Ernesto Delgado-Fernández, Lidia Nicola, Sergio A. Covarrubias, Carolina Elena Girometta, Adrián Valdez-Tenezaca
The Andean Páramo is an environment known for its high biodiversity; however, due to its remote location and difficult access, it is still relatively poorly studied. The aim of this work was to explore the fungal biodiversity of Ecuadorian Páramo soils in the undisturbed natural reserve of Quimsacocha through ITS metabarconding with an MiSeq platform. This analysis revealed the presence of 370 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), mainly composed by Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota and Basidiomycota. The biodiversity had a great variability among the 19 samples, but the soil humidity proved to be a significant driver of diversity in the relatively dry environment of Páramo. Some of most abundant fungal genera have important relationships with plant roots. This work represents the first glimpse into the complex biodiversity of soil fungi in this understudied area, and further studies will be needed to better understand the fungal biodiversity in this region, together with the development of necessary measures of environmental protection.
安第斯山脉的巴拉莫地区以生物多样性丰富而闻名，但由于地处偏远，交通不便，对该地区的研究相对较少。这项研究的目的是利用 MiSeq 平台，通过 ITS 代谢定量分析，探索厄瓜多尔金萨科查未受干扰自然保护区内帕拉莫土壤的真菌生物多样性。这项分析发现了 370 个真菌扩增序列变体（ASV），主要由子囊菌目（Ascomycota）、毛霉菌目（Mortierellomycota）和担子菌目（Basidiomycota）组成。19 个样本的生物多样性差异很大，但在相对干燥的巴拉莫环境中，土壤湿度被证明是多样性的重要驱动因素。一些最丰富的真菌属与植物根系有重要关系。这项研究首次揭示了这一研究不足地区土壤真菌复杂的生物多样性，还需要进一步研究，以更好地了解这一地区的真菌生物多样性，并制定必要的环境保护措施。
{"title":"Fungal Diversity in an Undisturbed Andean Páramo Soil in Quimsacocha (Ecuador)","authors":"Ernesto Delgado-Fernández, Lidia Nicola, Sergio A. Covarrubias, Carolina Elena Girometta, Adrián Valdez-Tenezaca","doi":"10.3390/jof10090623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090623","url":null,"abstract":"The Andean Páramo is an environment known for its high biodiversity; however, due to its remote location and difficult access, it is still relatively poorly studied. The aim of this work was to explore the fungal biodiversity of Ecuadorian Páramo soils in the undisturbed natural reserve of Quimsacocha through ITS metabarconding with an MiSeq platform. This analysis revealed the presence of 370 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), mainly composed by Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota and Basidiomycota. The biodiversity had a great variability among the 19 samples, but the soil humidity proved to be a significant driver of diversity in the relatively dry environment of Páramo. Some of most abundant fungal genera have important relationships with plant roots. This work represents the first glimpse into the complex biodiversity of soil fungi in this understudied area, and further studies will be needed to better understand the fungal biodiversity in this region, together with the development of necessary measures of environmental protection.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongqing Yang, Yong Wang, Jing Gao, Zhidan Shi, Wenjin Chen, Haiyan Huangfu, Zhengnan Li, Yan Liu
Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL), is an economically important disease that affects tomatoes worldwide and has become more prevalent in China in recent years. In 2021 and 2022, tomato plants in greenhouses in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, were observed showing symptoms of stunting, premature loss of lower leaves, and root rot. Fungal pathogens were isolated from 20 infected tomato plants and identified based on morphological observation and DNA sequencing. Twelve isolates were consistently identified as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) via an analysis of the ITS, TEF-1α, and pgx4 genes. This is the first report of FORL in Inner Mongolia, China. The isolates were examined for their pathogenicity by inoculating them on tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, and chickpeas. The fungicide sensitivity of the isolates was determined. Effective concentrations for 50% growth inhibition (EC50) were measured using seven fungicides. The EC50 values of tebuconazole and prochloraz were < 1.0 μg·mL−1, exhibiting the most effective inhibition among the fungicides tested. Additionally, FORL resistance screening of tomato germplasms was performed. One tomato variety was resistant to FORL, and the remaining 43 germplasm lines showed various levels of resistance. The rates of highly susceptible, moderately susceptible, susceptible, and moderately resistant germplasms accounted for 29.55%, 22.73%, 40.91%, and 4.55% of the 44 germplasms tested, respectively.
