The exocyst complex, an evolutionarily conserved octameric protein assembly, plays a central role in the targeted binding and fusion of vesicles at the plasma membrane. In fungal cells, this transport system is essential for polarized growth, morphogenesis, cell wall maintenance and virulence. Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding of the role and regulation of the exocyst complex in fungi. This review synthesizes these developments and focuses on the intricate interplay between the exocyst complex, specific fungal cargos and regulatory proteins. Insights into thestructure of the exocyst and its functional dynamics have revealed new dimensions of its architecture and its interactions with the cellular environment. Furthermore, the regulation of exocyst activity involves complex signaling pathways and interactions with cytoskeletal elements that are crucial for its role in vesicle trafficking. By exploring these emerging themes, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted functions of the exocyst complex in fungal biology. Understanding these mechanisms offers potential avenues for novel therapeutic strategies against fungal pathogens and insights into the general principles of vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic cells. The review therefore highlights the importance of the exocyst complex in maintaining cellular functions and its broader implications in fungal pathogenicity and cell biology.
{"title":"Emerging Roles of Exocyst Complex in Fungi: A Review","authors":"Qussai Zuriegat, Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar, Zonghua Wang, Meilian Chen, Jun Zhang","doi":"10.3390/jof10090614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090614","url":null,"abstract":"The exocyst complex, an evolutionarily conserved octameric protein assembly, plays a central role in the targeted binding and fusion of vesicles at the plasma membrane. In fungal cells, this transport system is essential for polarized growth, morphogenesis, cell wall maintenance and virulence. Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding of the role and regulation of the exocyst complex in fungi. This review synthesizes these developments and focuses on the intricate interplay between the exocyst complex, specific fungal cargos and regulatory proteins. Insights into thestructure of the exocyst and its functional dynamics have revealed new dimensions of its architecture and its interactions with the cellular environment. Furthermore, the regulation of exocyst activity involves complex signaling pathways and interactions with cytoskeletal elements that are crucial for its role in vesicle trafficking. By exploring these emerging themes, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted functions of the exocyst complex in fungal biology. Understanding these mechanisms offers potential avenues for novel therapeutic strategies against fungal pathogens and insights into the general principles of vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic cells. The review therefore highlights the importance of the exocyst complex in maintaining cellular functions and its broader implications in fungal pathogenicity and cell biology.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rad6 is a canonical ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme known for its role in regulating chromosome-related cellular processes in yeast and has been proven to have multiple functions in Beauveria bassiana, including insect-pathogenic lifestyle, UV damage repair, and conidiation. However, previous studies have only reported the key role of Rad6 in regulating conidial production in a nutrient-rich medium, without any deep mechanism analyses. In this study, we found that the disruption of Rad6 leads to a profound reduction in conidial production, irrespective of whether the fungus is cultivated in nutrient-rich or nutrient-poor environments. The absence of rad6 exerts a suppressive effect on the transcription of essential genes in the central developmental pathway, namely, brlA, abaA, and wetA, resulting in a direct downregulation of conidiation capacity. Additionally, mutant strains exhibited a more pronounced decline in both conidial generation and hyphal development when cultured in nutrient-rich conditions. This observation correlates with the downregulation of the central developmental pathway (CDP) downstream gene vosA and the upregulation of flaA in nutrient-rich cultures. Moreover, single-transcriptomics analyses indicated that irregularities in biotin metabolism, DNA repair, and tryptophan metabolism are the underlying factors contributing to the reduced conidial production. Comprehensive dual transcriptomics analyses pinpointed abnormal biotin metabolism as the primary cause of conidial production decline. Subsequently, we successfully restored conidial production in the Rad6 mutant strain through the supplementation of biotin, further confirming the transcriptomic evidence. Altogether, our findings underscore the pivotal role of Rad6 in influencing biotin metabolism, subsequently impacting the expression of CDP genes and ultimately shaping the asexual life cycle of B. bassiana.
