Menghui Han, Qin Na, Renxiu Wei, Hui Zeng, Yaping Hu, Libo Zhang, Jinhong Du, Li Zou, Weimin Tang, Xianhao Cheng, Yupeng Ge
Crepidotus subg. Dochmiopus contributes to more than half of Crepidotus species and exhibits highly hidden diversity. However, C. subg. Dochmiopus is challenging to study because the basidiomata of C. subg. Dochmiopus species are usually small and white, inconspicuous interspecific distinctions, and possess a familiar complex. In this study, we utilized a variety of characteristics for species identification, including habitat, presence or absence of a stipe in mature specimens, pileipellis and cheilocystidia patterns, whether the lamellae edges are fimbriated, and other characteristics. Above all, cheilocystidia and pileipellis patterns will be important in C. subg. Dochmiopus research. Based on the present specimens, we constructed a multigene phylogenetic tree (ITS + LSU) and recognized four new species: C. lamellomaculatus sp. nov., C. capitatocystidiatus sp. nov., C. succineus sp. nov., C. clavocystidiatustustus sp. nov. Detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, line drawings and comparisons with closely related taxa for the new species are provided. The current phylogenetic analysis does not support the previously classifications, indicating that the classification of Crepidotus requires re-evaluation. But the existing molecular datasets and species' descriptions are insufficient to fully resolve the classification. Further integration of new gene segments and a comprehensive review of morphological characteristics will reveal a natural classification for Crepidotus.
{"title":"Phylogenetic and Morphological Perspectives on <i>Crepidotus</i> subg. <i>Dochmiopus</i>: Exploratively Unveiling Hidden Diversity in China.","authors":"Menghui Han, Qin Na, Renxiu Wei, Hui Zeng, Yaping Hu, Libo Zhang, Jinhong Du, Li Zou, Weimin Tang, Xianhao Cheng, Yupeng Ge","doi":"10.3390/jof10100710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Crepidotus</i> subg. <i>Dochmiopus</i> contributes to more than half of <i>Crepidotus</i> species and exhibits highly hidden diversity. However, <i>C</i>. subg. <i>Dochmiopus</i> is challenging to study because the basidiomata of <i>C</i>. subg. <i>Dochmiopus</i> species are usually small and white, inconspicuous interspecific distinctions, and possess a familiar complex. In this study, we utilized a variety of characteristics for species identification, including habitat, presence or absence of a stipe in mature specimens, pileipellis and cheilocystidia patterns, whether the lamellae edges are fimbriated, and other characteristics. Above all, cheilocystidia and pileipellis patterns will be important in <i>C</i>. subg. <i>Dochmiopus</i> research. Based on the present specimens, we constructed a multigene phylogenetic tree (ITS + LSU) and recognized four new species: <i>C. lamellomaculatus</i> sp. nov., <i>C. capitatocystidiatus</i> sp. nov., <i>C. succineus</i> sp. nov., <i>C. clavocystidiatustustus</i> sp. nov. Detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, line drawings and comparisons with closely related taxa for the new species are provided. The current phylogenetic analysis does not support the previously classifications, indicating that the classification of <i>Crepidotus</i> requires re-evaluation. But the existing molecular datasets and species' descriptions are insufficient to fully resolve the classification. Further integration of new gene segments and a comprehensive review of morphological characteristics will reveal a natural classification for <i>Crepidotus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pablo González García, Julia Fernández-Navarro, Mónica Bru-Arca, Elisa Álvarez-Artero, Pablo Solís, María Pía Roiz Mesones, Juan Luis Muñoz Bellido, María Antonia García Castro, Moncef Belhassen-García, Javier Pardo Lledías
Objectives: Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a fungal lung infection characterised by the slowly progressing destruction of the lung parenchyma and has four main subtypes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the epidemiology of CPA in our area and evaluate the involvement of the different subtypes in mortality. Methods: This was a descriptive longitudinal retrospective study developed in three tertiary hospitals in Spain. Among all patients admitted with a pulmonary aspergillosis diagnosis, we selected those who fulfilled the criteria for chronic aspergillosis according to the criteria of Denning, excluding those with a haematological disorder. Results: Among 409 inpatients recorded as having a pulmonary aspergillosis infection, only 76 (18.5%) fulfilled the criteria for CPA, with an estimated incidence of 0.67 cases/100,000 inhabitants/year. The subtypes detected were subacute invasive aspergillosis (SAIA) in 33 (43.4%) patients, simple aspergilloma (SA) in 25 (32.9%) patients, cavitary chronic aspergillosis (CCPA) in 13 (17.1%) patients, and chronic fibrosis (CFPA) in five (6.5%) patients. The overall three-month mortality rate was 23%, which was higher in SAIA patients. The predictors of early mortality were age > 65 years (OR 3.0 CI 95 1.0-9.5 p = 0.043) and the SAIA subtype vs. other subtypes (OR 3.1 CI 95 1.0-9.5 p = 0.042). Conclusions: The incidence rate estimated was inferior to that previously reported. The three-month mortality in patients with CPA was high, with older age and the SAIA subtype being the variable independent predictors of a worse prognosis.
