Xylem-associated fungus can secrete many secondary metabolites to help Aquilaria trees resist various stresses and play a crucial role in facilitating agarwood formation. However, the dynamics of endophytic fungi in Aquilaria sinensis xylem after artificial induction have not been fully elaborated. Endophytic fungi communities and xylem physio-biochemical properties were examined before and after induction with an inorganic salt solution, including four different times (pre-induction (0M), the third (3M), sixth (6M) and ninth (9M) month after induction treatment). The relationships between fungal diversity and physio-biochemical indices were evaluated. The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble sugar content first increased and then decreased with induction time, while starch was heavily consumed after induction treatment. Endophytic fungal diversity was significantly lower after induction treatment than before, but the species richness was promoted. Fungal β-diversity was also clustered into four groups according to different times. Core species shifted from rare to dominant taxa with induction time, and growing species interactions in the network indicate a gradual complication of fungal community structure. Endophytic fungi diversity and potential functions were closely related to physicochemical indices that had less effect on the relative abundance of the dominant species. These findings help assess the regulatory mechanisms of microorganisms that expedite agarwood formation after artificial induction.
{"title":"Dynamics of Physiological Properties and Endophytic Fungal Communities in the Xylem of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) with Different Induction Times","authors":"Qingqing Zhang, Rongrong Li, Yang Lin, Weiwei Zhao, Qiang Lin, Ouyang Lei, Shengjiang Pang, Huahao Zeng","doi":"10.3390/jof10080562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080562","url":null,"abstract":"Xylem-associated fungus can secrete many secondary metabolites to help Aquilaria trees resist various stresses and play a crucial role in facilitating agarwood formation. However, the dynamics of endophytic fungi in Aquilaria sinensis xylem after artificial induction have not been fully elaborated. Endophytic fungi communities and xylem physio-biochemical properties were examined before and after induction with an inorganic salt solution, including four different times (pre-induction (0M), the third (3M), sixth (6M) and ninth (9M) month after induction treatment). The relationships between fungal diversity and physio-biochemical indices were evaluated. The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble sugar content first increased and then decreased with induction time, while starch was heavily consumed after induction treatment. Endophytic fungal diversity was significantly lower after induction treatment than before, but the species richness was promoted. Fungal β-diversity was also clustered into four groups according to different times. Core species shifted from rare to dominant taxa with induction time, and growing species interactions in the network indicate a gradual complication of fungal community structure. Endophytic fungi diversity and potential functions were closely related to physicochemical indices that had less effect on the relative abundance of the dominant species. These findings help assess the regulatory mechanisms of microorganisms that expedite agarwood formation after artificial induction.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: This study aimed to determine, at the phenotypic and molecular levels, resistance and virulence markers in Candida spp. isolated from community-acquired infections in Bucharest outpatients during 2021, and to demonstrate the efficiency of alternative solutions against them based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods: A total of 62 Candida spp. strains were isolated from dermatomycoses and identified using chromogenic culture media and MALDI-TOF MS, and then investigated for their antimicrobial resistance and virulence markers (VMs), as well as for metabolic enzymes using enzymatic tests for the expression of soluble virulence factors, their biofilm formation and adherence capacity on HeLa cells, and PCR assays for the detection of virulence markers and the antimicrobial activity of alternative solutions based on AgNPs. Results: Of the total of 62 strains, 45.16% were Candida parapsilosis; 29.03% Candida albicans; 9.67% Candida guilliermondii; 3.22% Candida lusitaniae, Candia pararugosa, and Candida tropicalis; and 1.66% Candida kefyr, Candida famata, Candida haemulonii, and Candida metapsilosis. Aesculin hydrolysis, caseinase, and amylase production were detected in the analyzed strains. The strains exhibited different indices of adherence to HeLa cells and were positive in decreasing frequency order for the LIP1, HWP1, and ALS1,3 genes (C. tropicalis/C. albicans). An inhibitory effect on microbial growth, adherence capacity, and on the production of virulence factors was obtained using AgNPs. Conclusions: The obtained results in C. albicans and Candida non-albicans circulating in Bucharest outpatients were characterized by moderate-to-high potential to produce VMs, necessitating epidemiological surveillance measures to minimize the chances of severe invasive infections.