{"title":"Characterisation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in Infected Tomatoes in Inner Mongolia, China","authors":"Yongqing Yang, Yong Wang, Jing Gao, Zhidan Shi, Wenjin Chen, Haiyan Huangfu, Zhengnan Li, Yan Liu","doi":"10.3390/jof10090622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090622","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL), is an economically important disease that affects tomatoes worldwide and has become more prevalent in China in recent years. In 2021 and 2022, tomato plants in greenhouses in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, were observed showing symptoms of stunting, premature loss of lower leaves, and root rot. Fungal pathogens were isolated from 20 infected tomato plants and identified based on morphological observation and DNA sequencing. Twelve isolates were consistently identified as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) via an analysis of the ITS, TEF-1α, and pgx4 genes. This is the first report of FORL in Inner Mongolia, China. The isolates were examined for their pathogenicity by inoculating them on tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, and chickpeas. The fungicide sensitivity of the isolates was determined. Effective concentrations for 50% growth inhibition (EC50) were measured using seven fungicides. The EC50 values of tebuconazole and prochloraz were < 1.0 μg·mL−1, exhibiting the most effective inhibition among the fungicides tested. Additionally, FORL resistance screening of tomato germplasms was performed. One tomato variety was resistant to FORL, and the remaining 43 germplasm lines showed various levels of resistance. The rates of highly susceptible, moderately susceptible, susceptible, and moderately resistant germplasms accounted for 29.55%, 22.73%, 40.91%, and 4.55% of the 44 germplasms tested, respectively.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi (the mycobiont) and algae or cyanobacteria (the photobionts). They synthesize a large number of secondary metabolites, many of which are potential sources of novel molecules with pharmacological and industrial applications. The advancement of in vitro culture methods of lichen-forming fungi would allow the comprehensive application of these compounds at large scales, enable improvements in the synthesis, facilitate understanding of the role of the partners in the synthesis of these compounds and increase our knowledge about the genes associated with secondary metabolites production. The aim of this work is to summarize the nutritional and physicochemical requirements that have been used to date to culture different lichen-forming fungi species. In total, the requirements for the cultivation of 110 species are presented. This review can provide a starting point for future experiments and help advance the methods of culturing lichenized fungi. The type of diaspore selected to isolate the mycobiont, the composition of the isolation and culture media and the corresponding physicochemical parameters are essential in designing an efficient lichen culture system, allowing the achievement of a suitable growth of lichen-forming fungi and the subsequent production of secondary metabolites.
{"title":"A Review of Laboratory Requirements to Culture Lichen Mycobiont Species","authors":"Dania Rosabal, Raquel Pino-Bodas","doi":"10.3390/jof10090621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090621","url":null,"abstract":"Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi (the mycobiont) and algae or cyanobacteria (the photobionts). They synthesize a large number of secondary metabolites, many of which are potential sources of novel molecules with pharmacological and industrial applications. The advancement of in vitro culture methods of lichen-forming fungi would allow the comprehensive application of these compounds at large scales, enable improvements in the synthesis, facilitate understanding of the role of the partners in the synthesis of these compounds and increase our knowledge about the genes associated with secondary metabolites production. The aim of this work is to summarize the nutritional and physicochemical requirements that have been used to date to culture different lichen-forming fungi species. In total, the requirements for the cultivation of 110 species are presented. This review can provide a starting point for future experiments and help advance the methods of culturing lichenized fungi. The type of diaspore selected to isolate the mycobiont, the composition of the isolation and culture media and the corresponding physicochemical parameters are essential in designing an efficient lichen culture system, allowing the achievement of a suitable growth of lichen-forming fungi and the subsequent production of secondary metabolites.