目的:慢性肺曲霉菌病(CPA)是一种真菌性肺部感染,其特点是肺实质慢慢受到破坏,主要有四种亚型。这项工作的目的是评估本地区 CPA 的流行病学,并评估不同亚型对死亡率的影响。方法:这是一项在西班牙三家三级医院开展的描述性纵向回顾研究。在所有确诊为肺曲霉菌病的入院患者中,我们根据丹宁标准选择了符合慢性曲霉菌病标准的患者,并排除了患有血液病的患者。研究结果在 409 名有肺曲霉菌感染记录的住院患者中,只有 76 人(18.5%)符合 CPA 标准,估计发病率为 0.67 例/100,000 居民/年。发现的亚型分别为:33 例(43.4%)亚急性侵袭性曲霉菌病(SAIA)、25 例(32.9%)单纯曲霉瘤(SA)、13 例(17.1%)腔隙性慢性曲霉菌病(CCPA)和 5 例(6.5%)慢性纤维化曲霉菌病(CFPA)。三个月的总死亡率为 23%,其中 SAIA 患者的死亡率更高。预测早期死亡率的因素是年龄大于 65 岁(OR 3.0 CI 95 1.0-9.5 p = 0.043)和 SAIA 亚型与其他亚型(OR 3.1 CI 95 1.0-9.5 p = 0.042)。结论估计的发病率低于之前的报告。CPA患者三个月的死亡率较高,年龄较大和SAIA亚型是预后较差的可变独立预测因素。
{"title":"Three-Month Mortality in Nonhaematological Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Differences between Subtypes.","authors":"Pablo González García, Julia Fernández-Navarro, Mónica Bru-Arca, Elisa Álvarez-Artero, Pablo Solís, María Pía Roiz Mesones, Juan Luis Muñoz Bellido, María Antonia García Castro, Moncef Belhassen-García, Javier Pardo Lledías","doi":"10.3390/jof10100706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a fungal lung infection characterised by the slowly progressing destruction of the lung parenchyma and has four main subtypes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the epidemiology of CPA in our area and evaluate the involvement of the different subtypes in mortality. <b>Methods</b>: This was a descriptive longitudinal retrospective study developed in three tertiary hospitals in Spain. Among all patients admitted with a pulmonary aspergillosis diagnosis, we selected those who fulfilled the criteria for chronic aspergillosis according to the criteria of Denning, excluding those with a haematological disorder. <b>Results</b>: Among 409 inpatients recorded as having a pulmonary aspergillosis infection, only 76 (18.5%) fulfilled the criteria for CPA, with an estimated incidence of 0.67 cases/100,000 inhabitants/year. The subtypes detected were subacute invasive aspergillosis (SAIA) in 33 (43.4%) patients, simple aspergilloma (SA) in 25 (32.9%) patients, cavitary chronic aspergillosis (CCPA) in 13 (17.1%) patients, and chronic fibrosis (CFPA) in five (6.5%) patients. The overall three-month mortality rate was 23%, which was higher in SAIA patients. The predictors of early mortality were age > 65 years (OR 3.0 CI 95 1.0-9.5 <i>p</i> = 0.043) and the SAIA subtype vs. other subtypes (OR 3.1 CI 95 1.0-9.5 <i>p</i> = 0.042). <b>Conclusions</b>: The incidence rate estimated was inferior to that previously reported. The three-month mortality in patients with CPA was high, with older age and the SAIA subtype being the variable independent predictors of a worse prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanopore raw read accuracy has improved to over 99%, making it a potential tool for metabarcoding. For broad adoption, guidelines on quality filtering are needed to ensure reliable taxonomic unit recovery. This study aims to provide those guidelines for a fungal metabarcoding context and to apply them to a case study of ectomycorrhizae in the decaying bark of Fagus sylvatica. We introduce the eNano pipeline to test two standard metabarcoding approaches: (1) Reference-based mapping leveraging UNITE's species hypothesis system (SH approach); (2) Constructing 98% OTUs (OTU approach). Our results demonstrate that both approaches are effective with Nanopore data. When using a reference database, we recommend strict mapping criteria rather than Phred-based filtering. Leveraging the SH-system further enhances reproducibility and facilitates cross-study communication. For the 98% OTUs, filtering reads at ≥Q25 is recommended. Our case study reveals that the decay gradient is a primary determinant of community composition and that specific mycorrhizal fungi colonize decaying bark. Complementing our metabarcoding results with root tip morphotypification, we identify Laccaria amethystina and Tomentella sublilacina as key ectomycorrhizae of saplings on decaying logs. These findings demonstrate that Nanopore sequencing can provide valuable ecological insights and support its broader use in fungal metabarcoding as read quality continues to improve.