{"title":"Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Resistance and Virulence Markers in Candida spp. Isolated from Community-Acquired Infections in Bucharest, and the Impact of AgNPs on the Highly Resistant Isolates","authors":"Viorica Maria Corbu, Ana-Maria Georgescu, Ioana Cristina Marinas, Radu Pericleanu, Denisa Vasilica Mogos, Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă, Liliana Marinescu, Ionut Pecete, Tatiana Vassu-Dimov, Ilda Czobor Barbu, Ortansa Csutak, Denisa Ficai, Irina Gheorghe-Barbu","doi":"10.3390/jof10080563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080563","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aimed to determine, at the phenotypic and molecular levels, resistance and virulence markers in Candida spp. isolated from community-acquired infections in Bucharest outpatients during 2021, and to demonstrate the efficiency of alternative solutions against them based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods: A total of 62 Candida spp. strains were isolated from dermatomycoses and identified using chromogenic culture media and MALDI-TOF MS, and then investigated for their antimicrobial resistance and virulence markers (VMs), as well as for metabolic enzymes using enzymatic tests for the expression of soluble virulence factors, their biofilm formation and adherence capacity on HeLa cells, and PCR assays for the detection of virulence markers and the antimicrobial activity of alternative solutions based on AgNPs. Results: Of the total of 62 strains, 45.16% were Candida parapsilosis; 29.03% Candida albicans; 9.67% Candida guilliermondii; 3.22% Candida lusitaniae, Candia pararugosa, and Candida tropicalis; and 1.66% Candida kefyr, Candida famata, Candida haemulonii, and Candida metapsilosis. Aesculin hydrolysis, caseinase, and amylase production were detected in the analyzed strains. The strains exhibited different indices of adherence to HeLa cells and were positive in decreasing frequency order for the LIP1, HWP1, and ALS1,3 genes (C. tropicalis/C. albicans). An inhibitory effect on microbial growth, adherence capacity, and on the production of virulence factors was obtained using AgNPs. Conclusions: The obtained results in C. albicans and Candida non-albicans circulating in Bucharest outpatients were characterized by moderate-to-high potential to produce VMs, necessitating epidemiological surveillance measures to minimize the chances of severe invasive infections.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141949063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ingrida Radveikienė, Regina Vidžiūnaitė, Rolandas Meškys, Vida Časaitė
Laccases are important and valuable enzymes with a great potential for biotechnological applications. In this study, two novel laccases, LacHU1 and LacHU2, from Alternaria sp. HU have been purified and characterized. The molecular mass of each isoenzyme was ~66 kDa. LacHU1 laccases was yellow and had no typical blue oxidase spectra and LacHU2 had a blue color and characteristic absorption spectra. The catalytic efficiency of LacHU1 for most substrates was higher than that of LacHU2 laccase. Both isoenzymes effectively oxidize flavonoids. Alternaria sp. laccases were successfully immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles. The thermostability of immobilized laccases increased and optimal pH shifted to more alkaline compared to the free laccases. Potential applications of laccases from Alternaria sp. HU are in the oxidation of flavonoids in cotton or in water treatment processes.
