonic Transition Along the Eastern Margin of Eurasia","authors":"Ning-Chen Sun, Jian-Bo Zhou, Zhong-Jie Xu, Simon A. Wilde, Wen-Jiao Xiao, Zhuo Chen, Ri-Hui Cheng, Gong-Yu Li, Hong-Yan Wang","doi":"10.1029/2025jb031395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb031395","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern margin of Eurasia records complex tectonic events from its interaction with the Paleo-Asian, Mongol-Okhotsk, and Paleo-Pacific Ocean plates during the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic. However, the subduction histories remain controversial. We employed detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and trace element analyses to investigate the provenance of strata of this age within the Jiamusi Massif of NE China. To mitigate age bias from variations in zircon fertility, we compiled zirconium concentrations from 338 granitoid samples across the massif, grouped into four categories: Neoproterozoic (996–722 Ma), early Paleozoic (538–446 Ma), late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic (338–209 Ma), and Cretaceous (112–92 Ma). Applying the zircon fertility factors (ZFFs) revealed no difference between the early Paleozoic and late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic suites, which we combined, resulting in values of 1.58, 1.45, and 1.0, respectively. After correcting detrital zircon age spectra using these ZFFs, a sediment provenance shift was evident from active magmatic arcs along the eastern margin of the Jiamusi Massif during the early Permian, to collisional orogenesis between the Jiamusi and Songliao massifs in the Late Triassic along the western margin. Integration with regional tectonic data defines a transition in geodynamics from subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in the early Permian to combined subduction and collision related to the Paleo-Pacific domain in the Late Triassic. This study improves the accuracy of interpreting provenance evolution through multi-dimensional provenance analysis using ZFF correction procedures and offers a reproducible methodology for refining tectonic reconstructions of accretionary orogens and other tectonically complex regions worldwide.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Man Xu, Zhicheng Jing, James A. Van Orman, Qingyang Hu, Qi Chen, Tony Yu, Yanbin Wang
Silicate melts play a crucial role in planetary differentiation. The density contrast between silicate melts and the surrounding solid residue exerts a primary control on many magmatic processes. However, direct measurements of the density of silicate melts at high pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions remain challenging, particularly for the highly viscous and reactive silica- and alkali-rich melts. Here we determined the high P-T densities of three sodium aluminosilicate melts with nepheline (NaAlSiO4), jadeite (NaAlSi2O6), and albite (NaAlSi3O8) compositions, using the high-P X-ray microtomography technique up to 4.1 GPa and 2020 K. Our results suggest that the substitution of (NaAl)4+ for Si4+ along the NaAlSiO4-NaAlSi3O8 join leads to higher melt density and lower melt compressibility. In addition, our new data, combined with a wide range of literature data, were employed to re-calibrate a modified hard-sphere equation of state (HS-EOS) for silicate melts, which provides a unified framework for calculating the density and other compressional properties of multi-component silicate melts in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-FeO-Na2O-K2O (CMASFNK) system up to ∼25 GPa. The calibration also reveals that SiO2, alkalis, and CaO are the major components contributing to the compositional dependence of melt elastic properties. The HS-EOS was then applied to alkali basaltic melts at cratonic mantle conditions and silica- and alkali-rich melts at early planetesimal melting conditions, with implications for the gravitational stability and extraction of melts in Earth's mantle and planetesimal settings.