{"title":"What Quality Suffices for Nanopore Metabarcoding? Reconsidering Methodology and Ectomycorrhizae in Decaying <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> Bark as Case Study.","authors":"Glen Dierickx, Lowie Tondeleir, Pieter Asselman, Kris Vandekerkhove, Annemieke Verbeken","doi":"10.3390/jof10100708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanopore raw read accuracy has improved to over 99%, making it a potential tool for metabarcoding. For broad adoption, guidelines on quality filtering are needed to ensure reliable taxonomic unit recovery. This study aims to provide those guidelines for a fungal metabarcoding context and to apply them to a case study of ectomycorrhizae in the decaying bark of <i>Fagus sylvatica</i>. We introduce the eNano pipeline to test two standard metabarcoding approaches: (1) Reference-based mapping leveraging UNITE's species hypothesis system (SH approach); (2) Constructing 98% OTUs (OTU approach). Our results demonstrate that both approaches are effective with Nanopore data. When using a reference database, we recommend strict mapping criteria rather than Phred-based filtering. Leveraging the SH-system further enhances reproducibility and facilitates cross-study communication. For the 98% OTUs, filtering reads at ≥Q25 is recommended. Our case study reveals that the decay gradient is a primary determinant of community composition and that specific mycorrhizal fungi colonize decaying bark. Complementing our metabarcoding results with root tip morphotypification, we identify <i>Laccaria amethystina</i> and <i>Tomentella sublilacina</i> as key ectomycorrhizae of saplings on decaying logs. These findings demonstrate that Nanopore sequencing can provide valuable ecological insights and support its broader use in fungal metabarcoding as read quality continues to improve.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silvia Meneghello, Giulia Bernabè, Giuseppe Di Pietra, Sarah Di Sopra, Claudia Del Vecchio, Anna Maria Cattelan, Ignazio Castagliuolo, Paola Brun
Candidemia and invasive candidiasis (IC) are causes of morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings, with notable differences between children and adults. Understanding the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of clinical isolates can guide empiric therapy in patients at risk of IC. This study investigated the incidence and antifungal susceptibility patterns of yeasts involved in IC in pediatric and adult patients from 2019 to 2023. The average incidence of IC was 0.715 per 1000 patients, increasing over the study period; infants had the highest incidence rates. Over half of the IC episodes occurred in intensive care units (ICUs). Non-albicans Candida (NAC) species represented the most frequently isolated species in adults and children (55.96% and 50.0%, respectively), with the prevalence of C. parapsilosis (26.45% and 14.7%, respectively), N. glabratus (14.97% and 8.82%, respectively) and C. tropicalis (4.36% and 2.94%, respectively). C. lusitaniae was identified in 14.7% of pediatric IC cases. In NAC species, antifungal resistance has also increased over the five years of the study: 69.12% were resistant to azoles and 7.35% were resistant to micafungin. Resistance was higher in pediatric patients. Our study highlights differences in IC characteristics between pediatric and adult populations and emphasizes the importance of targeted antifungal stewardship in ICU patients with NAC invasive infections.
念珠菌血症和侵袭性念珠菌病(IC)是导致医疗机构发病和死亡的原因,儿童和成人之间存在明显差异。了解临床分离株的菌种分布和抗菌药敏感性特征可以指导对有可能患上念珠菌病的患者进行经验性治疗。本研究调查了2019年至2023年儿童和成人患者中IC酵母菌的发病率和抗真菌药敏模式。IC的平均发病率为每1000名患者中0.715例,在研究期间不断上升;婴儿的发病率最高。超过一半的 IC 发生在重症监护室(ICU)。成人和儿童中最常分离出的念珠菌是非白色念珠菌(NAC),分别占 55.96% 和 50.0%,其中副丝状念珠菌(C. parapsilosis)(分别占 26.45% 和 14.7%)、光滑念珠菌(N. glabratus)(分别占 14.97% 和 8.82%)和热带念珠菌(C. tropicalis)(分别占 4.36% 和 2.94%)最为常见。在 14.7% 的儿科 IC 病例中发现了 C. lusitaniae。在这项研究的五年间,南澳大利亚菌种对抗真菌药物的耐药性也有所上升:69.12%的人对唑类产生耐药性,7.35%的人对米卡芬净产生耐药性。儿科患者的耐药性更高。我们的研究凸显了儿科和成人群体在感染性真菌病特征方面的差异,并强调了对患有非典型肺炎侵袭性感染的重症监护病房患者进行有针对性的抗真菌管理的重要性。
{"title":"Prevalence, Species Distribution and Resistance of Candidemia in Pediatric and Adult Patients in a Northeast Italy University Hospital.","authors":"Silvia Meneghello, Giulia Bernabè, Giuseppe Di Pietra, Sarah Di Sopra, Claudia Del Vecchio, Anna Maria Cattelan, Ignazio Castagliuolo, Paola Brun","doi":"10.3390/jof10100707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Candidemia and invasive candidiasis (IC) are causes of morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings, with notable differences between children and adults. Understanding the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of clinical isolates can guide empiric therapy in patients at risk of IC. This study investigated the incidence and antifungal susceptibility patterns of yeasts involved in IC in pediatric and adult patients from 2019 to 2023. The average incidence of IC was 0.715 per 1000 patients, increasing over the study period; infants had the highest incidence rates. Over half of the IC episodes occurred in intensive care units (ICUs). Non-<i>albicans Candida</i> (NAC) species represented the most frequently isolated species in adults and children (55.96% and 50.0%, respectively), with the prevalence of <i>C. parapsilosis</i> (26.45% and 14.7%, respectively), <i>N. glabratus</i> (14.97% and 8.82%, respectively) and <i>C. tropicalis</i> (4.36% and 2.94%, respectively). <i>C. lusitaniae</i> was identified in 14.7% of pediatric IC cases. In NAC species, antifungal resistance has also increased over the five years of the study: 69.12% were resistant to azoles and 7.35% were resistant to micafungin. Resistance was higher in pediatric patients. Our study highlights differences in IC characteristics between pediatric and adult populations and emphasizes the importance of targeted antifungal stewardship in ICU patients with NAC invasive infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alfred O Onele, Moatasem A Swid, Ilya Y Leksin, Daniya F Rakhmatullina, Ekaterina I Galeeva, Richard P Beckett, Farida V Minibayeva, Julia N Valitova