{"title":"Blue and Yellow Laccases from Alternaria sp. Strain HU: Characterization and Immobilization on Magnetic Nanoparticles","authors":"Ingrida Radveikienė, Regina Vidžiūnaitė, Rolandas Meškys, Vida Časaitė","doi":"10.3390/jof10080559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080559","url":null,"abstract":"Laccases are important and valuable enzymes with a great potential for biotechnological applications. In this study, two novel laccases, LacHU1 and LacHU2, from Alternaria sp. HU have been purified and characterized. The molecular mass of each isoenzyme was ~66 kDa. LacHU1 laccases was yellow and had no typical blue oxidase spectra and LacHU2 had a blue color and characteristic absorption spectra. The catalytic efficiency of LacHU1 for most substrates was higher than that of LacHU2 laccase. Both isoenzymes effectively oxidize flavonoids. Alternaria sp. laccases were successfully immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles. The thermostability of immobilized laccases increased and optimal pH shifted to more alkaline compared to the free laccases. Potential applications of laccases from Alternaria sp. HU are in the oxidation of flavonoids in cotton or in water treatment processes.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141949062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice bakanae disease (RBD) is a typical seed-borne fungal disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi. Prochloraz is a sterol demethylation inhibitor, which is among the most important classes of active ingredients for the management of RBD. In 2022, the total resistance frequency of F. fujikuroi to prochloraz in Zhejiang Province was 62.67%. The fitness of the prochloraz-resistant population was lower than that of the susceptible population, but its pathogenicity was slightly stronger. The S312T and F511S double mutations of Ffcyp51b were detected in the resistant isolates. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology based on S312T was established to rapidly determine prochloraz resistance in F. fujikuroi. LAMP primer mismatch design was performed based on the cyp51b gene, and 100–300 bp sequences containing a mutation at codon 312 were amplified. In a 25 µL reaction tube, 1 pg/µL DNA of F. fujikuroi could be detected. The detection limit for the frequency of prochloraz resistance was 0.498% using this method. We performed LAMP detection on rice seedlings inoculated with prochloraz-sensitive and -resistant isolates and treated them with prochloraz. Prochloraz demonstrated good control in rice seedlings. A chromogenic reaction was observed in seedlings treated with prochloraz-resistant isolates, and the results were verified using electrophoresis. It has been demonstrated that LAMP technology based on the S312T genotype can quickly and specifically detect prochloraz-resistant isolates in rice seedlings.
{"title":"Characterization, Molecular Mechanism of Prochloraz-Resistance in Fusarium fujikuroi and Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Rapid Detection Technique Based on the S312T Genotype of Resistances","authors":"Chenyang Ge, Daixing Dong, Chengxin Mao, Qianqian Zhang, Chuanqing Zhang","doi":"10.3390/jof10080560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080560","url":null,"abstract":"Rice bakanae disease (RBD) is a typical seed-borne fungal disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi. Prochloraz is a sterol demethylation inhibitor, which is among the most important classes of active ingredients for the management of RBD. In 2022, the total resistance frequency of F. fujikuroi to prochloraz in Zhejiang Province was 62.67%. The fitness of the prochloraz-resistant population was lower than that of the susceptible population, but its pathogenicity was slightly stronger. The S312T and F511S double mutations of Ffcyp51b were detected in the resistant isolates. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology based on S312T was established to rapidly determine prochloraz resistance in F. fujikuroi. LAMP primer mismatch design was performed based on the cyp51b gene, and 100–300 bp sequences containing a mutation at codon 312 were amplified. In a 25 µL reaction tube, 1 pg/µL DNA of F. fujikuroi could be detected. The detection limit for the frequency of prochloraz resistance was 0.498% using this method. We performed LAMP detection on rice seedlings inoculated with prochloraz-sensitive and -resistant isolates and treated them with prochloraz. Prochloraz demonstrated good control in rice seedlings. A chromogenic reaction was observed in seedlings treated with prochloraz-resistant isolates, and the results were verified using electrophoresis. It has been demonstrated that LAMP technology based on the S312T genotype can quickly and specifically detect prochloraz-resistant isolates in rice seedlings.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fungi are rich sources of secondary metabolites of agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and food importance, such as mycotoxins, antibiotics, and antitumor agents. Secondary metabolites play vital roles in fungal pathogenesis, growth and development, oxidative status modulation, and adaptation/resistance to various environmental stresses. LaeA contains an S-adenosylmethionine binding site and displays methyltransferase activity. The members of velvet proteins include VeA, VelB, VelC, VelD and VosA for each member with a velvet domain. LaeA and velvet proteins can form multimeric complexes such as VosA-VelB and VelB-VeA-LaeA. They belong to global regulators and are mainly impacted by light. One of their most important functions is to regulate gene expressions that are responsible for secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The aim of this mini-review is to represent the newest cognition of the biosynthetic regulation of mycotoxins and other fungal secondary metabolites by LaeA and velvet proteins. In most cases, LaeA and velvet proteins positively regulate production of fungal secondary metabolites. The regulated fungal species mainly belong to the toxigenic fungi from the genera of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Fusarium, Magnaporthe, Monascus, and Penicillium for the production of mycotoxins. We can control secondary metabolite production to inhibit the production of harmful mycotoxins while promoting the production of useful metabolites by global regulation of LaeA and velvet proteins in fungi. Furthermore, the regulation by LaeA and velvet proteins should be a practical strategy in activating silent biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in fungi to obtain previously undiscovered metabolites.