{"title":"Rad6 Regulates Conidiation by Affecting the Biotin Metabolism in Beauveria bassiana","authors":"Yuhan Guo, Haomin He, Yi Guan, Longbin Zhang","doi":"10.3390/jof10090613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090613","url":null,"abstract":"Rad6 is a canonical ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme known for its role in regulating chromosome-related cellular processes in yeast and has been proven to have multiple functions in Beauveria bassiana, including insect-pathogenic lifestyle, UV damage repair, and conidiation. However, previous studies have only reported the key role of Rad6 in regulating conidial production in a nutrient-rich medium, without any deep mechanism analyses. In this study, we found that the disruption of Rad6 leads to a profound reduction in conidial production, irrespective of whether the fungus is cultivated in nutrient-rich or nutrient-poor environments. The absence of rad6 exerts a suppressive effect on the transcription of essential genes in the central developmental pathway, namely, brlA, abaA, and wetA, resulting in a direct downregulation of conidiation capacity. Additionally, mutant strains exhibited a more pronounced decline in both conidial generation and hyphal development when cultured in nutrient-rich conditions. This observation correlates with the downregulation of the central developmental pathway (CDP) downstream gene vosA and the upregulation of flaA in nutrient-rich cultures. Moreover, single-transcriptomics analyses indicated that irregularities in biotin metabolism, DNA repair, and tryptophan metabolism are the underlying factors contributing to the reduced conidial production. Comprehensive dual transcriptomics analyses pinpointed abnormal biotin metabolism as the primary cause of conidial production decline. Subsequently, we successfully restored conidial production in the Rad6 mutant strain through the supplementation of biotin, further confirming the transcriptomic evidence. Altogether, our findings underscore the pivotal role of Rad6 in influencing biotin metabolism, subsequently impacting the expression of CDP genes and ultimately shaping the asexual life cycle of B. bassiana.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juliana Nahal, Rowena Alves Coelho, Fernando Almeida-Silva, Andréa Reis Bernardes-Engemann, Anna Carolina Procópio-Azevedo, Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello, Rayanne Gonçalves Loureiro, Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas, Antonio Carlos Francesconi do Valle, Priscila Marques de Macedo, Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira, Margarete Bernardo Tavares da Silva, Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira, Rodrigo Almeida-Paes, Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo, Maria Helena Galdino Figueiredo-Carvalho
Over the past two decades, zoonotic sporotrichosis transmitted by naturally infected cats has become hyperendemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sporothrix brasiliensis is the main agent involved. However, there are other forms of transmission of sporotrichosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate and associate the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic data and the susceptibility of Sporothrix spp. to antifungal drugs in 43 non-zoonotic sporotrichosis cases. Forty-three clinical strains of Sporothrix were identified by partial sequencing of the calmodulin gene. An antifungal susceptibility test of amphotericin B, terbinafine, itraconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole was performed according to the broth microdilution method. Most patients were male (55.8%). Regarding the source of infection, 21 patients (48.8%) reported trauma involving plants and/or contact with soil. Sporothrix brasiliensis was the predominant species (n = 39), followed by S. globosa (n = 3) and S. schenckii (n = 1). Sporothrix brasiliensis was associated with all the sources of infection, reinforcing previous data showing the presence of this species in environmental sources, as well as with all the clinical forms, including severe cases. One clinical strain of Sporothrix brasiliensis was classified as a non-wild-type strain for amphotericin B and another for itraconazole. S. schenckii was classified as non-WT for all the antifungals tested. In this context, it is important to emphasize that non-zoonotic sporotrichosis still occurs in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with S. brasiliensis as the main etiological agent, primarily associated with infections acquired after traumatic inoculation with plants and/or soil contact, followed by S. globosa and S. schenckii. In addition, non-WT strains were found, indicating the need to monitor the antifungal susceptibility profile of these species. It is crucial to investigate other natural sources of S. brasiliensis to better understand this fungal pathogen and its environment and host cycle.