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Efinaconazole 10% topical solution labeling for onychomycosis describes phase III trials of 12 months of treatment; the slow growth of onychomycotic nails suggests a longer treatment period may increase efficacy. We present here the first evaluation of extended use of efinaconazole 10% topical solution for up to 24 months. Materials and Methods: Enrolled patients (n = 101) had one target great toenail with mild to moderate distal lateral subungual onychomycosis and applied efinaconazole 10% topical solution to all affected toenails once daily for 18 months (EFN18) or 24 months (EFN24). Efficacy and safety were evaluated at each visit by visual review and mycology sampling. Results: Regarding the target toenail for patients treated for 24 months (EFN24), mycological cure (negative microscopy and culture) was 66.0% at Month 12, increasing to 71.7% at Month 24; effective cure (mycological cure and ≤10% affected nail) was 13.2% at Month 12, rising to 22.6% at Month 24. Mild to moderate application site reactions (symptoms of erythema/scaling) were the only efinaconazole-related reactions, in eight patients (7.9%). No systemic efinaconazole events or drug interactions were found. Patients aged 70 years or more had similar efficacy to younger patients at all time periods and did not show any increased treatment risks. Thinner nails exhibited better clearance versus thicker nails. A higher proportion of patients with Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex infection experienced application site reactions (35.7%), and a higher effective cure was found at Month 24 versus T. rubrum patients. Conclusion: There is a trend of increasing mycological cure and effective cure beyond Month 12 to Month 24, without an increased safety risk. The enrolled population in this trial was significantly older than in the phase III trials, with a greater degree of onychomycosis severity; however, increased age did not appear to reduce the chance of efficacy to Month 24 in this study. Our data suggest that lack of ability to clear nail dystrophy remains a significant problem for patients, rather than any lack of efinaconazole action over long-term treatment periods.
{"title":"Extended Use of Topical Efinaconazole Remains Safe and Can Provide Continuing Benefits for Dermatophyte Toenail Onychomycosis","authors":"Aditya K. Gupta, Elizabeth A. Cooper","doi":"10.3390/jof10090620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090620","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Efinaconazole 10% topical solution labeling for onychomycosis describes phase III trials of 12 months of treatment; the slow growth of onychomycotic nails suggests a longer treatment period may increase efficacy. We present here the first evaluation of extended use of efinaconazole 10% topical solution for up to 24 months. Materials and Methods: Enrolled patients (n = 101) had one target great toenail with mild to moderate distal lateral subungual onychomycosis and applied efinaconazole 10% topical solution to all affected toenails once daily for 18 months (EFN18) or 24 months (EFN24). Efficacy and safety were evaluated at each visit by visual review and mycology sampling. Results: Regarding the target toenail for patients treated for 24 months (EFN24), mycological cure (negative microscopy and culture) was 66.0% at Month 12, increasing to 71.7% at Month 24; effective cure (mycological cure and ≤10% affected nail) was 13.2% at Month 12, rising to 22.6% at Month 24. Mild to moderate application site reactions (symptoms of erythema/scaling) were the only efinaconazole-related reactions, in eight patients (7.9%). No systemic efinaconazole events or drug interactions were found. Patients aged 70 years or more had similar efficacy to younger patients at all time periods and did not show any increased treatment risks. Thinner nails exhibited better clearance versus thicker nails. A higher proportion of patients with Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex infection experienced application site reactions (35.7%), and a higher effective cure was found at Month 24 versus T. rubrum patients. Conclusion: There is a trend of increasing mycological cure and effective cure beyond Month 12 to Month 24, without an increased safety risk. The enrolled population in this trial was significantly older than in the phase III trials, with a greater degree of onychomycosis severity; however, increased age did not appear to reduce the chance of efficacy to Month 24 in this study. Our data suggest that lack of ability to clear nail dystrophy remains a significant problem for patients, rather than any lack of efinaconazole action over long-term treatment periods.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ho-Jae Lim, Seojin Ahn, Jee-Hyun No, Min-Young Park, Min-Jin Kim, Yong-Hak Sohn, Kwang-Soo Shin, Jung-Eun Park, Yong-Jin Yang
Infectious diseases caused by fungal sources are of great interest owing to their increasing prevalence. Invasive fungal infections, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, and Pneumocystis pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii, are significant causes of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. The accurate and timely detection of these pathogens in this high-risk population is crucial for effective patient management. We developed a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, RF2 mRT-PCR, specifically designed to detect two respiratory fungi, P. jirovecii and A. fumigatus, and evaluated its performance in specimens of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. The performance was evaluated using 731 clinical samples, 55 reference species, and one synthetic DNA. The reproducibility test yielded a probit curve with a lower limit of detection of 19.82 copies/reaction for P. jirovecii and 64.20 copies/reaction for A. fumigatus. The RF2 mRT-PCR assay did not cross-react with non-A. fumigatus Aspergillus species or other common bacterial and viral species, and showed 100% in vitro sensitivity and specificity with reference assays. Additionally, it simultaneously detected A. fumigatus and P. jirovecii in co-infected samples. Therefore, the RF2 mRT-PCR assay is an efficient and reliable tool for in vitro diagnosis of A. fumigatus and P. jirovecii pulmonary infections.