{"title":"Involvement of LaeA and Velvet Proteins in Regulating the Production of Mycotoxins and Other Fungal Secondary Metabolites","authors":"Xuwen Hou, Liyao Liu, Dan Xu, D. Lai, Ligang Zhou","doi":"10.3390/jof10080561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080561","url":null,"abstract":"Fungi are rich sources of secondary metabolites of agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and food importance, such as mycotoxins, antibiotics, and antitumor agents. Secondary metabolites play vital roles in fungal pathogenesis, growth and development, oxidative status modulation, and adaptation/resistance to various environmental stresses. LaeA contains an S-adenosylmethionine binding site and displays methyltransferase activity. The members of velvet proteins include VeA, VelB, VelC, VelD and VosA for each member with a velvet domain. LaeA and velvet proteins can form multimeric complexes such as VosA-VelB and VelB-VeA-LaeA. They belong to global regulators and are mainly impacted by light. One of their most important functions is to regulate gene expressions that are responsible for secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The aim of this mini-review is to represent the newest cognition of the biosynthetic regulation of mycotoxins and other fungal secondary metabolites by LaeA and velvet proteins. In most cases, LaeA and velvet proteins positively regulate production of fungal secondary metabolites. The regulated fungal species mainly belong to the toxigenic fungi from the genera of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Fusarium, Magnaporthe, Monascus, and Penicillium for the production of mycotoxins. We can control secondary metabolite production to inhibit the production of harmful mycotoxins while promoting the production of useful metabolites by global regulation of LaeA and velvet proteins in fungi. Furthermore, the regulation by LaeA and velvet proteins should be a practical strategy in activating silent biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in fungi to obtain previously undiscovered metabolites.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra Pinho, Isabel M. Miranda, Sofia Costa-de-Oliveira
Emerging and uncommon Candida species have been reported as an increasing cause of invasive Candida infections (ICI). We aim to systematize the global epidemiology associated with emergent uncommon Candida species responsible for invasive infections in adult patients. A systematic review (from 1 January 2001 to 28 February 2023) regarding epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological data associated to invasive Candida infections by uncommon Candida spp. were collected. In total, 1567 publications were identified, and 36 were selected according to inclusion criteria (45 cases). The chosen studies covered: C. auris (n = 21), C. haemulonii (n = 6), C. fermentati (n = 4), C. kefyr (n = 4), C. norvegensis (n = 3), C. nivariensis (n = 3), C. bracarensis (n = 1), C. duobushaemulonii (n = 1), C. blankii (n = 1), and C. khanbhai (n = 1). Over the recent years, there has been an increase in the number of invasive infections caused by uncommon Candida spp. Asia and Europe are the continents with the most reported cases. The challenges in strain identification and antifungal susceptibility interpretation were significant. The absence of clinical breakpoints for the susceptibility profile determination for uncommon Candida spp. makes interpretation and treatment options a clinical challenge. It is crucial that we focus on new and accessible microbiology techniques to make fast and accurate diagnostics and treatments.