{"title":"Non-Zoonotic Transmission of Sporotrichosis: A Translational Study of Forty-Three Cases in a Zoonotic Hyperendemic Area","authors":"Juliana Nahal, Rowena Alves Coelho, Fernando Almeida-Silva, Andréa Reis Bernardes-Engemann, Anna Carolina Procópio-Azevedo, Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello, Rayanne Gonçalves Loureiro, Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas, Antonio Carlos Francesconi do Valle, Priscila Marques de Macedo, Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira, Margarete Bernardo Tavares da Silva, Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira, Rodrigo Almeida-Paes, Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo, Maria Helena Galdino Figueiredo-Carvalho","doi":"10.3390/jof10090610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090610","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, zoonotic sporotrichosis transmitted by naturally infected cats has become hyperendemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sporothrix brasiliensis is the main agent involved. However, there are other forms of transmission of sporotrichosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate and associate the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic data and the susceptibility of Sporothrix spp. to antifungal drugs in 43 non-zoonotic sporotrichosis cases. Forty-three clinical strains of Sporothrix were identified by partial sequencing of the calmodulin gene. An antifungal susceptibility test of amphotericin B, terbinafine, itraconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole was performed according to the broth microdilution method. Most patients were male (55.8%). Regarding the source of infection, 21 patients (48.8%) reported trauma involving plants and/or contact with soil. Sporothrix brasiliensis was the predominant species (n = 39), followed by S. globosa (n = 3) and S. schenckii (n = 1). Sporothrix brasiliensis was associated with all the sources of infection, reinforcing previous data showing the presence of this species in environmental sources, as well as with all the clinical forms, including severe cases. One clinical strain of Sporothrix brasiliensis was classified as a non-wild-type strain for amphotericin B and another for itraconazole. S. schenckii was classified as non-WT for all the antifungals tested. In this context, it is important to emphasize that non-zoonotic sporotrichosis still occurs in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with S. brasiliensis as the main etiological agent, primarily associated with infections acquired after traumatic inoculation with plants and/or soil contact, followed by S. globosa and S. schenckii. In addition, non-WT strains were found, indicating the need to monitor the antifungal susceptibility profile of these species. It is crucial to investigate other natural sources of S. brasiliensis to better understand this fungal pathogen and its environment and host cycle.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three new meroterpenoids, asperinsuterpenes A–C (1–3), and eight previously reported natural products, namely asnovolin I (4), (2′E,4′E,6′E)-6-(1′-carboxyocta-2′,4′,6′-triene)-9-hydroxydrim-7-ene-11,12-olide (5), (2′E,4′E,6′E)-6-(1′-carboxyocta-2′,4′,6′-triene)-11,12-epoxy-9,11-dihydroxydrim-7-ene (6), cinereain (7), carnequinazolines A and B (8 and 9), carnemycin B (10), and stromemycin (11) were isolated from the fungus Aspergillus insuetus, strain BTBU20220155. The structures of the compounds were determined based on spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD experiments. The in vitro antimicrobial evaluation revealed that compounds 5 and 11 exhibited inhibitory activity against Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.5 and 25 μg/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that A. insuetus is a promising source of bioactive natural products with potential applications in antifungal therapy.
{"title":"Asperinsuterpenes A–C from the Fungus Aspergillus insuetus BTBU20220155","authors":"Xinjun Zhang, Fuhang Song, Jiahui Han, Long Wang, Linlin Ma, Xiuli Xu","doi":"10.3390/jof10090611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090611","url":null,"abstract":"Three new meroterpenoids, asperinsuterpenes A–C (1–3), and eight previously reported natural products, namely asnovolin I (4), (2′E,4′E,6′E)-6-(1′-carboxyocta-2′,4′,6′-triene)-9-hydroxydrim-7-ene-11,12-olide (5), (2′E,4′E,6′E)-6-(1′-carboxyocta-2′,4′,6′-triene)-11,12-epoxy-9,11-dihydroxydrim-7-ene (6), cinereain (7), carnequinazolines A and B (8 and 9), carnemycin B (10), and stromemycin (11) were isolated from the fungus Aspergillus insuetus, strain BTBU20220155. The structures of the compounds were determined based on spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD experiments. The in vitro antimicrobial evaluation revealed that compounds 5 and 11 exhibited inhibitory activity against Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.5 and 25 μg/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that A. insuetus is a promising source of bioactive natural products with potential applications in antifungal therapy.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fruit rots caused by filamentous fungi such as Monilinia fructicola and Monilinia laxa have a strong impact on crop yield and fruit commercialization, especially as they affect a wide variety of stone fruits. The antifungal efficacy of benzylidene-cycloalkanones has been previously described in in vitro assays against M. fructicola; so, this study aims to evaluate the in vivo inhibitory potential of these hybrids on fruits that have been inoculated with M. fructicola, and use molecular docking to visualize the main interactions of these molecules in the active site of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). The results indicate that compound C achieves the highest inhibition of both Monilinia species (15.7–31.4 µg/mL), spore germination in vitro (<10 µg/mL), and has promising results in vivo, without causing phytotoxicity in fruits. The results from molecular docking suggest that hydroxyl groups play a crucial role in enhancing the binding of compound C to SDH and contribute to the formation of hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues on the enzyme active site.