由真菌引起的传染病越来越普遍，因此备受关注。侵袭性真菌感染，包括由烟曲霉引起的侵袭性肺曲霉菌病和由肺孢子菌引起的肺孢子菌肺炎，是导致免疫力低下患者发病和死亡的重要原因。在这一高风险人群中准确、及时地检测这些病原体对于有效管理患者至关重要。我们开发了一种多重实时聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测方法 RF2 mRT-PCR，专门用于检测两种呼吸道真菌--P. jirovecii 和 A. fumigatus，并对其在下呼吸道感染患者标本中的表现进行了评估。使用 731 份临床样本、55 种参考物种和一种合成 DNA 对其性能进行了评估。重现性测试得出的 probit 曲线显示，对 P. jirovecii 的检测下限为 19.82 个拷贝/反应，对 A. fumigatus 的检测下限为 64.20 个拷贝/反应。RF2 mRT-PCR 检测法不会与非烟曲霉菌或其他常见细菌和病毒物种发生交叉反应，其体外灵敏度和特异性与参考检测法相比均达到 100%。此外，它还能同时检测合并感染样本中的烟曲霉菌和嗜肺曲霉菌。因此，RF2 mRT-PCR 检测法是体外诊断烟曲霉菌和肺孢子虫感染的一种高效可靠的工具。
{"title":"Development of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Two Fungal Pathogens Causing Pneumonia","authors":"Ho-Jae Lim, Seojin Ahn, Jee-Hyun No, Min-Young Park, Min-Jin Kim, Yong-Hak Sohn, Kwang-Soo Shin, Jung-Eun Park, Yong-Jin Yang","doi":"10.3390/jof10090619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090619","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious diseases caused by fungal sources are of great interest owing to their increasing prevalence. Invasive fungal infections, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, and Pneumocystis pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii, are significant causes of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. The accurate and timely detection of these pathogens in this high-risk population is crucial for effective patient management. We developed a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, RF2 mRT-PCR, specifically designed to detect two respiratory fungi, P. jirovecii and A. fumigatus, and evaluated its performance in specimens of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. The performance was evaluated using 731 clinical samples, 55 reference species, and one synthetic DNA. The reproducibility test yielded a probit curve with a lower limit of detection of 19.82 copies/reaction for P. jirovecii and 64.20 copies/reaction for A. fumigatus. The RF2 mRT-PCR assay did not cross-react with non-A. fumigatus Aspergillus species or other common bacterial and viral species, and showed 100% in vitro sensitivity and specificity with reference assays. Additionally, it simultaneously detected A. fumigatus and P. jirovecii in co-infected samples. Therefore, the RF2 mRT-PCR assay is an efficient and reliable tool for in vitro diagnosis of A. fumigatus and P. jirovecii pulmonary infections.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To comprehensively investigate the physiological characteristics and metabolic processes of the mycelium of Floccularia luteovirens (F. luteovirens), a wild edible fungus unique to the plateau region, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the mycelium enzyme activity and metabolites during different culture periods. The activity of seven enzymes all followed a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The intra- and extracellular activity peaks of three hydrolases—amylase, protease, and cellulase—all occurred on the 20th day, except for the extracellular amylase, which peaked on the 15th day. In contrast, the peak activity of laccase occurred on the 10th day. Moreover, three types of oxidoreductases in the mycelium (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-dehydrogenase (TTC-DH)) also exhibited significant changes in activity. CAT and SOD activity reached their maximum on the 20th day, whereas TTC-DH showed high activity on both the 10th and 20th days. Through a comprehensive assessment of the evolving trends of these physiological parameters, we determined that the optimal cultivation cycle for F. luteovirens liquid spawn is 20 days. An untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that 3569 metabolites were detected in the F. luteovirens mycelium, including a variety of secondary metabolites and functional components, with terpenoids being particularly abundant, accounting for 148 types. By comparing three different culture stages (10 days, 20 days, and 30 days), 299, 291, and 381 metabolites, respectively, showed different accumulation patterns in the comparison groups of 10d vs. 20d, 20d vs. 30d, and 10d vs. 30d. These differential metabolites were primarily concentrated in carboxylic acids and their derivatives, fatty acyl groups, organic oxygen compounds, and lipid compounds. In addition, there were several amino acids whose abundance continued to grow during culturing. The metabolism of amino acids greatly affects mycelium growth and development. This research delineates the interplay between mycelium growth and metabolism, offering empirical support for a cultivation strategy for liquid F. luteovirens, and an exploration of its metabolites for potential applications.