Currently, due to the increasing impact of anthropogenic factors and changes in solar activity, the temperature on Earth is rising, posing a threat to biodiversity. Lichens are among the most sensitive organisms to climate change. Elevated ambient temperatures can have a significant impact on lichens, resulting in more frequent and intense drying events that can impede metabolic activity. It has been suggested that the possession of a diverse sterol composition may contribute to the tolerance of lichens to adverse temperatures and other biotic and abiotic stresses. The major sterol found in lichens is ergosterol (ERG); however, the regulation of the ERG biosynthetic pathway, specifically the step of epoxidation of squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene catalyzed by squalene epoxidase during stress, has not been extensively studied. In this study, we used lichen Lobaria pulmonaria as a model species that is well known to be sensitive to air pollution and habitat loss. Using in silico analysis, we identified cDNAs encoding squalene epoxidase from L. pulmonaria, designating them as LpSQE1 for the mycobiont and SrSQE1 for the photobiont Symbiochloris reticulata. Our results showed that compared with a control kept at room temperature (+20 °C), mild temperatures (+4 °C and +30 °C) did not affect the physiology of L. pulmonaria, assessed by changes in membrane integrity, respiration rates, and PSII activity. An extreme negative temperature (-20 °C) noticeably inhibited respiration but did not affect membrane stability. In contrast, treating lichen with a high positive temperature (+40 °C) significantly reduced all physiological parameters. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that exposing thalli to -20 °C, +4 °C, +30 °C, and +40 °C stimulated the expression levels of LpSQE1 and SrSQE1 and led to a significant upregulation of Hsps. These data provide new information regarding the roles of sterols and Hsps in the response of lichens to climate change.
{"title":"Role of Squalene Epoxidase Gene (<i>SQE1</i>) in the Response of the Lichen <i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i> to Temperature Stress.","authors":"Alfred O Onele, Moatasem A Swid, Ilya Y Leksin, Daniya F Rakhmatullina, Ekaterina I Galeeva, Richard P Beckett, Farida V Minibayeva, Julia N Valitova","doi":"10.3390/jof10100705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, due to the increasing impact of anthropogenic factors and changes in solar activity, the temperature on Earth is rising, posing a threat to biodiversity. Lichens are among the most sensitive organisms to climate change. Elevated ambient temperatures can have a significant impact on lichens, resulting in more frequent and intense drying events that can impede metabolic activity. It has been suggested that the possession of a diverse sterol composition may contribute to the tolerance of lichens to adverse temperatures and other biotic and abiotic stresses. The major sterol found in lichens is ergosterol (ERG); however, the regulation of the ERG biosynthetic pathway, specifically the step of epoxidation of squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene catalyzed by squalene epoxidase during stress, has not been extensively studied. In this study, we used lichen <i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i> as a model species that is well known to be sensitive to air pollution and habitat loss. Using in silico analysis, we identified cDNAs encoding squalene epoxidase from <i>L. pulmonaria</i>, designating them as <i>LpSQE1</i> for the mycobiont and <i>SrSQE1</i> for the photobiont <i>Symbiochloris reticulata</i>. Our results showed that compared with a control kept at room temperature (+20 °C), mild temperatures (+4 °C and +30 °C) did not affect the physiology of <i>L. pulmonaria</i>, assessed by changes in membrane integrity, respiration rates, and PSII activity. An extreme negative temperature (-20 °C) noticeably inhibited respiration but did not affect membrane stability. In contrast, treating lichen with a high positive temperature (+40 °C) significantly reduced all physiological parameters. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that exposing thalli to -20 °C, +4 °C, +30 °C, and +40 °C stimulated the expression levels of <i>LpSQE1</i> and <i>SrSQE1</i> and led to a significant upregulation of <i>Hsps</i>. These data provide new information regarding the roles of sterols and Hsps in the response of lichens to climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kexin Meng, Junyi Lv, Tuo Zhang, Yuanyuan Liu, Peng Zhang, Yue Zhang, Banghui Hu, Qianhui Huang, Baogui Xie, Junsheng Fu
Construction of the genome of Hericium coralloides, a species of edible mushroom, and identification of the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis can determine the biology and genetics of terpenoids. The present study describes the assembly of a high-quality chromosome-scale genome of H. coralloides using Pacbio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C technology. This genome consisted of 13 chromosomes, a total size of 43.6 Mb, contigs of N50 3.6 Mb, GC content at 54%, and BUSCOs integrity of 96.9%. Genes associated with terpenoid biosynthesis were predicted by KEGG enrichment analysis and homologous alignment. The Her011461 and Her008335 genes, encoding proteins in the terpenoid backbone synthesis pathway, were found to encode geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl diphosphate synthases, key enzymes in the biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor of several diterpenoids. Her011463 was found to be involved in regulating diterpene cyclase. The Her005433, Her006724, Her010605, and Her010608 genes were found to encode sesquiterpene synthesis. Most of these genes were more highly expressed in dikaryotic mycelia than in the primordium and fruiting bodies, indicating that terpenoids may be more abundant in dikaryotic mycelia. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assemble the H. coralloides genome at the chromosome scale and to identify the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis.