{"title":"Density of Sodium Aluminosilicate Melts Along the NaAlSiO4-NaAlSi3O8 Join at High Pressure: In-Situ Measurements and Re-Calibration of a Modified Hard-Sphere Equation of State For Silicate Melts","authors":"Man Xu, Zhicheng Jing, James A. Van Orman, Qingyang Hu, Qi Chen, Tony Yu, Yanbin Wang","doi":"10.1029/2025jb033223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb033223","url":null,"abstract":"Silicate melts play a crucial role in planetary differentiation. The density contrast between silicate melts and the surrounding solid residue exerts a primary control on many magmatic processes. However, direct measurements of the density of silicate melts at high pressure (<i>P</i>) and temperature (<i>T</i>) conditions remain challenging, particularly for the highly viscous and reactive silica- and alkali-rich melts. Here we determined the high <i>P</i>-<i>T</i> densities of three sodium aluminosilicate melts with nepheline (NaAlSiO<sub>4</sub>), jadeite (NaAlSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>), and albite (NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>) compositions, using the high-<i>P</i> X-ray microtomography technique up to 4.1 GPa and 2020 K. Our results suggest that the substitution of (NaAl)<sup>4+</sup> for Si<sup>4+</sup> along the NaAlSiO<sub>4</sub>-NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> join leads to higher melt density and lower melt compressibility. In addition, our new data, combined with a wide range of literature data, were employed to re-calibrate a modified hard-sphere equation of state (HS-EOS) for silicate melts, which provides a unified framework for calculating the density and other compressional properties of multi-component silicate melts in the CaO-MgO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>-FeO-Na<sub>2</sub>O-K<sub>2</sub>O (CMASFNK) system up to ∼25 GPa. The calibration also reveals that SiO<sub>2</sub>, alkalis, and CaO are the major components contributing to the compositional dependence of melt elastic properties. The HS-EOS was then applied to alkali basaltic melts at cratonic mantle conditions and silica- and alkali-rich melts at early planetesimal melting conditions, with implications for the gravitational stability and extraction of melts in Earth's mantle and planetesimal settings.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monterey Canyon, one of the most representative submarine canyons worldwide, remains debated for its evolutionary history due to limited observational coverage and imaging resolution in a complex marine setting. Here we present an advanced seismic velocity model with adaptive resolution, extending around 20 km seaward from the head of Monterey Canyon across the continental shelf to a depth of 1.5 km. This model is constructed using a novel multi-scale ambient noise imaging framework that integrates cross-scale distributed acoustic sensing observations from submarine fiber-optic cable with adaptive shear-wave velocity inversion based on Voronoi tessellation. Our results reveal low velocity zones at multiple spatial scales—from shallow anomalies near 0.1 km to deeper structures approaching 1.5 km—that define nested paleocanyon geometries, including deeply incised sediment pathways overprinted by younger fault-guided conduits. By incorporating existing geophysical observations and canyon evolution models, we suggest that these paleocanyons record a multi-phase evolutionary process: initially conditioned by deep-seated tectonic activity, subsequently reshaped by climate-modulated surface dynamics, and ultimately preserved by successive episodes of sediment transports and fault activities. This work offers new insights into landscape evolution at active continental margins and enables deeper understanding of Earth's multi-layered response to climatic and tectonic forcing. It also underscores the transformative potential of repurposing submarine telecommunication cables as dense, long-term seismic arrays—paving the way for a new era in marine geoscience.
{"title":"Submarine Fiber-Optic Sensing Revels Monterey Paleocanyon Evolution With Multi-Scale Ambient Noise Imaging","authors":"Jianbo Guan, Feng Cheng, Jianghai Xia","doi":"10.1029/2025jb032142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb032142","url":null,"abstract":"Monterey Canyon, one of the most representative submarine canyons worldwide, remains debated for its evolutionary history due to limited observational coverage and imaging resolution in a complex marine setting. Here we present an advanced seismic velocity model with adaptive resolution, extending around 20 km seaward from the head of Monterey Canyon across the continental shelf to a depth of 1.5 km. This model is constructed using a novel multi-scale ambient noise imaging framework that integrates cross-scale distributed acoustic sensing observations from submarine fiber-optic cable with adaptive shear-wave velocity inversion based on Voronoi tessellation. Our results reveal low velocity zones at multiple spatial scales—from shallow anomalies near 0.1 km to deeper structures approaching 1.5 km—that define nested paleocanyon geometries, including deeply incised sediment pathways overprinted by younger fault-guided conduits. By incorporating existing geophysical observations and canyon evolution models, we suggest that these paleocanyons record a multi-phase evolutionary process: initially conditioned by deep-seated tectonic activity, subsequently reshaped by climate-modulated surface dynamics, and ultimately preserved by successive episodes of sediment transports and fault activities. This work offers new insights into landscape evolution at active continental margins and enables deeper understanding of Earth's multi-layered response to climatic and tectonic forcing. It also underscores the transformative potential of repurposing submarine telecommunication cables as dense, long-term seismic arrays—paving the way for a new era in marine geoscience.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mark Jefferd, Nicolas Brantut, Thomas M. Mitchell, Philip G. Meredith
