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Phylogenetic and Morphological Perspectives on Crepidotus subg. Dochmiopus: Exploratively Unveiling Hidden Diversity in China. 从系统发育和形态学的角度研究蝶形花亚种:探索性地揭示中国隐藏的多样性。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.3390/jof10100710
Menghui Han, Qin Na, Renxiu Wei, Hui Zeng, Yaping Hu, Libo Zhang, Jinhong Du, Li Zou, Weimin Tang, Xianhao Cheng, Yupeng Ge

Crepidotus subg. Dochmiopus contributes to more than half of Crepidotus species and exhibits highly hidden diversity. However, C. subg. Dochmiopus is challenging to study because the basidiomata of C. subg. Dochmiopus species are usually small and white, inconspicuous interspecific distinctions, and possess a familiar complex. In this study, we utilized a variety of characteristics for species identification, including habitat, presence or absence of a stipe in mature specimens, pileipellis and cheilocystidia patterns, whether the lamellae edges are fimbriated, and other characteristics. Above all, cheilocystidia and pileipellis patterns will be important in C. subg. Dochmiopus research. Based on the present specimens, we constructed a multigene phylogenetic tree (ITS + LSU) and recognized four new species: C. lamellomaculatus sp. nov., C. capitatocystidiatus sp. nov., C. succineus sp. nov., C. clavocystidiatustustus sp. nov. Detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, line drawings and comparisons with closely related taxa for the new species are provided. The current phylogenetic analysis does not support the previously classifications, indicating that the classification of Crepidotus requires re-evaluation. But the existing molecular datasets and species' descriptions are insufficient to fully resolve the classification. Further integration of new gene segments and a comprehensive review of morphological characteristics will reveal a natural classification for Crepidotus.

Crepidotus亚种 Dochmiopus占Crepidotus物种的一半以上,表现出高度隐蔽的多样性。然而,C. subg. Dochmiopus 的研究具有挑战性,因为 C. subg. Dochmiopus 物种的基部体通常较小且呈白色,种间区别不明显,并具有熟悉的复合体。在这项研究中,我们利用各种特征进行物种鉴定,包括栖息地、成熟标本中有无柄、绒毛和螯囊形态、薄片边缘是否呈流苏状以及其他特征。最重要的是,螯囊和绒毛的形态在 C. subg. Dochmiopus 的研究中非常重要。根据目前的标本,我们构建了一棵多基因系统发生树(ITS + LSU),并确认了四个新种:新种:C. lamellomaculatus sp.nov.、C. capitatocystidiatus sp.nov.、C. succineus sp.nov.、C. clavocystidiatustus sp.nov.。文中提供了新种的详细形态描述、照片、线条图以及与近缘类群的比较。目前的系统发育分析并不支持之前的分类,这表明 Crepidotus 的分类需要重新评估。但是现有的分子数据集和物种描述不足以完全解决分类问题。进一步整合新的基因片段和全面审查形态特征将揭示蛙类的自然分类。
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引用次数: 0
Three-Month Mortality in Nonhaematological Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Differences between Subtypes. 慢性肺曲霉菌病非血液病患者三个月的死亡率:亚型之间的差异。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.3390/jof10100706
Pablo González García, Julia Fernández-Navarro, Mónica Bru-Arca, Elisa Álvarez-Artero, Pablo Solís, María Pía Roiz Mesones, Juan Luis Muñoz Bellido, María Antonia García Castro, Moncef Belhassen-García, Javier Pardo Lledías