{"title":"Chromosome-Scale Genome and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Differential Regulation of Terpenoid Secondary Metabolites in <i>Hericium coralloides</i>.","authors":"Kexin Meng, Junyi Lv, Tuo Zhang, Yuanyuan Liu, Peng Zhang, Yue Zhang, Banghui Hu, Qianhui Huang, Baogui Xie, Junsheng Fu","doi":"10.3390/jof10100704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Construction of the genome of <i>Hericium coralloides</i>, a species of edible mushroom, and identification of the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis can determine the biology and genetics of terpenoids. The present study describes the assembly of a high-quality chromosome-scale genome of <i>H. coralloides</i> using Pacbio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C technology. This genome consisted of 13 chromosomes, a total size of 43.6 Mb, contigs of N50 3.6 Mb, GC content at 54%, and BUSCOs integrity of 96.9%. Genes associated with terpenoid biosynthesis were predicted by KEGG enrichment analysis and homologous alignment. The <i>Her011461</i> and <i>Her008335</i> genes, encoding proteins in the terpenoid backbone synthesis pathway, were found to encode geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl diphosphate synthases, key enzymes in the biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor of several diterpenoids. <i>Her011463</i> was found to be involved in regulating diterpene cyclase. The <i>Her005433</i>, <i>Her006724</i>, <i>Her010605</i>, and <i>Her010608</i> genes were found to encode sesquiterpene synthesis. Most of these genes were more highly expressed in dikaryotic mycelia than in the primordium and fruiting bodies, indicating that terpenoids may be more abundant in dikaryotic mycelia. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assemble the <i>H. coralloides</i> genome at the chromosome scale and to identify the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sebastian Wurster, Sung-Yeon Cho, Hazim Allos, Alexander Franklin, Dierdre B Axell-House, Ying Jiang, Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
Invasive pulmonary mucormycosis (IPM) is a deadly opportunistic mold infection in patients with hematological malignancies (HM). Radiologic imaging is essential for its timely diagnosis. Here, we compared IPM lesions visualized by chest computed tomography (CCT) and chest X-ray (CXR) and determined the prognostic significance of discordant imaging. Therefore, we reviewed 44 consecutive HM patients with probable/proven IPM at MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2000-2020 who had concurrent CCT and CXR studies performed. All 44 patients had abnormal CCTs and 39 (89%) had anormal CXR findings at IPM diagnosis. However, only 26 patients (59%) showed CCT-matching IPM-suspicious lesions on CXR. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score > 18 at IPM diagnosis and breakthrough infection to Mucorales-active antifungals were the only independent risk factors for 42-day and/or 84-day mortality. Absence of neutropenia at IPM diagnosis, neutrophil recovery in neutropenic patients, and surgical revision of mucormycosis lesions were protective factors. Although not reaching significance on multivariable analysis, visualization of CCT-matching lesions on CXR was associated with significantly increased 84-day mortality (log-rank test, p = 0.033), possibly as a surrogate of extensive lesions and tissue necrosis. This observation supports the exploration of radiologic lesion kinetics as a prognostic staging tool in IPM patients.