{"title":"Global Epidemiology of Invasive Infections by Uncommon Candida Species: A Systematic Review","authors":"Sandra Pinho, Isabel M. Miranda, Sofia Costa-de-Oliveira","doi":"10.3390/jof10080558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080558","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging and uncommon Candida species have been reported as an increasing cause of invasive Candida infections (ICI). We aim to systematize the global epidemiology associated with emergent uncommon Candida species responsible for invasive infections in adult patients. A systematic review (from 1 January 2001 to 28 February 2023) regarding epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological data associated to invasive Candida infections by uncommon Candida spp. were collected. In total, 1567 publications were identified, and 36 were selected according to inclusion criteria (45 cases). The chosen studies covered: C. auris (n = 21), C. haemulonii (n = 6), C. fermentati (n = 4), C. kefyr (n = 4), C. norvegensis (n = 3), C. nivariensis (n = 3), C. bracarensis (n = 1), C. duobushaemulonii (n = 1), C. blankii (n = 1), and C. khanbhai (n = 1). Over the recent years, there has been an increase in the number of invasive infections caused by uncommon Candida spp. Asia and Europe are the continents with the most reported cases. The challenges in strain identification and antifungal susceptibility interpretation were significant. The absence of clinical breakpoints for the susceptibility profile determination for uncommon Candida spp. makes interpretation and treatment options a clinical challenge. It is crucial that we focus on new and accessible microbiology techniques to make fast and accurate diagnostics and treatments.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141949166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Putu Virgina Partha Devanthi, Ferren Pratama, Ihsan Tria Pramanda, Mario Donald Bani, Adinda Darwati Kadar, Katherine Kho
Mycoprotein is an alternative protein produced through fungal fermentation. However, it typically relies on refined glucose syrup derived from starch, which can be costly and unsustainable. This study investigates the potential of soybean processing by-products (okara and soy whey) as alternative substrates for producing mycoprotein using Aspergillus oryzae. A. oryzae was cultured for 7 days at 30 °C in diluted okara (1:50) and soy whey (1:1) with or without agitation (100 rpm). Soy whey produced higher biomass yields (369.2–408.8 mg dry biomass/g dry substrate), but had a lower biomass concentration (0.783–0.867 g dry weight/L). Conversely, okara produced a higher biomass concentration (2.02 g dry weight/L) with a yield of 114.7 mg dry biomass/g dry substrate. However, biomass formation in okara was only observed in static conditions, as agitation caused biomass to entangle with soy pulp, hampering its production. Additionally, okara tended to release protein into the media, while soy whey accumulated protein within the biomass, reaching up to 53% w/w protein content. The results of this study provide a promising approach to addressing both soybean processing waste reduction and food security concerns.
{"title":"Exploring the Potential of Aspergillus oryzae for Sustainable Mycoprotein Production Using Okara and Soy Whey as Cost-Effective Substrates","authors":"Putu Virgina Partha Devanthi, Ferren Pratama, Ihsan Tria Pramanda, Mario Donald Bani, Adinda Darwati Kadar, Katherine Kho","doi":"10.3390/jof10080555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080555","url":null,"abstract":"Mycoprotein is an alternative protein produced through fungal fermentation. However, it typically relies on refined glucose syrup derived from starch, which can be costly and unsustainable. This study investigates the potential of soybean processing by-products (okara and soy whey) as alternative substrates for producing mycoprotein using Aspergillus oryzae. A. oryzae was cultured for 7 days at 30 °C in diluted okara (1:50) and soy whey (1:1) with or without agitation (100 rpm). Soy whey produced higher biomass yields (369.2–408.8 mg dry biomass/g dry substrate), but had a lower biomass concentration (0.783–0.867 g dry weight/L). Conversely, okara produced a higher biomass concentration (2.02 g dry weight/L) with a yield of 114.7 mg dry biomass/g dry substrate. However, biomass formation in okara was only observed in static conditions, as agitation caused biomass to entangle with soy pulp, hampering its production. Additionally, okara tended to release protein into the media, while soy whey accumulated protein within the biomass, reaching up to 53% w/w protein content. The results of this study provide a promising approach to addressing both soybean processing waste reduction and food security concerns.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141949163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mushroom Jin Er has attracted widespread attention in Asia over the past two decades due to its medicinal properties and nutritional values. In the present study, Jin Er basidiocarps were often found to be surrounded by Stereum hirsutum fruiting bodies in their natural habitat and occasionally in artificial cultivation. The observation of two different kinds of mycelia within the hymenium and analyses of ITS sequences confirmed that Jin Er basidiocarps were composed of two fungal species, Naematelia aurantialba and S. hirsutum. This heterogeneity of Jin Er fruiting bodies is indeed distinct from the homogeneous hypha of Tremella fuciformis found in Yin Er mushroom, although its development also requires the presence of another fungus Annulohypoxylon stygium. Basidiospores can germinate on the surface of basidiocarps and produce mycelia. However, basidiospores in PDA medium can only bud into yeast-like conidia. The yeast-like conidia of N. aurantialba can transform into pseudohyphae with a change in temperature from 20 °C to 28 °C or switch into filamentous cells on an induction medium (IDM) at 20 °C, 25 °C and 28 °C. This dimorphic was reported for the first time in N. aurantialba. Haustorium-like structures were abundantly observed both within the hymenium and in the aerial mycelia cultured on the IDM. The developmental process was documented firstly in this study, involving the formation of protuberances with basal clamp connections, elongation at the protuberances, branch production, and eventual maturation. However, further observation is required to determine whether the haustorium-like structures can penetrate S. hirsutum hyphae. These findings are expected to provide valuable insights into the relationship and interaction between these two fungi, thereby advancing the cultivation of fruiting bodies.