果腐木单胞菌（Monilinia fructicola）和松果木单胞菌（Monilinia laxa）等丝状真菌引起的果实腐烂对作物产量和水果商业化有很大影响，特别是它们会影响多种核果。以前曾在体外试验中描述过苯亚甲基环烷酮类化合物对果核霉菌的抗真菌功效；因此，本研究旨在评估这些杂交化合物对接种了果核霉菌的水果的体内抑制潜力，并利用分子对接技术观察这些分子在琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）活性位点上的主要相互作用。结果表明，化合物 C 对两种莫尼林菌（15.7-31.4 µg/mL）和孢子体外萌发（<10 µg/mL）的抑制率最高，在体内也有很好的效果，不会对果实造成植物毒性。分子对接的结果表明，羟基在增强化合物 C 与 SDH 的结合方面起着关键作用，并有助于与酶活性位点上的氨基酸残基形成氢键。
{"title":"Control of Peach Brown Rot Disease Produced by Monilinia fructicola and Monilinia laxa Using Benzylidene-Cycloalkanones","authors":"Alejandro Madrid, Valentina Silva, Constanza Reyes, Enrique Werner, Ximena Besoain, Iván Montenegro, Evelyn Muñoz, Katy Díaz","doi":"10.3390/jof10090609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090609","url":null,"abstract":"Fruit rots caused by filamentous fungi such as Monilinia fructicola and Monilinia laxa have a strong impact on crop yield and fruit commercialization, especially as they affect a wide variety of stone fruits. The antifungal efficacy of benzylidene-cycloalkanones has been previously described in in vitro assays against M. fructicola; so, this study aims to evaluate the in vivo inhibitory potential of these hybrids on fruits that have been inoculated with M. fructicola, and use molecular docking to visualize the main interactions of these molecules in the active site of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). The results indicate that compound C achieves the highest inhibition of both Monilinia species (15.7–31.4 µg/mL), spore germination in vitro (<10 µg/mL), and has promising results in vivo, without causing phytotoxicity in fruits. The results from molecular docking suggest that hydroxyl groups play a crucial role in enhancing the binding of compound C to SDH and contribute to the formation of hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues on the enzyme active site.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cuiting Wang, Jue Bi, Yukang Zhang, Yixuan Zhang, Xue Liu
Wild-grown edible mushrooms are important in world diets and are also efficient metal accumulators. Yunnan, Southwest China, is the main producing region, with typically high levels of geochemical metals. The environmental factors, bioaccumulation, distribution and human health risks of metals were examined in paired soil and Tricholoma matsutake (n = 54). T. matsutake grows on acidified soils (pH = 3.95–6.56), and metals show a strong heterogeneity, with Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in the ranges of 16–201, 0.046–8.58 g kg−1, and 22.6–215, 3.7–155 mg kg−1. High soil Fe content led to great accumulation in T. matsutake (0.24–18.8 g kg−1). However, though the soil Mn content was higher than that of Zn and Cu, their concentrations in T. matsutake were comparable (21.1–487 vs. 38.7–329 and 24.9–217 mg kg−1). This suggested that T. matsutake prefers to accumulate Zn and Cu compared to Mn, and this is supported by the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs = 0.32–17.1 vs. 0.006–1.69). Fe was mainly stored in stipes, while Mn, Zn and Cu were stored in caps, and the translocation factors (TFs) were 0.58 vs. 1.28–1.94. Therefore, stipe Fe showed the highest health risk index (HRI) at 1.28–26.9, followed by cap Cu (1.01–2.33), while 98–100% of the Mn and Zn were risk-free. The higher concentration and greater risk of Fe was attributed to the significant effect of soil Fe content (R = 0.34) and soil pH (R = −0.57). This study suggested that Fe, as an essential mineral, may exert toxic effects via the consumption of T. matsutake from high geochemical background areas.