Objectives: Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a fungal lung infection characterised by the slowly progressing destruction of the lung parenchyma and has four main subtypes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the epidemiology of CPA in our area and evaluate the involvement of the different subtypes in mortality. Methods: This was a descriptive longitudinal retrospective study developed in three tertiary hospitals in Spain. Among all patients admitted with a pulmonary aspergillosis diagnosis, we selected those who fulfilled the criteria for chronic aspergillosis according to the criteria of Denning, excluding those with a haematological disorder. Results: Among 409 inpatients recorded as having a pulmonary aspergillosis infection, only 76 (18.5%) fulfilled the criteria for CPA, with an estimated incidence of 0.67 cases/100,000 inhabitants/year. The subtypes detected were subacute invasive aspergillosis (SAIA) in 33 (43.4%) patients, simple aspergilloma (SA) in 25 (32.9%) patients, cavitary chronic aspergillosis (CCPA) in 13 (17.1%) patients, and chronic fibrosis (CFPA) in five (6.5%) patients. The overall three-month mortality rate was 23%, which was higher in SAIA patients. The predictors of early mortality were age > 65 years (OR 3.0 CI 95 1.0-9.5 p = 0.043) and the SAIA subtype vs. other subtypes (OR 3.1 CI 95 1.0-9.5 p = 0.042). Conclusions: The incidence rate estimated was inferior to that previously reported. The three-month mortality in patients with CPA was high, with older age and the SAIA subtype being the variable independent predictors of a worse prognosis.

目的:慢性肺曲霉菌病(CPA)是一种真菌性肺部感染,其特点是肺实质慢慢受到破坏,主要有四种亚型。这项工作的目的是评估本地区 CPA 的流行病学,并评估不同亚型对死亡率的影响。方法:这是一项在西班牙三家三级医院开展的描述性纵向回顾研究。在所有确诊为肺曲霉菌病的入院患者中,我们根据丹宁标准选择了符合慢性曲霉菌病标准的患者,并排除了患有血液病的患者。研究结果在 409 名有肺曲霉菌感染记录的住院患者中,只有 76 人(18.5%)符合 CPA 标准,估计发病率为 0.67 例/100,000 居民/年。发现的亚型分别为:33 例(43.4%)亚急性侵袭性曲霉菌病(SAIA)、25 例(32.9%)单纯曲霉瘤(SA)、13 例(17.1%)腔隙性慢性曲霉菌病(CCPA)和 5 例(6.5%)慢性纤维化曲霉菌病(CFPA)。三个月的总死亡率为 23%,其中 SAIA 患者的死亡率更高。预测早期死亡率的因素是年龄大于 65 岁(OR 3.0 CI 95 1.0-9.5 p = 0.043)和 SAIA 亚型与其他亚型(OR 3.1 CI 95 1.0-9.5 p = 0.042)。结论估计的发病率低于之前的报告。CPA患者三个月的死亡率较高,年龄较大和SAIA亚型是预后较差的可变独立预测因素。
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引用次数: 0
What Quality Suffices for Nanopore Metabarcoding? Reconsidering Methodology and Ectomycorrhizae in Decaying Fagus sylvatica Bark as Case Study. 纳米孔元标码的质量如何?重新考虑方法并以腐烂的欧洲椑树皮中的外生菌根为案例研究。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.3390/jof10100708
Glen Dierickx, Lowie Tondeleir, Pieter Asselman, Kris Vandekerkhove, Annemieke Verbeken

Nanopore raw read accuracy has improved to over 99%, making it a potential tool for metabarcoding. For broad adoption, guidelines on quality filtering are needed to ensure reliable taxonomic unit recovery. This study aims to provide those guidelines for a fungal metabarcoding context and to apply them to a case study of ectomycorrhizae in the decaying bark of Fagus sylvatica. We introduce the eNano pipeline to test two standard metabarcoding approaches: (1) Reference-based mapping leveraging UNITE's species hypothesis system (SH approach); (2) Constructing 98% OTUs (OTU approach). Our results demonstrate that both approaches are effective with Nanopore data. When using a reference database, we recommend strict mapping criteria rather than Phred-based filtering. Leveraging the SH-system further enhances reproducibility and facilitates cross-study communication. For the 98% OTUs, filtering reads at ≥Q25 is recommended. Our case study reveals that the decay gradient is a primary determinant of community composition and that specific mycorrhizal fungi colonize decaying bark. Complementing our metabarcoding results with root tip morphotypification, we identify Laccaria amethystina and Tomentella sublilacina as key ectomycorrhizae of saplings on decaying logs. These findings demonstrate that Nanopore sequencing can provide valuable ecological insights and support its broader use in fungal metabarcoding as read quality continues to improve.

