Journal of global antimicrobial resistance最新文献

{"title":"Antimicrobial utilization among hospitalized patients according to WHO AWaRe classification: Results from a multicentre point prevalence survey in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Nada A. Alsaleh ,&nbsp;Abeer AlSmari ,&nbsp;Abrar F. Alhameed ,&nbsp;Ahmed O. Alenazi ,&nbsp;Alaa A. Alsharif ,&nbsp;Amal Bin Akresh ,&nbsp;Anwar M. Alnakhli ,&nbsp;Bashaier Alshehail ,&nbsp;Eman A. Alzahrani ,&nbsp;Ghadah H. Alshehri ,&nbsp;Ghazwa B. Korayem ,&nbsp;Hanan A. Bakri ,&nbsp;Khalid Eljaaly ,&nbsp;Lina I. Alnajjar ,&nbsp;Norah S. Aldeghaither ,&nbsp;Reem Almahasna ,&nbsp;Sara Almuhisen ,&nbsp;Yassmin Alsomali ,&nbsp;Zikria Saleem","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens global health by reducing the efficacy of common infection treatments. This study examines antimicrobial use in Saudi Arabian hospitals, identifies influencing factors, and proposes interventions using the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification system.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional, multicentre point prevalence survey (PPS) of antimicrobial utilization was conducted in 10 hospitals across 6 regions of Saudi Arabia September 2023. All inpatients receiving antimicrobials on the PPS day were included. Data collection utilized the Global PPS tool developed by the University of Antwerp, Belgium.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 2890 inpatients, 766 (26.5%) were prescribed at least one antimicrobial, resulting in a total of 982 prescriptions. The primary indications for these antimicrobials were community-acquired infections (37.1%), Healthcare-associated infections (35.9%), surgical prophylaxis (15.4%), unknown reasons (8.7%), medical prophylaxis (2.5%), and other reasons (0.3%). The most common reasons for antimicrobial use included pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infections (16.1%), skin and soft tissue infections (11%) and bacteraemia (8.9%). The most frequently prescribed antimicrobial classes were penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors (18.5%), carbapenems (15.7%), and third-generation cephalosporins (11.1%). Most of the antimicrobials (66.3%) were classified as Watch antimicrobials, followed by 23.8% as Access, and 8.9% as Reserve.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study provides valuable insights into antimicrobial utilization in Saudi Arabia, offering a baseline for assessing prescribing patterns. While findings may reflect certain antimicrobial stewardship efforts, further investigation is needed to evaluate their impact. The study also highlights key areas for improvement, emphasizing the importance of conducting future PPS to guide antimicrobial stewardship strategies and monitor progress in managing AMR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 147-156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “In vitro activity of cefiderocol against carbapenemase-producing and meropenem-non-susceptible Gram-negative bacteria collected in the Japan Antimicrobial Resistant Bacterial Surveillance” [Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 38 (2024) 12–20]","authors":"Shizuo Kayama,&nbsp;Sayoko Kawakami,&nbsp;Kohei Kondo,&nbsp;Norikazu Kitamura,&nbsp;Liansheng Yu,&nbsp;Wataru Hayashi,&nbsp;Koji Yahara,&nbsp;Yo Sugawara,&nbsp;Motoyuki Sugai","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 68-69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Southeast‑Asian landscape of antimicrobial resistance research (2014–2024): A bibliometric analysis","authors":"Alex S. Borromeo ,&nbsp;Allan M. Manaloto ,&nbsp;Ronilo P. Antonio","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to map the Southeast-Asian research landscape on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using bibliometric techniques to identify thematic trends, intellectual structures, and research gaps.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 1,989 Scopus-indexed articles published between 2014 and 2024 (mean citations = 17.33 per document) were analyzed using VOSviewer (v 1.6.20). Bibliographic cleaning and preprocessing were conducted in Microsoft Excel. Co-citation analysis identified influential publications and intellectual domains, while co-word analysis revealed thematic clusters and keyword co-occurrence patterns.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>AMR publications in Southeast Asia increased steadily, peaking in 2024 with more than 320 articles. The four co-citation clusters represented (1) global AMR governance and risk framing, (2) genomic tools for resistance detection, (3) foodborne AMR and standardized laboratory protocols, and (4) phylogenomic tracking of resistance evolution. Co-word clusters highlighted diagnostic surveillance, sociodemographic patterns, One Health perspectives, and molecular epidemiology. Despite research growth, Southeast Asia remained underrepresented in highly cited studies and global policy dialogues.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Findings underscore the need for stronger integration of Southeast Asia into the global AMR agenda. Enhancing regional genomic surveillance, adapting global frameworks to local systems, and embedding AMR competencies in public health and nursing education are vital to advancing policy and capacity-building.