野生食用菌在世界饮食中占有重要地位，同时也是高效的金属蓄积物。中国西南部的云南是食用菌的主产区，其地球化学金属含量通常很高。本研究考察了配对土壤和松茸（n = 54）中金属的环境因素、生物累积、分布和对人类健康的危害。松茸生长在酸化土壤（pH = 3.95-6.56）中，金属元素显示出很强的异质性，铁、锰、锌和铜的含量范围分别为 16-201, 0.046-8.58 g kg-1 和 22.6-215, 3.7-155 mg kg-1。土壤中铁的高含量导致松茸大量积累（0.24-18.8 克千克-1）。然而，虽然土壤中锰的含量高于锌和铜，但它们在松茸中的浓度却相当（21.1-487 vs. 38.7-329 and 24.9-217 mg kg-1）。这表明，与锰相比，松茸更喜欢积累锌和铜，生物累积系数（BAFs = 0.32-17.1 vs. 0.006-1.69）也证明了这一点。铁主要储存在叶柄中，而锰、锌和铜储存在叶盖中，易位因子（TFs）为 0.58 vs. 1.28-1.94。因此，叶柄铁的健康风险指数（HRI）最高，为 1.28-26.9，其次是叶盖铜（1.01-2.33），而 98-100% 的锰和锌没有风险。铁的浓度越高、风险越大，是因为土壤中铁的含量（R = 0.34）和土壤 pH 值（R = -0.57）的显著影响。这项研究表明，铁作为一种人体必需的矿物质，可能会通过食用高地球化学背景地区的松茸而产生毒性作用。
{"title":"Metals Transfer in Mushroom Tricholoma matsutake from Regional High Geochemical Background Areas: Environmental Influences and Human Health Risk","authors":"Cuiting Wang, Jue Bi, Yukang Zhang, Yixuan Zhang, Xue Liu","doi":"10.3390/jof10090608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090608","url":null,"abstract":"Wild-grown edible mushrooms are important in world diets and are also efficient metal accumulators. Yunnan, Southwest China, is the main producing region, with typically high levels of geochemical metals. The environmental factors, bioaccumulation, distribution and human health risks of metals were examined in paired soil and Tricholoma matsutake (n = 54). T. matsutake grows on acidified soils (pH = 3.95–6.56), and metals show a strong heterogeneity, with Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in the ranges of 16–201, 0.046–8.58 g kg−1, and 22.6–215, 3.7–155 mg kg−1. High soil Fe content led to great accumulation in T. matsutake (0.24–18.8 g kg−1). However, though the soil Mn content was higher than that of Zn and Cu, their concentrations in T. matsutake were comparable (21.1–487 vs. 38.7–329 and 24.9–217 mg kg−1). This suggested that T. matsutake prefers to accumulate Zn and Cu compared to Mn, and this is supported by the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs = 0.32–17.1 vs. 0.006–1.69). Fe was mainly stored in stipes, while Mn, Zn and Cu were stored in caps, and the translocation factors (TFs) were 0.58 vs. 1.28–1.94. Therefore, stipe Fe showed the highest health risk index (HRI) at 1.28–26.9, followed by cap Cu (1.01–2.33), while 98–100% of the Mn and Zn were risk-free. The higher concentration and greater risk of Fe was attributed to the significant effect of soil Fe content (R = 0.34) and soil pH (R = −0.57). This study suggested that Fe, as an essential mineral, may exert toxic effects via the consumption of T. matsutake from high geochemical background areas.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fungal infections often disproportionately affect males over females. Since the NIH mandated in 2016 that researchers test their hypotheses in both biological sexes, numerous other fungal infections/colonizations have been found to exhibit sex-specific patterns. These patterns have been observed in various species, including mice, drosophila, cats, and bats, suggesting significant implications for understanding these diseases and developing treatments. Despite the recognition of this sex bias, primary research explaining its underlying causes or mechanisms remains limited. Current evidence suggests that potential causes might be linked to sex hormones, genetic expression, and evolutionary behaviors. This review consolidates recent data on sex bias in fungal infections or colonizations among different species and proposes future research directions to address existing gaps. Thus, this review advances the comprehension of the intricate relationships between biological sex, fungal infections, and broader health implications.