纳米孔原始读数的准确率已提高到 99% 以上,使其成为一种潜在的元标码工具。为了广泛应用,需要制定质量过滤指南,以确保可靠的分类单元恢复。本研究旨在为真菌元标码提供这些指导原则,并将其应用于Fagus sylvatica腐烂树皮中外生菌根的案例研究。我们引入 eNano 管道来测试两种标准的元标码方法:(1) 利用 UNITE 的物种假设系统(SH 方法)进行基于参考的绘图;(2) 构建 98% 的 OTU(OTU 方法)。我们的研究结果表明,这两种方法对 Nanopore 数据都很有效。在使用参考数据库时,我们建议使用严格的映射标准,而不是基于 Phred 的筛选。利用 SH 系统可进一步提高可重复性,促进跨研究交流。对于 98% 的 OTUs,建议在≥Q25 时过滤读数。我们的案例研究表明,腐烂梯度是群落组成的主要决定因素,特定的菌根真菌在腐烂的树皮上定植。通过根尖形态分型对代谢编码结果进行补充,我们发现 Laccaria amethystina 和 Tomentella sublilacina 是腐烂原木上树苗的主要外生菌根。这些研究结果表明,纳米孔测序可以提供有价值的生态学见解,并支持随着读数质量的不断提高,在真菌代谢编码中更广泛地使用纳米孔测序。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence, Species Distribution and Resistance of Candidemia in Pediatric and Adult Patients in a Northeast Italy University Hospital. 意大利东北部一家大学医院小儿和成人念珠菌病的发病率、菌种分布和耐药性。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.3390/jof10100707
Silvia Meneghello, Giulia Bernabè, Giuseppe Di Pietra, Sarah Di Sopra, Claudia Del Vecchio, Anna Maria Cattelan, Ignazio Castagliuolo, Paola Brun

Candidemia and invasive candidiasis (IC) are causes of morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings, with notable differences between children and adults. Understanding the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of clinical isolates can guide empiric therapy in patients at risk of IC. This study investigated the incidence and antifungal susceptibility patterns of yeasts involved in IC in pediatric and adult patients from 2019 to 2023. The average incidence of IC was 0.715 per 1000 patients, increasing over the study period; infants had the highest incidence rates. Over half of the IC episodes occurred in intensive care units (ICUs). Non-albicans Candida (NAC) species represented the most frequently isolated species in adults and children (55.96% and 50.0%, respectively), with the prevalence of C. parapsilosis (26.45% and 14.7%, respectively), N. glabratus (14.97% and 8.82%, respectively) and C. tropicalis (4.36% and 2.94%, respectively). C. lusitaniae was identified in 14.7% of pediatric IC cases. In NAC species, antifungal resistance has also increased over the five years of the study: 69.12% were resistant to azoles and 7.35% were resistant to micafungin. Resistance was higher in pediatric patients. Our study highlights differences in IC characteristics between pediatric and adult populations and emphasizes the importance of targeted antifungal stewardship in ICU patients with NAC invasive infections.