过去二十年来，金针菇因其药用价值和营养价值在亚洲引起了广泛关注。在本研究中，金耳基生菌丝体在自然生境中经常被Stereum hirsutum子实体包围，在人工栽培中也偶有发现。通过对菌膜内两种不同菌丝体的观察和 ITS 序列的分析，证实金二基生菌由 Naematelia aurantialba 和 S. hirsutum 两种真菌组成。金耳子实体的这种异质性确实有别于银耳中发现的褐曲霉（Tremella fuciformis）的同质菌丝，尽管其发育还需要另一种真菌 Annulohypoxylon stygium 的存在。基生孢子可在基生菌丝表面发芽并产生菌丝。但是，基生孢子在 PDA 培养基中只能萌发成酵母状分生孢子。当温度从 20 ℃ 升至 28 ℃ 时，N. aurantialba 的酵母状分生孢子可转化为假菌丝，或在 20 ℃、25 ℃ 和 28 ℃ 的诱导培养基（IDM）上转化为丝状细胞。这种二形现象在 N. aurantialba 中尚属首次报道。在 IDM 诱导培养基上培养的菌丝体和气生菌丝体中都能观察到大量的菌丝体状结构。本研究首次记录了其发育过程，包括基部夹持连接的突起的形成、突起处的伸长、分枝的产生以及最终的成熟。不过，还需要进一步观察，以确定类管结构是否能穿透 S. hirsutum菌丝。这些发现有望为这两种真菌之间的关系和相互作用提供有价值的见解，从而推动子实体的培育。
{"title":"Fruiting Body Heterogeneity, Dimorphism and Haustorium-like Structure of Naematelia aurantialba (Jin Er Mushroom)","authors":"Ying Yang, Caihong Dong","doi":"10.3390/jof10080557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080557","url":null,"abstract":"Mushroom Jin Er has attracted widespread attention in Asia over the past two decades due to its medicinal properties and nutritional values. In the present study, Jin Er basidiocarps were often found to be surrounded by Stereum hirsutum fruiting bodies in their natural habitat and occasionally in artificial cultivation. The observation of two different kinds of mycelia within the hymenium and analyses of ITS sequences confirmed that Jin Er basidiocarps were composed of two fungal species, Naematelia aurantialba and S. hirsutum. This heterogeneity of Jin Er fruiting bodies is indeed distinct from the homogeneous hypha of Tremella fuciformis found in Yin Er mushroom, although its development also requires the presence of another fungus Annulohypoxylon stygium. Basidiospores can germinate on the surface of basidiocarps and produce mycelia. However, basidiospores in PDA medium can only bud into yeast-like conidia. The yeast-like conidia of N. aurantialba can transform into pseudohyphae with a change in temperature from 20 °C to 28 °C or switch into filamentous cells on an induction medium (IDM) at 20 °C, 25 °C and 28 °C. This dimorphic was reported for the first time in N. aurantialba. Haustorium-like structures were abundantly observed both within the hymenium and in the aerial mycelia cultured on the IDM. The developmental process was documented firstly in this study, involving the formation of protuberances with basal clamp connections, elongation at the protuberances, branch production, and eventual maturation. However, further observation is required to determine whether the haustorium-like structures can penetrate S. hirsutum hyphae. These findings are expected to provide valuable insights into the relationship and interaction between these two fungi, thereby advancing the cultivation of fruiting bodies.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141949165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Chen, Zhi Yu, Mengchen Zhao, Dorsaf Kerfahi, Nan Li, Lingling Shi, Xiwu Qi, Chang-Bae Lee, Ke Dong, Hae-In Lee, Sang-Seob Lee
Exploring species diversity along elevational gradients is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms. Our study focused on analyzing the species diversity of fungal communities and their subcommunities at different trophic and taxonomic levels across three high mountains of the Korean Peninsula, each situated in a different climatic zone. Using high-throughput sequencing, we aimed to assess fungal diversity patterns and investigate the primary environmental factors influencing fungal diversity. Our results indicate that soil fungal diversity exhibits different elevational distribution patterns on different mountains, highlighting the combined effects of climate, soil properties, and geographic topology. Notably, the total and available phosphorus contents in the soil emerged as key determinants in explaining the differences in diversity attributed to soil properties. Despite the varied responses of fungal diversity to elevational gradients among different trophic guilds and taxonomic levels, their primary environmental determinants remained remarkably consistent. In particular, total and available phosphorus contents showed significant correlations with the diversity of the majority of the trophic guilds and taxonomic levels. Our study reveals the absence of a uniform diversity pattern along elevational gradients, underscoring the general sensitivity of fungi to soil conditions. By enriching our understanding of fungal diversity dynamics, this research enhances our comprehension of the formation and maintenance of elevational fungal diversity and the response of microbial communities in mountain ecosystems to climate change. This study provides valuable insights for future ecological studies of similar biotic communities.