{"title":"A New Overview of Sex Bias in Fungal Infections","authors":"Hari H. Rao, Erin E. McClelland","doi":"10.3390/jof10090607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090607","url":null,"abstract":"Fungal infections often disproportionately affect males over females. Since the NIH mandated in 2016 that researchers test their hypotheses in both biological sexes, numerous other fungal infections/colonizations have been found to exhibit sex-specific patterns. These patterns have been observed in various species, including mice, drosophila, cats, and bats, suggesting significant implications for understanding these diseases and developing treatments. Despite the recognition of this sex bias, primary research explaining its underlying causes or mechanisms remains limited. Current evidence suggests that potential causes might be linked to sex hormones, genetic expression, and evolutionary behaviors. This review consolidates recent data on sex bias in fungal infections or colonizations among different species and proposes future research directions to address existing gaps. Thus, this review advances the comprehension of the intricate relationships between biological sex, fungal infections, and broader health implications.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kumudu K. Manathunga, Niranjan W. Gunasekara, Muditha K. Meegahakumbura, Pamoda B. Ratnaweera, Turki Kh. Faraj, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe
The yield and quality of cultivated food crops are frequently compromised by the prevalent threat from fungal pathogens that can cause widespread damage in both the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. This paper investigates the challenges posed by fungal pathogens to the sustainability and yield of essential food crops, leading to significant economic and food security repercussions. The paper critiques the long-standing reliance on synthetic fungicides, emphasizing the environmental and health concerns arising from their widespread and occasionally inappropriate use. In response, the paper explores the potential of biological control agents, specifically endophytic fungi in advancing sustainable agricultural practices. Through their diverse symbiotic relationships with host plants, these fungi exhibit strong antagonistic capabilities against phytopathogenic fungi by producing various bioactive compounds and promoting plant growth. The review elaborates on the direct and indirect mechanisms of endophytic antagonism, such as antibiosis, mycoparasitism, induction of host resistance, and competition for resources, which collectively contribute to inhibiting pathogenic fungal growth. This paper consolidates the crucial role of endophytic fungi, i.e., Acremonium, Alternaria, Arthrinium, Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Cevidencealdinia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Muscodor, Nigrospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phomopsis, Pichia, Pochonia, Pythium, Ramichloridium, Rosellinia, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, Verticillium, Wickerhamomyces, and Xylaria, in biological control, supported by the evidence drawn from more than 200 research publications. The paper pays particular attention to Muscodor, Penicillium, and Trichoderma as prominent antagonists. It also emphasizes the need for future genetic-level research to enhance the application of endophytes in biocontrol strategies aiming to highlight the importance of endophytic fungi in facilitating the transition towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural systems.