The inelastic compaction of sandstone in the upper crust typically occurs at depths where temperatures range from approximately <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/73a0d7d7-b012-4e30-97c3-40358403fa6d/jgrb70175-math-0001.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0001" display="inline" location="graphic/jgrb70175-math-0001.png"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>50</mn> <mo>°</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> $50{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation> </semantics></math> to <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/10b5fac0-a087-4c4d-b976-5afc4d27e2fb/jgrb70175-math-0002.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0002" display="inline" location="graphic/jgrb70175-math-0002.png"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>150</mn> <mo>°</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> $150{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation> </semantics></math>. Previous experimental studies have shown that even this modest temperature increase can reduce the yield stress required to initiate inelastic compaction, and can also enhance time-dependent deformation within the brittle regime. However, the influence of these realistic crustal temperatures on sandstone compaction over longer time scales has not yet been systematically explored. We performed triaxial creep experiments on Bleursville sandstone at an effective pressure of 100 MPa and at temperatures of either room temperature, <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/d006fa36-0244-484f-abda-22c2db9a9c41/jgrb70175-math-0003.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0003" display="inline" location="graphic/jgrb70175-math-0003.png"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>75</mn> <mo>°</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> $75{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation> </semantics></math>, or <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/0920a121-3d21-485c-955f-cc63586d8390/jgrb70175-math-0004.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0004" display="inline" location="graphic/jgrb70175-math-0004.png"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>150</mn> <mo>°</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> $150{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation> </semantics></math>. Our results show that the differential stress required to initiate creep is up to 20 MPa lower at <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/67dc8240-3dcb-49ec-bca8-29587424a86b/jgrb70175-math-0005.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0005" display="inline" location="graphic/jgrb70175-math-0005.png"> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>150</mn> <mo>°</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> $150{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation> </semantics></math> than at room temperature. In addition, at any given differential stress, axial creep strain rates were more than an order of magnitude higher at <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/1b7f02bd-e4f8-4db0-a12b-c8b9b42c3ed2/jgrb70175-math-0006.png"></span><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0006" display="inline" location="graphic/jgrb70175-math-0006.png">
{"title":"The Influence of Elevated Temperature on Time-Dependent Compaction Creep in Bleursville Sandstone","authors":"Mark Jefferd, Nicolas Brantut, Thomas M. Mitchell, Philip G. Meredith","doi":"10.1029/2025jb032433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jb032433","url":null,"abstract":"The inelastic compaction of sandstone in the upper crust typically occurs at depths where temperatures range from approximately <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/73a0d7d7-b012-4e30-97c3-40358403fa6d/jgrb70175-math-0001.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/jgrb70175-math-0001.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mn>50</mn>\u0000<mo>°</mo>\u0000<mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$50{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> to <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/10b5fac0-a087-4c4d-b976-5afc4d27e2fb/jgrb70175-math-0002.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/jgrb70175-math-0002.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mn>150</mn>\u0000<mo>°</mo>\u0000<mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$150{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>. Previous experimental studies have shown that even this modest temperature increase can reduce the yield stress required to initiate inelastic compaction, and can also enhance time-dependent deformation within the brittle regime. However, the influence of these realistic crustal temperatures on sandstone compaction over longer time scales has not yet been systematically explored. We performed triaxial creep experiments on Bleursville sandstone at an effective pressure of 100 MPa and at temperatures of either room temperature, <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/d006fa36-0244-484f-abda-22c2db9a9c41/jgrb70175-math-0003.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0003\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/jgrb70175-math-0003.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mn>75</mn>\u0000<mo>°</mo>\u0000<mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$75{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>, or <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/0920a121-3d21-485c-955f-cc63586d8390/jgrb70175-math-0004.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0004\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/jgrb70175-math-0004.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mn>150</mn>\u0000<mo>°</mo>\u0000<mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$150{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>. Our results show that the differential stress required to initiate creep is up to 20 MPa lower at <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/67dc8240-3dcb-49ec-bca8-29587424a86b/jgrb70175-math-0005.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0005\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/jgrb70175-math-0005.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mn>150</mn>\u0000<mo>°</mo>\u0000<mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$150{}^{circ}mathrm{C}$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> than at room temperature. In addition, at any given differential stress, axial creep strain rates were more than an order of magnitude higher at <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/1b7f02bd-e4f8-4db0-a12b-c8b9b42c3ed2/jgrb70175-math-0006.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb70175:jgrb70175-math-0006\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/jgrb70175-math-0006.png\">\u0000","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"10858 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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