{"title":"Concordance of Chest Radiography and Chest Computed Tomography Findings in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy and Invasive Mucormycosis: What Are the Prognostic Implications?","authors":"Sebastian Wurster, Sung-Yeon Cho, Hazim Allos, Alexander Franklin, Dierdre B Axell-House, Ying Jiang, Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis","doi":"10.3390/jof10100703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive pulmonary mucormycosis (IPM) is a deadly opportunistic mold infection in patients with hematological malignancies (HM). Radiologic imaging is essential for its timely diagnosis. Here, we compared IPM lesions visualized by chest computed tomography (CCT) and chest X-ray (CXR) and determined the prognostic significance of discordant imaging. Therefore, we reviewed 44 consecutive HM patients with probable/proven IPM at MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2000-2020 who had concurrent CCT and CXR studies performed. All 44 patients had abnormal CCTs and 39 (89%) had anormal CXR findings at IPM diagnosis. However, only 26 patients (59%) showed CCT-matching IPM-suspicious lesions on CXR. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score > 18 at IPM diagnosis and breakthrough infection to Mucorales-active antifungals were the only independent risk factors for 42-day and/or 84-day mortality. Absence of neutropenia at IPM diagnosis, neutrophil recovery in neutropenic patients, and surgical revision of mucormycosis lesions were protective factors. Although not reaching significance on multivariable analysis, visualization of CCT-matching lesions on CXR was associated with significantly increased 84-day mortality (log-rank test, <i>p</i> = 0.033), possibly as a surrogate of extensive lesions and tissue necrosis. This observation supports the exploration of radiologic lesion kinetics as a prognostic staging tool in IPM patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arsh Bibi, Fathia Mubeen, Ali Rizwan, Irfan Ullah, Masooma Hammad, Muhammad Abu Bakar Waqas, Ayesha Ikram, Zaheer Abbas, Dennis Halterman, Nasir Ahmad Saeed
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the emerging staple crops in Pakistan, with Punjab producing over 95% of the country's potatoes. Wilt is an emerging threat to the potato crop worldwide, including in Pakistan. We identified and characterized Fusarium species associated with potato wilt in Pakistan through morphological and molecular analyses. Samples were collected during the 2020-2022 potato seasons from five major potato-growing regions: Sahiwal, Chichawatni, Pakpattan, Kamalia, and Faisalabad. Morphological characterization, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, specific translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were used to identify six different Fusarium species: F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, F. incarnatum, F. fujikuroi, F. annulatum and F. thapsinum. Pathogenicity tests in a greenhouse revealed that F. oxysporum and F. equiseti were responsible for Fusarium wilt in all sampled regions, with F. oxysporum being more prevalent in wilted samples. This is the first report of F. equiseti on wilted potatoes in Pakistan. In vitro biocontrol tests using Trichoderma harzianum showed 89% inhibition against F. equiseti and 65% inhibition against F. oxysporum. These findings on F. equiseti will aid in developing future control strategies, including biocontrol measures for Fusarium wilt in potatoes.
马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)是巴基斯坦新兴的主食作物之一,旁遮普省的马铃薯产量占全国产量的 95% 以上。枯萎病是对包括巴基斯坦在内的全球马铃薯作物的新威胁。我们通过形态学和分子分析确定了与巴基斯坦马铃薯枯萎病相关的镰刀菌种并对其进行了定性。我们在 2020-2022 年马铃薯收获季节从五个主要马铃薯种植区采集了样本:萨希瓦尔(Sahiwal)、奇查瓦特尼(Chichawatni)、帕克帕坦(Pakpattan)、卡马利亚(Kamalia)和费萨拉巴德(Faisalabad)。通过形态特征描述、内部转录隔距(ITS)测序、特异性翻译延伸因子 1-α(TEF)测序和系统发育分析,确定了六个不同的镰刀菌种:F. oxysporum、F. equiseti、F. incarnatum、F. fujikuroi、F. annulatum 和 F. thapsinum。在温室中进行的致病性测试表明,在所有采样地区,镰孢菌枯萎病都是由 F. oxysporum 和 F. equiseti 引起的,其中 F. oxysporum 在枯萎样本中更为普遍。这是巴基斯坦首次报告马铃薯枯萎病中的马镰孢菌。使用 Harzianum 毛霉进行的体外生物防治试验显示,对 F. equiseti 的抑制率为 89%,对 F. oxysporum 的抑制率为 65%。这些关于马铃薯镰刀菌枯萎病的研究结果将有助于制定未来的控制策略,包括针对马铃薯镰刀菌枯萎病的生物控制措施。
{"title":"Morpho-Molecular Identification of <i>Fusarium equiseti</i> and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Associated with Symptomatic Wilting of Potato from Pakistan.","authors":"Arsh Bibi, Fathia Mubeen, Ali Rizwan, Irfan Ullah, Masooma Hammad, Muhammad Abu Bakar Waqas, Ayesha Ikram, Zaheer Abbas, Dennis Halterman, Nasir Ahmad Saeed","doi":"10.3390/jof10100701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.) is one of the emerging staple crops in Pakistan, with Punjab producing over 95% of the country's potatoes. Wilt is an emerging threat to the potato crop worldwide, including in Pakistan. We identified and characterized <i>Fusarium</i> species associated with potato wilt in Pakistan through morphological and molecular analyses. Samples were collected during the 2020-2022 potato seasons from five major potato-growing regions: Sahiwal, Chichawatni, Pakpattan, Kamalia, and Faisalabad. Morphological characterization, <i>internal transcribed spacer</i> (<i>ITS</i>) sequencing, specific <i>translation elongation factor 1-alpha</i> (<i>TEF</i>) sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were used to identify six different <i>Fusarium</i> species: <i>F. oxysporum</i>, <i>F. equiseti</i>, <i>F. incarnatum</i>, <i>F. fujikuroi</i>, <i>F. annulatum</i> and <i>F. thapsinum</i>. Pathogenicity tests in a greenhouse revealed that <i>F. oxysporum</i> and <i>F. equiseti</i> were responsible for Fusarium wilt in