{"title":"Exploring Endophytic Fungi as Natural Antagonists against Fungal Pathogens of Food Crops","authors":"Kumudu K. Manathunga, Niranjan W. Gunasekara, Muditha K. Meegahakumbura, Pamoda B. Ratnaweera, Turki Kh. Faraj, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe","doi":"10.3390/jof10090606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090606","url":null,"abstract":"The yield and quality of cultivated food crops are frequently compromised by the prevalent threat from fungal pathogens that can cause widespread damage in both the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. This paper investigates the challenges posed by fungal pathogens to the sustainability and yield of essential food crops, leading to significant economic and food security repercussions. The paper critiques the long-standing reliance on synthetic fungicides, emphasizing the environmental and health concerns arising from their widespread and occasionally inappropriate use. In response, the paper explores the potential of biological control agents, specifically endophytic fungi in advancing sustainable agricultural practices. Through their diverse symbiotic relationships with host plants, these fungi exhibit strong antagonistic capabilities against phytopathogenic fungi by producing various bioactive compounds and promoting plant growth. The review elaborates on the direct and indirect mechanisms of endophytic antagonism, such as antibiosis, mycoparasitism, induction of host resistance, and competition for resources, which collectively contribute to inhibiting pathogenic fungal growth. This paper consolidates the crucial role of endophytic fungi, i.e., Acremonium, Alternaria, Arthrinium, Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Cevidencealdinia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Muscodor, Nigrospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phomopsis, Pichia, Pochonia, Pythium, Ramichloridium, Rosellinia, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, Verticillium, Wickerhamomyces, and Xylaria, in biological control, supported by the evidence drawn from more than 200 research publications. The paper pays particular attention to Muscodor, Penicillium, and Trichoderma as prominent antagonists. It also emphasizes the need for future genetic-level research to enhance the application of endophytes in biocontrol strategies aiming to highlight the importance of endophytic fungi in facilitating the transition towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural systems.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizaveta A. Sigova, Ekaterina M. Dvorianinova, Tatiana A. Rozhmina, Ludmila P. Kudryavtseva, Daiana A. Zhernova, Antoniy M. Kaplun, Valeria A. Pavlova, Yakov V. Bodrov, Alexander A. Arkhipov, Elena V. Borkhert, Elena N. Pushkova, Nataliya V. Melnikova, Alexey A. Dmitriev
Colletotrichum lini is a fungal pathogen of flax that can cause significant yield and quality losses. In this work, we obtained the first complete annotated genome assembly of the highly virulent C. lini strain #394-2. The nuclear genome consisted of ten core and two accessory chromosomes and had a length of 53.7 Mb. The mitochondrial genome was 39.1 kb. The assembly was obtained by the Canu–Racon ×2–Medaka–Polca algorithm using Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Illumina data. As a result of the annotation with the Illumina RNA-Seq data, 12,449 genes were identified. Potential signaling proteins were tested for effector functions and 550 effector proteins were predicted using EffectorP. The visualization of the effector protein localization revealed that the presence of effector proteins was associated with repeat-rich regions. A comparison of the genomic structure of C. lini with chromosome-level and complete assemblies of the genus Colletotrichum representatives revealed that the genomes of Colletotrichum species differed by the presence of chromosomal rearrangements. The obtained assembly expands the knowledge of the genomic structure of Colletotrichum species and provides the basis for further studies of C. lini, which will help to understand the virulence mechanisms and protect flax from anthracnose.
{"title":"Complete Annotated Genome Assembly of Flax Pathogen Colletotrichum lini","authors":"Elizaveta A. Sigova, Ekaterina M. Dvorianinova, Tatiana A. Rozhmina, Ludmila P. Kudryavtseva, Daiana A. Zhernova, Antoniy M. Kaplun, Valeria A. Pavlova, Yakov V. Bodrov, Alexander A. Arkhipov, Elena V. Borkhert, Elena N. Pushkova, Nataliya V. Melnikova, Alexey A. Dmitriev","doi":"10.3390/jof10090605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090605","url":null,"abstract":"Colletotrichum lini is a fungal pathogen of flax that can cause significant yield and quality losses. In this work, we obtained the first complete annotated genome assembly of the highly virulent C. lini strain #394-2. The nuclear genome consisted of ten core and two accessory chromosomes and had a length of 53.7 Mb. The mitochondrial genome was 39.1 kb. The