{"title":"Study on Enzyme Activity and Metabolomics during Culture of Liquid Spawn of Floccularia luteovirens","authors":"Yanqing Ni, Qiuhong Liao, Siyuan Gou, Tongjia Shi, Wensheng Li, Rencai Feng, Zhiqiang Zhao, Xu Zhao","doi":"10.3390/jof10090618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090618","url":null,"abstract":"To comprehensively investigate the physiological characteristics and metabolic processes of the mycelium of Floccularia luteovirens (F. luteovirens), a wild edible fungus unique to the plateau region, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the mycelium enzyme activity and metabolites during different culture periods. The activity of seven enzymes all followed a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The intra- and extracellular activity peaks of three hydrolases—amylase, protease, and cellulase—all occurred on the 20th day, except for the extracellular amylase, which peaked on the 15th day. In contrast, the peak activity of laccase occurred on the 10th day. Moreover, three types of oxidoreductases in the mycelium (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-dehydrogenase (TTC-DH)) also exhibited significant changes in activity. CAT and SOD activity reached their maximum on the 20th day, whereas TTC-DH showed high activity on both the 10th and 20th days. Through a comprehensive assessment of the evolving trends of these physiological parameters, we determined that the optimal cultivation cycle for F. luteovirens liquid spawn is 20 days. An untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that 3569 metabolites were detected in the F. luteovirens mycelium, including a variety of secondary metabolites and functional components, with terpenoids being particularly abundant, accounting for 148 types. By comparing three different culture stages (10 days, 20 days, and 30 days), 299, 291, and 381 metabolites, respectively, showed different accumulation patterns in the comparison groups of 10d vs. 20d, 20d vs. 30d, and 10d vs. 30d. These differential metabolites were primarily concentrated in carboxylic acids and their derivatives, fatty acyl groups, organic oxygen compounds, and lipid compounds. In addition, there were several amino acids whose abundance continued to grow during culturing. The metabolism of amino acids greatly affects mycelium growth and development. This research delineates the interplay between mycelium growth and metabolism, offering empirical support for a cultivation strategy for liquid F. luteovirens, and an exploration of its metabolites for potential applications.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianghao Li, Ziheng Li, Yingce Duan, Chengwei Liu, Meixia Yan
Fomitopsis betulina, as a macrofungus with both medicinal and dietary applications, is renowned for its rich content of bioactive substances. The recent advancements in research have significantly enhanced our understanding of its polysaccharides, cellulose-degrading enzymes, and wide range of secondary metabolites. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the artificial cultivation techniques and the chemical profiling of over 100 secondary metabolites identified in F. betulina, including terpenoids, phenols, and various other classes. These compounds exhibit notable pharmacological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-malarial effects. Moreover, this review delves into the genomic analysis of F. betulina, focusing on the prediction and classification of terpene synthases, which play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds. This insight is instrumental for potentially facilitating future biochemical studies and pharmaceutical applications. Through this review, we aim to solidify the foundation for future in-depth studies and the development of new drugs derived from this promising natural resource.