all sampled regions, with <i>F. oxysporum</i> being more prevalent in wilted samples. This is the first report of <i>F. equiseti</i> on wilted potatoes in Pakistan. In vitro biocontrol tests using <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> showed 89% inhibition against <i>F. equiseti</i> and 65% inhibition against <i>F. oxysporum</i>. These findings on <i>F. equiseti</i> will aid in developing future control strategies, including biocontrol measures for Fusarium wilt in potatoes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plasmopara viticola (Berk.et Curtis) Berl. Et de Toni is the pathogen that causes grape downy mildew, which is an airborne disease that severely affects grape yield and causes huge economic losses. The usage of effective control methods can reduce the damage to plants induced by grape downy mildew. Biocontrol has been widely used to control plant diseases due to its advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability. However, to date, only a few comprehensive reviews on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew have been reported. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics of P. viticola and its infection cycle, followed by a detailed overview of current biocontrol agents, including bacteria and fungi that could be used to control grape downy mildew, and their control effects. Furthermore, potential control mechanisms of biocontrol agents against grape downy mildew are discussed. Lastly, suggestions for future research on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew are provided. This review provides the basis for the application of grape downy mildew biocontrol.
Plasmopara viticola (Berk.et Curtis) Berl.Plasmopara viticola (Berk.et Curtis) Berl.et de Toni 是引起葡萄霜霉病的病原体,它是一种通过空气传播的病害,严重影响葡萄产量并造成巨大的经济损失。采用有效的防治方法可以减少葡萄霜霉病对植物的危害。生物防治具有环境友好和可持续发展的优势,已被广泛用于控制植物病害。然而,迄今为止,关于葡萄霜霉病生物防治的全面综述报道寥寥无几。在这篇综述中,我们总结了葡萄霜霉病菌的生物学特性及其感染周期,然后详细介绍了目前可用于控制葡萄霜霉病的生物控制剂,包括细菌和真菌,以及它们的控制效果。此外,还讨论了生物控制剂对葡萄霜霉病的潜在控制机制。最后,对未来葡萄霜霉病的生物防治研究提出了建议。本综述为葡萄霜霉病生物防治的应用提供了依据。
{"title":"The Potential of Microorganisms for the Control of Grape Downy Mildew-A Review.","authors":"Zhan-Bin Sun, Han-Jian Song, Yong-Qiang Liu, Qing Ren, Qi-Yu Wang, Xiao-Feng Li, Han-Xu Pan, Xiao-Qing Huang","doi":"10.3390/jof10100702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Plasmopara viticola</i> (Berk.et Curtis) Berl. Et de Toni is the pathogen that causes grape downy mildew, which is an airborne disease that severely affects grape yield and causes huge economic losses. The usage of effective control methods can reduce the damage to plants induced by grape downy mildew. Biocontrol has been widely used to control plant diseases due to its advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability. However, to date, only a few comprehensive reviews on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew have been reported. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics of <i>P. viticola</i> and its infection cycle, followed by a detailed overview of current biocontrol agents, including bacteria and fungi that could be used to control grape downy mildew, and their control effects. Furthermore, potential control mechanisms of biocontrol agents against grape downy mildew are discussed. Lastly, suggestions for future research on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew are provided. This review provides the basis for the application of grape downy mildew biocontrol.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingyu Ji, Weihu Ma, Jiyuan An, Bowen Zhang, Wenzhuo Sun, Guocai Zhang
This study explores the in vitro antifungal effects of nerol, a linear acyclic monoterpene alcohol of plant origin, on Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis neglecta, and Valsa mali. To further investigate the antifungal mechanism of nerol against F. oxysporum, we examined changes in mycelial morphology and cell membrane integrity-related indices, as well as the activities of antioxidant and pathogenicity-related enzymes. The results demonstrated that nerol exhibited significant concentration-dependent inhibition of mycelial growth in all three fungi, with EC50 values of 0.46 μL/mL for F. oxysporum, 1.81 μL/mL for P. neglecta, and 1.26 μL/mL for V. mali, with the strongest antifungal activity observed against F. oxysporum. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that nerol severely disrupted the mycelial structure of F. oxysporum, causing deformation, swelling, and even rupture. Treatment with 0.04 μL/mL nerol led to significant leakage of soluble proteins and intracellular ions in F. oxysporum, and the Na+/K+-ATPase activity was reduced to 28.02% of the control, indicating enhanced membrane permeability. The elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, along with propidium iodide staining of treated microconidia, further confirmed cell membrane disruption caused by nerol. Additionally, after 12 h of exposure to 0.04 μL/mL nerol, the activity of superoxide dismutase in F. oxysporum decreased to 55.81% of the control, and the activities of catalase and peroxidase were also significantly inhibited. Nerol markedly reduced the activities of pathogenicity-related enzymes, such as endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase, polygalacturonase, and pectin lyase, affecting fungal growth and virulence. In conclusion, nerol disrupts the cell membrane integrity and permeability of F. oxysporum, reduces its virulence, and ultimately inhibits fungal growth, highlighting its potential as an alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling F. oxysporum.