{"title":"Elevational Variation in and Environmental Determinants of Fungal Diversity in Forest Ecosystems of Korean Peninsula","authors":"Lei Chen, Zhi Yu, Mengchen Zhao, Dorsaf Kerfahi, Nan Li, Lingling Shi, Xiwu Qi, Chang-Bae Lee, Ke Dong, Hae-In Lee, Sang-Seob Lee","doi":"10.3390/jof10080556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080556","url":null,"abstract":"Exploring species diversity along elevational gradients is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms. Our study focused on analyzing the species diversity of fungal communities and their subcommunities at different trophic and taxonomic levels across three high mountains of the Korean Peninsula, each situated in a different climatic zone. Using high-throughput sequencing, we aimed to assess fungal diversity patterns and investigate the primary environmental factors influencing fungal diversity. Our results indicate that soil fungal diversity exhibits different elevational distribution patterns on different mountains, highlighting the combined effects of climate, soil properties, and geographic topology. Notably, the total and available phosphorus contents in the soil emerged as key determinants in explaining the differences in diversity attributed to soil properties. Despite the varied responses of fungal diversity to elevational gradients among different trophic guilds and taxonomic levels, their primary environmental determinants remained remarkably consistent. In particular, total and available phosphorus contents showed significant correlations with the diversity of the majority of the trophic guilds and taxonomic levels. Our study reveals the absence of a uniform diversity pattern along elevational gradients, underscoring the general sensitivity of fungi to soil conditions. By enriching our understanding of fungal diversity dynamics, this research enhances our comprehension of the formation and maintenance of elevational fungal diversity and the response of microbial communities in mountain ecosystems to climate change. This study provides valuable insights for future ecological studies of similar biotic communities.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141949164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xu Zheng, Ao Li, Ruining Nie, Chengxu Wu, Xinying Ji, Jiali Tang, Junpei Zhang
To delve into the growth and physiological adaptations exhibited by the economically vital black wolfberry (Lycium ruthenicum) upon inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under varying levels of saline–alkaline stress A series of pot experiments were conducted in a gradient saline–alkaline environment (0, 200, 400 mM NaCl: NaHCO3 = 1:1). One-year-old cuttings of black wolfberry, inoculated with two AMF species—Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)—served as the experimental material, enabling a comprehensive analysis of seedling biomass, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and other crucial physiological parameters. This study demonstrated that both Fm and Ri could form a symbiotic relationship with the root of Lycium ruthenicum. Notably, Fm inoculation significantly bolstered the growth of the underground parts, while exhibiting a remarkable capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby effectively mitigating membrane oxidative damage induced by stress. Additionally, Fm promoted the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) in both leaves and roots, facilitating the exclusion of excess sodium ions from cells. Ri Inoculation primarily contributed to an enhancement in the chlorophyll b (Chlb) content, vital for sustaining photosynthesis processes. Furthermore, Ri’s ability to enhance phosphorus (P) absorption under stressful conditions ensured a steady influx of essential nutrients. These findings point to different strategies employed for Fm and Ri inoculation. To holistically assess the saline–alkaline tolerance of each treatment group, a membership function analysis was employed, ultimately ranking the salt tolerance as Fm > Ri > non-mycorrhizal (NM) control. This finding holds paramount importance for the screening of highly resilient Lycium ruthenicum strains and offers invaluable theoretical underpinnings and technical guidance for the remediation of saline–alkaline soils, fostering sustainable agricultural practices in challenging environments.