念珠菌血症和侵袭性念珠菌病(IC)是导致医疗机构发病和死亡的原因,儿童和成人之间存在明显差异。了解临床分离株的菌种分布和抗菌药敏感性特征可以指导对有可能患上念珠菌病的患者进行经验性治疗。本研究调查了2019年至2023年儿童和成人患者中IC酵母菌的发病率和抗真菌药敏模式。IC的平均发病率为每1000名患者中0.715例,在研究期间不断上升;婴儿的发病率最高。超过一半的 IC 发生在重症监护室(ICU)。成人和儿童中最常分离出的念珠菌是非白色念珠菌(NAC),分别占 55.96% 和 50.0%,其中副丝状念珠菌(C. parapsilosis)(分别占 26.45% 和 14.7%)、光滑念珠菌(N. glabratus)(分别占 14.97% 和 8.82%)和热带念珠菌(C. tropicalis)(分别占 4.36% 和 2.94%)最为常见。在 14.7% 的儿科 IC 病例中发现了 C. lusitaniae。在这项研究的五年间,南澳大利亚菌种对抗真菌药物的耐药性也有所上升:69.12%的人对唑类产生耐药性,7.35%的人对米卡芬净产生耐药性。儿科患者的耐药性更高。我们的研究凸显了儿科和成人群体在感染性真菌病特征方面的差异,并强调了对患有非典型肺炎侵袭性感染的重症监护病房患者进行有针对性的抗真菌管理的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Role of Squalene Epoxidase Gene (SQE1) in the Response of the Lichen Lobaria pulmonaria to Temperature Stress. 角鲨烯环氧化物酶基因(SQE1)在地衣植物 Lobaria pulmonaria 对温度胁迫的反应中的作用
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.3390/jof10100705
Alfred O Onele, Moatasem A Swid, Ilya Y Leksin, Daniya F Rakhmatullina, Ekaterina I Galeeva, Richard P Beckett, Farida V Minibayeva, Julia N Valitova

Currently, due to the increasing impact of anthropogenic factors and changes in solar activity, the temperature on Earth is rising, posing a threat to biodiversity. Lichens are among the most sensitive organisms to climate change. Elevated ambient temperatures can have a significant impact on lichens, resulting in more frequent and intense drying events that can impede metabolic activity. It has been suggested that the possession of a diverse sterol composition may contribute to the tolerance of lichens to adverse temperatures and other biotic and abiotic stresses. The major sterol found in lichens is ergosterol (ERG); however, the regulation of the ERG biosynthetic pathway, specifically the step of epoxidation of squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene catalyzed by squalene epoxidase during stress, has not been extensively studied. In this study, we used lichen Lobaria pulmonaria as a model species that is well known to be sensitive to air pollution and habitat loss. Using in silico analysis, we identified cDNAs encoding squalene epoxidase from L. pulmonaria, designating them as LpSQE1 for the mycobiont and SrSQE1 for the photobiont Symbiochloris reticulata. Our results showed that compared with a control kept at room temperature (+20 °C), mild temperatures (+4 °C and +30 °C) did not affect the physiology of L. pulmonaria, assessed by changes in membrane integrity, respiration rates, and PSII activity. An extreme negative temperature (-20 °C) noticeably inhibited respiration but did not affect membrane stability. In contrast, treating lichen with a high positive temperature (+40 °C) significantly reduced all physiological parameters. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that exposing thalli to -20 °C, +4 °C, +30 °C, and +40 °C stimulated the expression levels of LpSQE1 and SrSQE1 and led to a significant upregulation of Hsps. These data provide new information regarding the roles of sterols and Hsps in the response of lichens to climate change.

目前,由于人为因素和太阳活动变化的影响越来越大,地球温度不断上升,对生物多样性构成了威胁。地衣是对气候变化最敏感的生物之一。环境温度升高会对地衣产生重大影响,导致更频繁、更剧烈的干燥事件,从而阻碍新陈代谢活动。有研究表明,地衣拥有多种固醇成分可能有助于地衣耐受不利的温度以及其他生物和非生物压力。地衣中发现的主要固醇是麦角甾醇(ERG);然而,对于ERG生物合成途径的调控,特别是胁迫期间角鲨烯环氧化酶催化角鲨烯环氧化成2,3-氧化角鲨烯的步骤,还没有进行广泛的研究。在本研究中,我们以地衣 Lobaria pulmonaria 为模式物种,众所周知,该物种对空气污染和栖息地丧失非常敏感。我们利用硅学分析鉴定了 L. pulmonaria 中编码角鲨烯环氧化物酶的 cDNA,并将它们分别命名为 LpSQE1 和 SrSQE1。我们的研究结果表明,与室温(+20 °C)下的对照组相比,温和的温度(+4 °C和+30 °C)并不影响肺孢子虫的生理机能,其评估指标包括膜完整性、呼吸速率和 PSII 活性的变化。极端负温度(-20 °C)明显抑制呼吸,但不影响膜的稳定性。与此相反,地衣在高正温(+40 °C)下的所有生理参数都明显降低。定量 PCR 分析表明,将地衣暴露于 -20 ℃、+4 ℃、+30 ℃ 和 +40 ℃ 会刺激 LpSQE1 和 SrSQE1 的表达水平,并导致 Hsps 的显著上调。这些数据为固醇和 Hsps 在地衣对气候变化的反应中的作用提供了新的信息。
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引用次数: 0
Chromosome-Scale Genome and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Differential Regulation of Terpenoid Secondary Metabolites in Hericium coralloides. 染色体尺度的基因组和转录组分析揭示了珊瑚虫萜类次生代谢物的差异调控。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.3390/jof10100704
Kexin Meng, Junyi Lv, Tuo Zhang, Yuanyuan Liu, Peng Zhang, Yue Zhang, Banghui Hu, Qianhui Huang, Baogui Xie, Junsheng Fu