本研究探讨了橙花醇(一种源于植物的线性无环单萜醇)对镰孢菌、Pestalotiopsis neglecta 和 Valsa mali 的体外抗真菌作用。为了进一步研究橙花醇对镰孢菌的抗真菌机制,我们考察了菌丝形态和细胞膜完整性相关指标的变化,以及抗氧化和致病相关酶的活性。结果表明,橙花醇对所有三种真菌的菌丝生长都有显著的浓度依赖性抑制作用,对 F. oxysporum 的 EC50 值为 0.46 μL/mL,对 P. neglecta 的 EC50 值为 1.81 μL/mL,对 V. mali 的 EC50 值为 1.26 μL/mL,其中对 F. oxysporum 的抗真菌活性最强。扫描电子显微镜显示,橙花醇严重破坏了 F. oxysporum 的菌丝结构,导致其变形、肿胀甚至破裂。用 0.04 μL/mL 橙花醇处理后,氧孢子菌体内的可溶性蛋白质和细胞内离子大量泄漏,Na+/K+-ATPase 活性降低到对照组的 28.02%,表明膜渗透性增强。过氧化氢和丙二醛水平的升高,以及碘化丙啶对处理过的微囊藻的染色,进一步证实了橙花醇造成的细胞膜破坏。此外,在接触 0.04 μL/mL 橙花醇 12 小时后,F. oxysporum 中超氧化物歧化酶的活性下降到对照的 55.81%,过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性也受到显著抑制。橙花醇明显降低了内-1,4-β-D-葡聚糖酶、聚半乳糖醛酸酶和果胶裂解酶等致病性相关酶的活性,影响了真菌的生长和毒力。总之,橙花素能破坏草孢子菌细胞膜的完整性和渗透性,降低其毒力,并最终抑制真菌生长,突出了其作为化学杀菌剂替代品控制草孢子菌的潜力。
{"title":"Nerol as a Novel Antifungal Agent: In Vitro Inhibitory Effects on <i>Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis neglecta</i>, and <i>Valsa mali</i> and Its Potential Mechanisms against <i>F. oxysporum</i>.","authors":"Jingyu Ji, Weihu Ma, Jiyuan An, Bowen Zhang, Wenzhuo Sun, Guocai Zhang","doi":"10.3390/jof10100699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the in vitro antifungal effects of nerol, a linear acyclic monoterpene alcohol of plant origin, on <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, <i>Pestalotiopsis neglecta</i>, and <i>Valsa mali</i>. To further investigate the antifungal mechanism of nerol against <i>F. oxysporum</i>, we examined changes in mycelial morphology and cell membrane integrity-related indices, as well as the activities of antioxidant and pathogenicity-related enzymes. The results demonstrated that nerol exhibited significant concentration-dependent inhibition of mycelial growth in all three fungi, with EC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.46 μL/mL for <i>F. oxysporum</i>, 1.81 μL/mL for <i>P. neglecta</i>, and 1.26 μL/mL for <i>V. mali</i>, with the strongest antifungal activity observed against <i>F. oxysporum</i>. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that nerol severely disrupted the mycelial structure of <i>F. oxysporum</i>, causing deformation, swelling, and even rupture. Treatment with 0.04 μL/mL nerol led to significant leakage of soluble proteins and intracellular ions in <i>F. oxysporum</i>, and the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activity was reduced to 28.02% of the control, indicating enhanced membrane permeability. The elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, along with propidium iodide staining of treated microconidia, further confirmed cell membrane disruption caused by nerol. Additionally, after 12 h of exposure to 0.04 μL/mL nerol, the activity of superoxide dismutase in <i>F. oxysporum</i> decreased to 55.81% of the control, and the activities of catalase and peroxidase were also significantly inhibited. Nerol markedly reduced the activities of pathogenicity-related enzymes, such as endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase, polygalacturonase, and pectin lyase, affecting fungal growth and virulence. In conclusion, nerol disrupts the cell membrane integrity and permeability of <i>F. oxysporum</i>, reduces its virulence, and ultimately inhibits fungal growth, highlighting its potential as an alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling <i>F. oxysporum</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508397/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}