{"title":"Secondary Metabolites of Fomitopsis betulina: Chemical Structures, Biological Activity and Application Prospects","authors":"Jianghao Li, Ziheng Li, Yingce Duan, Chengwei Liu, Meixia Yan","doi":"10.3390/jof10090616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090616","url":null,"abstract":"Fomitopsis betulina, as a macrofungus with both medicinal and dietary applications, is renowned for its rich content of bioactive substances. The recent advancements in research have significantly enhanced our understanding of its polysaccharides, cellulose-degrading enzymes, and wide range of secondary metabolites. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the artificial cultivation techniques and the chemical profiling of over 100 secondary metabolites identified in F. betulina, including terpenoids, phenols, and various other classes. These compounds exhibit notable pharmacological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-malarial effects. Moreover, this review delves into the genomic analysis of F. betulina, focusing on the prediction and classification of terpene synthases, which play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds. This insight is instrumental for potentially facilitating future biochemical studies and pharmaceutical applications. Through this review, we aim to solidify the foundation for future in-depth studies and the development of new drugs derived from this promising natural resource.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dávid Balázsi, Zoltán Tóth, Jeffrey B. Locke, Andrew M. Borman, Lajos Forgács, Noémi Balla, Fruzsina Kovács, Renátó Kovács, Chiaki Amano, Tugba Ilay Baran, László Majoros
Objectives: Rezafungin is the first new drug approved to treat candidaemia and invasive candidiasis in more than 10 years. However, data are scant on the in vivo efficacy of rezafungin and the other three approved echinocandins against different Candida auris clades. Methods: This study involved 10 isolates representing 4 C. auris clades: South Asian (n = 2), East Asian (n = 2), South African (n = 2), and South American (n = 4, including 2 environmental isolates). In the lethality experiment and fungal tissue burden experiment (kidney, heart, and brain), cyclophosphamide-treated BALB/c male mice were intravenously infected (107 and 8 × 106 colony-forming units [CFU]/mouse, respectively). A 20 mg/kg dose of rezafungin was administered on days 1, 3, and 6. Alternatively, beginning 24 h post-infection, mice received 3 mg/kg of caspofungin, 5 mg/kg of micafungin, or 5 mg/kg of anidulafungin once daily for 6 days. Results: Regardless of isolate and clade, all echinocandin regimens improved survival after 21 days (p = 0.0041 to p < 0.0001). All echinocandins frequently produced >3-log mean CFU/g decreases in the fungal kidney and heart burdens, although some of these decreases were not statistically significant. Rezafungin, regardless of clade, produced 3–5 and 2–4 log CFU/g decreases in the kidney and heart burdens, respectively. Echinocandins did not inhibit fungal growth in the brain. Histopathological examination performed on day 7 showed no fungal cells in the heart and kidneys of rezafungin-treated mice and to a lesser extent, caspofungin-treated mice, regardless of the clinical isolate. All echinocandin-treated mice showed medium and/or large foci of fungal cells in their cerebrum or cerebellum. Conclusions: Regardless of the C. auris clade, rezafungin activity in vivo was comparable to or improved over that of the three previously approved echinocandins.