在盐碱梯度环境（0、200、400 mM NaCl: NaHCO3 = 1:1）中进行了一系列盆栽实验。以接种了两种 AMF--Funneliformis mosseae（Fm）和Rhizophagus intraradices（Ri）--的黑枸杞一年生插条为实验材料，对幼苗的生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和其他重要生理参数进行了全面分析。该研究表明，Fm 和 Ri 都能与枸杞根形成共生关系。值得注意的是，接种 Fm 能明显促进地下部分的生长，同时还能显著清除活性氧（ROS），从而有效减轻胁迫引起的膜氧化损伤。此外，Fm 还能促进脱落酸（ABA）在叶片和根部的积累，促进细胞排除多余的钠离子。Ri 接种主要有助于提高叶绿素 b（Chlb）的含量，而叶绿素 b 对维持光合作用过程至关重要。此外，Ri 还能在胁迫条件下促进磷（P）的吸收，确保必要养分的稳定流入。这些发现表明，Fm 和 Ri 采用了不同的接种策略。为了全面评估各处理组的耐盐碱能力，采用了成员函数分析法，最终将耐盐碱能力排序为 Fm > Ri > 非菌根（NM）对照。这一发现对筛选高抗逆性的枸杞菌株至关重要，并为盐碱土壤的修复提供了宝贵的理论基础和技术指导，有助于在具有挑战性的环境中开展可持续农业实践。
{"title":"Differential Strategies of Two Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Varieties in the Protection of Lycium ruthenicum under Saline–Alkaline Stress","authors":"Xu Zheng, Ao Li, Ruining Nie, Chengxu Wu, Xinying Ji, Jiali Tang, Junpei Zhang","doi":"10.3390/jof10080554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080554","url":null,"abstract":"To delve into the growth and physiological adaptations exhibited by the economically vital black wolfberry (Lycium ruthenicum) upon inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under varying levels of saline–alkaline stress A series of pot experiments were conducted in a gradient saline–alkaline environment (0, 200, 400 mM NaCl: NaHCO3 = 1:1). One-year-old cuttings of black wolfberry, inoculated with two AMF species—Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)—served as the experimental material, enabling a comprehensive analysis of seedling biomass, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and other crucial physiological parameters. This study demonstrated that both Fm and Ri could form a symbiotic relationship with the root of Lycium ruthenicum. Notably, Fm inoculation significantly bolstered the growth of the underground parts, while exhibiting a remarkable capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby effectively mitigating membrane oxidative damage induced by stress. Additionally, Fm promoted the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) in both leaves and roots, facilitating the exclusion of excess sodium ions from cells. Ri Inoculation primarily contributed to an enhancement in the chlorophyll b (Chlb) content, vital for sustaining photosynthesis processes. Furthermore, Ri’s ability to enhance phosphorus (P) absorption under stressful conditions ensured a steady influx of essential nutrients. These findings point to different strategies employed for Fm and Ri inoculation. To holistically assess the saline–alkaline tolerance of each treatment group, a membership function analysis was employed, ultimately ranking the salt tolerance as Fm > Ri > non-mycorrhizal (NM) control. This finding holds paramount importance for the screening of highly resilient Lycium ruthenicum strains and offers invaluable theoretical underpinnings and technical guidance for the remediation of saline–alkaline soils, fostering sustainable agricultural practices in challenging environments.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141949162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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