Construction of the genome of Hericium coralloides, a species of edible mushroom, and identification of the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis can determine the biology and genetics of terpenoids. The present study describes the assembly of a high-quality chromosome-scale genome of H. coralloides using Pacbio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C technology. This genome consisted of 13 chromosomes, a total size of 43.6 Mb, contigs of N50 3.6 Mb, GC content at 54%, and BUSCOs integrity of 96.9%. Genes associated with terpenoid biosynthesis were predicted by KEGG enrichment analysis and homologous alignment. The Her011461 and Her008335 genes, encoding proteins in the terpenoid backbone synthesis pathway, were found to encode geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl diphosphate synthases, key enzymes in the biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor of several diterpenoids. Her011463 was found to be involved in regulating diterpene cyclase. The Her005433, Her006724, Her010605, and Her010608 genes were found to encode sesquiterpene synthesis. Most of these genes were more highly expressed in dikaryotic mycelia than in the primordium and fruiting bodies, indicating that terpenoids may be more abundant in dikaryotic mycelia. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assemble the H. coralloides genome at the chromosome scale and to identify the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis.

构建一种食用菌 Hericium coralloides 的基因组并鉴定参与萜类化合物生物合成的基因可以确定萜类化合物的生物学和遗传学。本研究介绍了利用 Pacbio HiFi 测序和 Hi-C 技术组装的高质量珊瑚菇染色体级基因组。该基因组由 13 条染色体组成,总大小为 43.6 Mb,等位基因 N50 为 3.6 Mb,GC 含量为 54%,BUSCOs 完整性为 96.9%。通过 KEGG 富集分析和同源比对预测了与萜类化合物生物合成相关的基因。发现编码萜类化合物骨架合成途径中蛋白质的 Her011461 和 Her008335 基因编码香叶基焦磷酸酯和法呢基二磷酸酯合成酶,它们是生物合成香叶基二磷酸酯(多种二萜类化合物的前体)的关键酶。研究发现,Her011463 参与调节二萜环化酶。发现 Her005433、Her006724、Her010605 和 Her010608 基因编码倍半萜合成。与原基和子实体相比,这些基因在二核菌丝体中的表达量更高,表明二核菌丝体中的萜类化合物可能更丰富。据我们所知,这项研究首次在染色体尺度上组装了珊瑚虫基因组,并确定了参与萜类化合物生物合成的基因。
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引用次数: 0
Concordance of Chest Radiography and Chest Computed Tomography Findings in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy and Invasive Mucormycosis: What Are the Prognostic Implications? 血液恶性肿瘤和侵袭性黏液瘤病患者的胸部 X 光检查和胸部计算机断层扫描结果的一致性:预后意义何在?
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.3390/jof10100703
Sebastian Wurster, Sung-Yeon Cho, Hazim Allos, Alexander Franklin, Dierdre B Axell-House, Ying Jiang, Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis

Invasive pulmonary mucormycosis (IPM) is a deadly opportunistic mold infection in patients with hematological malignancies (HM). Radiologic imaging is essential for its timely diagnosis. Here, we compared IPM lesions visualized by chest computed tomography (CCT) and chest X-ray (CXR) and determined the prognostic significance of discordant imaging. Therefore, we reviewed 44 consecutive HM patients with probable/proven IPM at MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2000-2020 who had concurrent CCT and CXR studies performed. All 44 patients had abnormal CCTs and 39 (89%) had anormal CXR findings at IPM diagnosis. However, only 26 patients (59%) showed CCT-matching IPM-suspicious lesions on CXR. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score > 18 at IPM diagnosis and breakthrough infection to Mucorales-active antifungals were the only independent risk factors for 42-day and/or 84-day mortality. Absence of neutropenia at IPM diagnosis, neutrophil recovery in neutropenic patients, and surgical revision of mucormycosis lesions were protective factors. Although not reaching significance on multivariable analysis, visualization of CCT-matching lesions on CXR was associated with significantly increased 84-day mortality (log-rank test, p = 0.033), possibly as a surrogate of extensive lesions and tissue necrosis. This observation supports the exploration of radiologic lesion kinetics as a prognostic staging tool in IPM patients.

侵袭性肺粘孢子菌病(IPM)是血液恶性肿瘤(HM)患者中一种致命的机会性霉菌感染。放射成像对于及时诊断至关重要。在此,我们比较了胸部计算机断层扫描(CCT)和胸部 X 光片(CXR)显示的 IPM 病变,并确定了成像不一致的预后意义。因此,我们回顾了 2000-2020 年期间在 MD 安德森癌症中心连续接受 CCT 和 CXR 检查的 44 例疑似/确诊 IPM 的 HM 患者。在 IPM 诊断时,所有 44 例患者的 CCT 均异常,39 例(89%)患者的 CXR 结果异常。然而,只有 26 名患者(59%)在 CXR 上发现了与 CCT 相匹配的 IPM 可疑病灶。IPM 诊断时急性生理学和慢性健康评估 II 评分大于 18 分以及对黏菌类活性抗真菌药物的突破性感染是 42 天和/或 84 天死亡率的唯一独立风险因素。IPM 诊断时无中性粒细胞减少、中性粒细胞减少患者的中性粒细胞恢复以及粘孢子菌病病灶的手术修补是保护因素。虽然在多变量分析中未达到显著性,但在 CXR 上看到与 CCT 匹配的病变与 84 天死亡率显著增加有关(对数秩检验,p = 0.033),这可能是广泛病变和组织坏死的代用指标。这一观察结果支持将放射学病灶动力学作为 IPM 患者预后分期工具的探索。
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引用次数: 0
Morpho-Molecular Identification of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium oxysporum Associated with Symptomatic Wilting of Potato from Pakistan. 巴基斯坦马铃薯症状性枯萎病相关镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)和氧孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的形态分子鉴定。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.3390/jof10100701
Arsh Bibi, Fathia Mubeen, Ali Rizwan, Irfan Ullah, Masooma Hammad, Muhammad Abu Bakar Waqas, Ayesha Ikram, Zaheer Abbas, Dennis Halterman, Nasir Ahmad Saeed

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the emerging staple crops in Pakistan, with Punjab producing over 95% of the country's potatoes. Wilt is an emerging threat to the potato crop worldwide, including in Pakistan. We identified and characterized Fusarium species associated with potato wilt in Pakistan through morphological and molecular analyses. Samples were collected during the 2020-2022 potato seasons from five major potato-growing regions: Sahiwal, Chichawatni, Pakpattan, Kamalia, and Faisalabad. Morphological characterization, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, specific translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were used to identify six different Fusarium species: F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, F. incarnatum, F. fujikuroi, F. annulatum and F. thapsinum. Pathogenicity tests in a greenhouse revealed that F. oxysporum and F. equiseti were responsible for Fusarium wilt in all sampled regions, with F. oxysporum being more prevalent in wilted samples. This is the first report of F. equiseti on wilted potatoes in Pakistan. In vitro biocontrol tests using Trichoderma harzianum showed 89% inhibition against F. equiseti and 65% inhibition against F. oxysporum. These findings on F. equiseti will aid in developing future control strategies, including biocontrol measures for Fusarium wilt in potatoes.