assembly was obtained by the Canu–Racon ×2–Medaka–Polca algorithm using Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Illumina data. As a result of the annotation with the Illumina RNA-Seq data, 12,449 genes were identified. Potential signaling proteins were tested for effector functions and 550 effector proteins were predicted using EffectorP. The visualization of the effector protein localization revealed that the presence of effector proteins was associated with repeat-rich regions. A comparison of the genomic structure of C. lini with chromosome-level and complete assemblies of the genus Colletotrichum representatives revealed that the genomes of Colletotrichum species differed by the presence of chromosomal rearrangements. The obtained assembly expands the knowledge of the genomic structure of Colletotrichum species and provides the basis for further studies of C. lini, which will help to understand the virulence mechanisms and protect flax from anthracnose.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Morels (Morchella spp.) are valuable and rare edible mushrooms with unique flavors and high nutritional value. White mold disease occurring during cultivation has seriously affected the quality and yield of morels in China. In this study, the fungus causing white mold disease in morels was isolated, purified, and identified as Pseudodiploöspora longispora by morphology and molecular biology. In addition, research has shown that P. longispora infection causes wrinkled and rupturing asci, loosened cell walls, and obvious membrane breakage accompanied by severe cytoplasmic leakage in M. sextelata. Interestingly, research has shown that infection with P. longispora can induce the production of an unknown substance in the cells of M. sextelata, which accumulates on the cell membrane, leading to membrane breakage. Furthermore, integrated transcriptomics–proteomics analysis revealed the response mechanism of M. sextelata to P. longispora infection. The results indicate that DEGs and DEPs can be significantly enriched in pathways involved in oxidoreductase activity; peroxisomes, lipid transport, and metabolism; cell wall assembly; and integral components of membranes. Further electron microscopy analysis clarified the important role of changes in the cell membrane and cell wall in the response of mycelia to biological stress. This study clarified the response mechanism of M. sextelata to P. longispora, laying a foundation for further clarifying the infection mechanism of P. longispora.
羊肚菌（羊肚菌属）是一种珍贵稀有的食用菌，具有独特的风味和极高的营养价值。在中国，羊肚菌栽培过程中发生的白霉病严重影响了羊肚菌的品质和产量。本研究分离、纯化了导致羊肚菌白霉病的真菌，并通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定其为 Pseudodiploöspora longispora。此外，研究还表明，P. longispora 感染会导致六倍体羊肚菌的子囊皱缩破裂、细胞壁松动、膜明显破损并伴有严重的细胞质渗漏。有趣的是，研究表明，感染 P. longispora 可诱导六角螺虫细胞产生一种未知物质，这种物质会积聚在细胞膜上，导致细胞膜破裂。此外，转录组学-蛋白质组学的综合分析揭示了六角螺虫对长孢霉感染的反应机制。结果表明，在涉及氧化还原酶活性、过氧化物酶体、脂质转运和代谢、细胞壁组装以及膜的整体成分的通路中，DEGs和DEPs可显著富集。进一步的电子显微镜分析明确了细胞膜和细胞壁的变化在菌丝体对生物应激反应中的重要作用。该研究阐明了六角菌对长孢霉的响应机制，为进一步阐明长孢霉的感染机制奠定了基础。
{"title":"Integrated Transcriptomics–Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Response Mechanism of Morchella sextelata to Pseudodiploöspora longispora Infection","authors":"Shurong Wang, Jingyi Wang, Tengyun Wang, Tonglou Li, Lijing Xu, Yanfen Cheng, Mingchang Chang, Junlong Meng, Ludan Hou","doi":"10.3390/jof10090604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090604","url":null,"abstract":"Morels (Morchella spp.) are valuable and rare edible mushrooms with unique flavors and high nutritional value. White mold disease occurring during cultivation has seriously affected the quality and yield of morels in China. In this study, the fungus causing white mold disease in morels was isolated, purified, and identified as Pseudodiploöspora longispora by morphology and molecular biology. In addition, research has shown that P. longispora infection causes wrinkled and rupturing asci, loosened cell walls, and obvious membrane breakage accompanied by severe cytoplasmic leakage in M. sextelata. Interestingly, research has shown that infection with P. longispora can induce the production of an unknown substance in the cells of M. sextelata, which accumulates on the cell membrane, leading to membrane breakage. Furthermore, integrated transcriptomics–proteomics analysis revealed the response mechanism of M. sextelata to P. longispora infection. The results indicate that DEGs and DEPs can be significantly enriched in pathways involved in oxidoreductase activity; peroxisomes, lipid transport, and metabolism; cell wall assembly; and integral components of membranes. Further electron microscopy analysis clarified the important role of changes in the cell membrane and cell wall in the response of mycelia to biological stress. This study clarified the response mechanism of M. sextelata to P. longispora, laying a foundation for further clarifying the infection mechanism of P. longispora.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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