{"title":"In Vivo Efficacy of Rezafungin, Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, and Micafungin against Four Candida auris Clades in a Neutropenic Mouse Bloodstream Infection Model","authors":"Dávid Balázsi, Zoltán Tóth, Jeffrey B. Locke, Andrew M. Borman, Lajos Forgács, Noémi Balla, Fruzsina Kovács, Renátó Kovács, Chiaki Amano, Tugba Ilay Baran, László Majoros","doi":"10.3390/jof10090617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090617","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Rezafungin is the first new drug approved to treat candidaemia and invasive candidiasis in more than 10 years. However, data are scant on the in vivo efficacy of rezafungin and the other three approved echinocandins against different Candida auris clades. Methods: This study involved 10 isolates representing 4 C. auris clades: South Asian (n = 2), East Asian (n = 2), South African (n = 2), and South American (n = 4, including 2 environmental isolates). In the lethality experiment and fungal tissue burden experiment (kidney, heart, and brain), cyclophosphamide-treated BALB/c male mice were intravenously infected (107 and 8 × 106 colony-forming units [CFU]/mouse, respectively). A 20 mg/kg dose of rezafungin was administered on days 1, 3, and 6. Alternatively, beginning 24 h post-infection, mice received 3 mg/kg of caspofungin, 5 mg/kg of micafungin, or 5 mg/kg of anidulafungin once daily for 6 days. Results: Regardless of isolate and clade, all echinocandin regimens improved survival after 21 days (p = 0.0041 to p < 0.0001). All echinocandins frequently produced >3-log mean CFU/g decreases in the fungal kidney and heart burdens, although some of these decreases were not statistically significant. Rezafungin, regardless of clade, produced 3–5 and 2–4 log CFU/g decreases in the kidney and heart burdens, respectively. Echinocandins did not inhibit fungal growth in the brain. Histopathological examination performed on day 7 showed no fungal cells in the heart and kidneys of rezafungin-treated mice and to a lesser extent, caspofungin-treated mice, regardless of the clinical isolate. All echinocandin-treated mice showed medium and/or large foci of fungal cells in their cerebrum or cerebellum. Conclusions: Regardless of the C. auris clade, rezafungin activity in vivo was comparable to or improved over that of the three previously approved echinocandins.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuyan Huang, Yanyu Su, Xinfei Chen, Meng Xiao, Yingchun Xu
The Candida haemulonii complex includes emerging opportunistic human fungal pathogens with documented multidrug-resistance profiles. It comprises Candida haemulonii sensu stricto, Candida haemulonii var. vulnera, Candida duobushaemulonii, Candida pseudohaemulonii, and Candida vulturna. In recent years, rates of clinical isolation of strains from this complex have increased in multiple countries, including China, Malaysia, and Brazil. Biofilm formation, hydrolytic enzymes, surface interaction properties, phenotype switching and cell aggregation abilities, extracellular vesicles production, stress response, and immune evasion help these fungi to infect the host and exert pathological effects. Multidrug resistance profiles also enhance the threat they pose; they exhibit low susceptibility to echinocandins and azoles and an intrinsic resistance to amphotericin B (AMB), the first fungal-specific antibiotic. AMB is commonly employed in antifungal treatments, and it acts via several known mechanisms. Given the propensity of clinical Candida species to initiate bloodstream infections, clarifying how C. haemulonii resists AMB is of critical clinical importance. This review outlines our present understanding of the C. haemulonii complex’s virulence factors, the mechanisms of action of AMB, and the mechanisms underlying AMB resistance.
血液念珠菌复合菌群包括新出现的机会性人类真菌病原体，具有记录在案的多重耐药性特征。它包括严格意义上的血色念珠菌、血色念珠菌变种、杜布沙血色念珠菌、假血色念珠菌和vulturna念珠菌。近年来，在包括中国、马来西亚和巴西在内的多个国家，从这一复合菌株中临床分离出的菌株比率有所上升。生物膜的形成、水解酶、表面相互作用特性、表型转换和细胞聚集能力、胞外囊泡的产生、应激反应和免疫逃避有助于这些真菌感染宿主并产生病理效应。它们对棘白菌素和唑类药物的敏感性较低，对两性霉素 B（AMB）--第一种真菌特异性抗生素--具有内在抗药性。AMB 通常用于抗真菌治疗，它通过几种已知的机制发挥作用。鉴于临床念珠菌有引发血流感染的倾向，弄清血念珠菌如何抵抗 AMB 在临床上至关重要。本综述概述了我们目前对血念珠菌复合体毒力因子、AMB 作用机制和 AMB 耐药性机制的理解。