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)是巴基斯坦新兴的主食作物之一,旁遮普省的马铃薯产量占全国产量的 95% 以上。枯萎病是对包括巴基斯坦在内的全球马铃薯作物的新威胁。我们通过形态学和分子分析确定了与巴基斯坦马铃薯枯萎病相关的镰刀菌种并对其进行了定性。我们在 2020-2022 年马铃薯收获季节从五个主要马铃薯种植区采集了样本:萨希瓦尔(Sahiwal)、奇查瓦特尼(Chichawatni)、帕克帕坦(Pakpattan)、卡马利亚(Kamalia)和费萨拉巴德(Faisalabad)。通过形态特征描述、内部转录隔距(ITS)测序、特异性翻译延伸因子 1-α(TEF)测序和系统发育分析,确定了六个不同的镰刀菌种:F. oxysporum、F. equiseti、F. incarnatum、F. fujikuroi、F. annulatum 和 F. thapsinum。在温室中进行的致病性测试表明,在所有采样地区,镰孢菌枯萎病都是由 F. oxysporum 和 F. equiseti 引起的,其中 F. oxysporum 在枯萎样本中更为普遍。这是巴基斯坦首次报告马铃薯枯萎病中的马镰孢菌。使用 Harzianum 毛霉进行的体外生物防治试验显示,对 F. equiseti 的抑制率为 89%,对 F. oxysporum 的抑制率为 65%。这些关于马铃薯镰刀菌枯萎病的研究结果将有助于制定未来的控制策略,包括针对马铃薯镰刀菌枯萎病的生物控制措施。
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引用次数: 0
The Potential of Microorganisms for the Control of Grape Downy Mildew-A Review. 微生物控制葡萄霜霉病的潜力--综述。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.3390/jof10100702
Zhan-Bin Sun, Han-Jian Song, Yong-Qiang Liu, Qing Ren, Qi-Yu Wang, Xiao-Feng Li, Han-Xu Pan, Xiao-Qing Huang

Plasmopara viticola (Berk.et Curtis) Berl. Et de Toni is the pathogen that causes grape downy mildew, which is an airborne disease that severely affects grape yield and causes huge economic losses. The usage of effective control methods can reduce the damage to plants induced by grape downy mildew. Biocontrol has been widely used to control plant diseases due to its advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability. However, to date, only a few comprehensive reviews on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew have been reported. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics of P. viticola and its infection cycle, followed by a detailed overview of current biocontrol agents, including bacteria and fungi that could be used to control grape downy mildew, and their control effects. Furthermore, potential control mechanisms of biocontrol agents against grape downy mildew are discussed. Lastly, suggestions for future research on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew are provided. This review provides the basis for the application of grape downy mildew biocontrol.

Plasmopara viticola (Berk.et Curtis) Berl.Plasmopara viticola (Berk.et Curtis) Berl.et de Toni 是引起葡萄霜霉病的病原体,它是一种通过空气传播的病害,严重影响葡萄产量并造成巨大的经济损失。采用有效的防治方法可以减少葡萄霜霉病对植物的危害。生物防治具有环境友好和可持续发展的优势,已被广泛用于控制植物病害。然而,迄今为止,关于葡萄霜霉病生物防治的全面综述报道寥寥无几。在这篇综述中,我们总结了葡萄霜霉病菌的生物学特性及其感染周期,然后详细介绍了目前可用于控制葡萄霜霉病的生物控制剂,包括细菌和真菌,以及它们的控制效果。此外,还讨论了生物控制剂对葡萄霜霉病的潜在控制机制。最后,对未来葡萄霜霉病的生物防治研究提出了建议。本综述为葡萄霜霉病生物防治的应用提供了依据。
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引用次数: 0
Nerol as a Novel Antifungal Agent: In Vitro Inhibitory Effects on Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis neglecta, and Valsa mali and Its Potential Mechanisms against F. oxysporum. 作为新型抗真菌剂的橙花醇:对镰孢菌、Pestalotiopsis neglecta 和 Valsa mali 的体外抑制作用及其对抗镰孢菌的潜在机制。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.3390/jof10100699
Jingyu Ji, Weihu Ma, Jiyuan An, Bowen Zhang, Wenzhuo Sun, Guocai Zhang