{"title":"Insight into Virulence and Mechanisms of Amphotericin B Resistance in the Candida haemulonii Complex","authors":"Yuyan Huang, Yanyu Su, Xinfei Chen, Meng Xiao, Yingchun Xu","doi":"10.3390/jof10090615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090615","url":null,"abstract":"The Candida haemulonii complex includes emerging opportunistic human fungal pathogens with documented multidrug-resistance profiles. It comprises Candida haemulonii sensu stricto, Candida haemulonii var. vulnera, Candida duobushaemulonii, Candida pseudohaemulonii, and Candida vulturna. In recent years, rates of clinical isolation of strains from this complex have increased in multiple countries, including China, Malaysia, and Brazil. Biofilm formation, hydrolytic enzymes, surface interaction properties, phenotype switching and cell aggregation abilities, extracellular vesicles production, stress response, and immune evasion help these fungi to infect the host and exert pathological effects. Multidrug resistance profiles also enhance the threat they pose; they exhibit low susceptibility to echinocandins and azoles and an intrinsic resistance to amphotericin B (AMB), the first fungal-specific antibiotic. AMB is commonly employed in antifungal treatments, and it acts via several known mechanisms. Given the propensity of clinical Candida species to initiate bloodstream infections, clarifying how C. haemulonii resists AMB is of critical clinical importance. This review outlines our present understanding of the C. haemulonii complex’s virulence factors, the mechanisms of action of AMB, and the mechanisms underlying AMB resistance.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yamilé Baró Robaina, Christina Schuster, Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruiz, Yohana Gato Cárdenas, María Elena Márquez Gutiérrez, Amaia Ponce de la Cal, Andreas Leclerque
(1) Background: Insect pathogenic fungi of the genus Metarhizium are under study and in application as highly solicited, more eco-system friendly substitutes for chemical insecticides in many countries and in different agricultural contexts. In Cuba and Florida, Metarhizium strains have previously been isolated from economically important coffee and sugar cane pests. (2) Methods: Unambiguous species delineation within the Metarhizium anisopliae species complex is methodologically challenging. Recently, a species-discriminating PCR approach has been developed based on ribosomal intergenic spacer (rIGS) sequences that covered the prominent four “PARB” species within the complex. This approach is combined here with further genetic markers and is extended to a further species. (3) Results: Metarhizium isolates from Cuba, found to be more naturally associated with the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, were morphologically, microscopically and molecular taxonomically characterized. Multilocus sequence analysis based on 5TEF, MzIGS3 and rIGS markers delineated these weevil-associated strains from all previously established Metarhizium species. (4) Conclusions: The isolates under study represent a new fungal taxon proposed to be designated Metarhizium caribense. The rIGS-based species-discriminating diagnostic PCR is a suitable tool for the identification of new Metarhizium species and can be productively combined to approaches using further genetic markers.
{"title":"Metarhizium caribense sp. nov., a Novel Species of Entomopathogenic Metarhizium Fungi Associated with Weevils Impairing Coffee, Sugar Cane and Sweet Potato Cultivation","authors":"Yamilé Baró Robaina, Christina Schuster, Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruiz, Yohana Gato Cárdenas, María Elena Márquez Gutiérrez, Amaia Ponce de la Cal, Andreas Leclerque","doi":"10.3390/jof10090612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090612","url":null,"abstract":"(1) Background: Insect pathogenic fungi of the genus Metarhizium are under study and in application as highly solicited, more eco-system friendly substitutes for chemical insecticides in many countries and in different agricultural contexts. In Cuba and Florida, Metarhizium strains have previously been isolated from economically important coffee and sugar cane pests. (2) Methods: Unambiguous species delineation within the Metarhizium anisopliae species complex is methodologically challenging. Recently, a species-discriminating PCR approach has been developed based on ribosomal intergenic spacer (rIGS) sequences that covered the prominent four “PARB” species within the complex. This approach is combined here with further genetic markers and is extended to a further species. (3) Results: Metarhizium isolates from Cuba, found to be more naturally associated with the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, were morphologically, microscopically and molecular taxonomically characterized. Multilocus sequence analysis based on 5TEF, MzIGS3 and rIGS markers delineated these weevil-associated strains from all previously established Metarhizium species. (4) Conclusions: The isolates under study represent a new fungal taxon proposed to be designated Metarhizium caribense. The rIGS-based species-discriminating diagnostic PCR is a suitable tool for the identification of new Metarhizium species and can be productively combined to approaches using further genetic markers.","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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