This study explores the in vitro antifungal effects of nerol, a linear acyclic monoterpene alcohol of plant origin, on Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis neglecta, and Valsa mali. To further investigate the antifungal mechanism of nerol against F. oxysporum, we examined changes in mycelial morphology and cell membrane integrity-related indices, as well as the activities of antioxidant and pathogenicity-related enzymes. The results demonstrated that nerol exhibited significant concentration-dependent inhibition of mycelial growth in all three fungi, with EC50 values of 0.46 μL/mL for F. oxysporum, 1.81 μL/mL for P. neglecta, and 1.26 μL/mL for V. mali, with the strongest antifungal activity observed against F. oxysporum. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that nerol severely disrupted the mycelial structure of F. oxysporum, causing deformation, swelling, and even rupture. Treatment with 0.04 μL/mL nerol led to significant leakage of soluble proteins and intracellular ions in F. oxysporum, and the Na+/K+-ATPase activity was reduced to 28.02% of the control, indicating enhanced membrane permeability. The elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, along with propidium iodide staining of treated microconidia, further confirmed cell membrane disruption caused by nerol. Additionally, after 12 h of exposure to 0.04 μL/mL nerol, the activity of superoxide dismutase in F. oxysporum decreased to 55.81% of the control, and the activities of catalase and peroxidase were also significantly inhibited. Nerol markedly reduced the activities of pathogenicity-related enzymes, such as endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase, polygalacturonase, and pectin lyase, affecting fungal growth and virulence. In conclusion, nerol disrupts the cell membrane integrity and permeability of F. oxysporum, reduces its virulence, and ultimately inhibits fungal growth, highlighting its potential as an alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling F. oxysporum.

本研究探讨了橙花醇(一种源于植物的线性无环单萜醇)对镰孢菌、Pestalotiopsis neglecta 和 Valsa mali 的体外抗真菌作用。为了进一步研究橙花醇对镰孢菌的抗真菌机制,我们考察了菌丝形态和细胞膜完整性相关指标的变化,以及抗氧化和致病相关酶的活性。结果表明,橙花醇对所有三种真菌的菌丝生长都有显著的浓度依赖性抑制作用,对 F. oxysporum 的 EC50 值为 0.46 μL/mL,对 P. neglecta 的 EC50 值为 1.81 μL/mL,对 V. mali 的 EC50 值为 1.26 μL/mL,其中对 F. oxysporum 的抗真菌活性最强。扫描电子显微镜显示,橙花醇严重破坏了 F. oxysporum 的菌丝结构,导致其变形、肿胀甚至破裂。用 0.04 μL/mL 橙花醇处理后,氧孢子菌体内的可溶性蛋白质和细胞内离子大量泄漏,Na+/K+-ATPase 活性降低到对照组的 28.02%,表明膜渗透性增强。过氧化氢和丙二醛水平的升高,以及碘化丙啶对处理过的微囊藻的染色,进一步证实了橙花醇造成的细胞膜破坏。此外,在接触 0.04 μL/mL 橙花醇 12 小时后,F. oxysporum 中超氧化物歧化酶的活性下降到对照的 55.81%,过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性也受到显著抑制。橙花醇明显降低了内-1,4-β-D-葡聚糖酶、聚半乳糖醛酸酶和果胶裂解酶等致病性相关酶的活性,影响了真菌的生长和毒力。总之,橙花素能破坏草孢子菌细胞膜的完整性和渗透性,降低其毒力,并最终抑制真菌生长,突出了其作为化学杀菌剂替代品控制草孢子菌的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Fungi
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