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 125-133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145124939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncommon pulmonary mycobacterium wolinskyi infection in a hemodialysis patient","authors":"Lin Zheng ,&nbsp;Yanwan Shangguan ,&nbsp;Wanru Guo ,&nbsp;Zhongkang Ji ,&nbsp;Kaijin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the detection rate of nontuberculous mycobacteria has increased, drawing attention in clinical settings. Here, we present a case of pulmonary <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> and <em>Mycobacterium wolinskyi</em> coinfection in a 60-year-old hemodialysis recipient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first instance of isolating the <em>M. wolinskyi</em> strain from human respiratory samples, including a comprehensive exploration of its susceptibility to clinically available antimicrobials. This discovery deepened our understanding of the infection spectrum of <em>M. wolinskyi</em>, highlighting the need to consider the potential for coinfections with common pathogens and less common atypical pathogens when managing immunocompromised patients. Furthermore, this study also assessed the in vitro antibacterial activity of newly available antibacterial drugs in clinical practice against the <em>M. wolinskyi</em> strain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 134-137"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population pharmacokinetics of imipenem in solid tumor patients with infections: A real-world study","authors":"Tingting Xu ,&nbsp;Tingting Zou ,&nbsp;Junyan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhuoran Li ,&nbsp;Fangyu Li ,&nbsp;Juan Du ,&nbsp;Zhiying Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To characterize the population pharmacokinetics (PPK) of imipenem in critically ill solid tumor patients and to optimize dosing regimens through pharmacodynamic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A PPK model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (Monolix 2023R1) based on 25 critically ill solid tumor patients with infections. Model selection used objective function value (OFV), Akaike/Bayesian information criteria(AIC/BIC), and goodness-of-fit diagnostics. Covariate screening involved a dual-algorithm approach (SAMBA and COSSAC) for validation. Monte Carlo simulations (n=10,000) evaluated the probability of target attainment (PTA) for 100% fT&gt;MIC across different renal function groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A linear one-compartment model best described imipenem pharmacokinetics. Typical population estimates were clearance (CL) = 2.7 L/h and volume of distribution (Vd) = 10.6L—significantly lower than values reported in general critical care populations. Creatinine clearance (CLCR) and septic shock were identified as significant covariates affecting CL. Severe malnutrition contributed to reduced Vd. Simulations revealed: For MIC ≤2 mg·L⁻¹, 500 mg q6h achieved PTA &gt;90% when CLCR &gt;30 mL/min; for MIC = 4 mg·L⁻¹, 1000 mg q6h was required for patients with CLCR &gt;60 mL/min (PTA = 94.9–100%); no regimen achieved PTA &gt;20% for MIC ≥16 mg·L⁻¹.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlights the significant effect of specific pathophysiological changes in solid tumor patients (such as cachexia-induced reduction in volume of distribution) on drug disposition, providing essential evidence for informing personalized imipenem dosing in this vulnerable group to improve efficacy and reduce resistance risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 107-114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145113475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid sequencing of chromosome and plasmids from multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated in Cambodia: Are megaplasmids vectors of antibiotic resistance genes?","authors":"Ella Marcy ,&nbsp;Sivhour Chiek ,&nbsp;Mallorie Hidé ,&nbsp;Savatey Hak ,&nbsp;Chiva Ma ,&nbsp;Meymey Lem ,&nbsp;Gauthier Delvallez ,&nbsp;Anne-Laure Bañuls ,&nbsp;Sokleaph Cheng ,&nbsp;Juliette Hayer","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in <em>Escherichia coli</em> infections in Cambodia is high and increasing, yet data distinguishing plasmid- and chromosome-mediated AMR spread remain limited. The aim of this study was to characterize chromosomal and plasmid structures in clinically relevant <em>E. coli</em> resistant strains to investigate mechanisms driving the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Battambang Province, Cambodia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Hybrid genome assembly was performed using short- and long-read sequencing of six extended–spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase–producing (CP) <em>E. coli</em> isolates collected from patients at Battambang Provincial Hospital, Cambodia. Detailed bacteriological analyses were conducted, as well as comprehensive genomic investigations to characterize sequence types (STs), plasmids, resistance mechanisms, and phylogenetic relationships among the strains and to perform pairwise comparisons of plasmid sequences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Chromosome and plasmid sequences were successfully recovered for each strain. Five STs were identified: ST1193 (two strains), ST131, ST205, ST405, and ST4204. All strains displayed a megaplasmid carrying ARGs, and one to five regular-sized plasmids without ARGs. Four distinct megasplasmid sequences were identified, including one shared by two ST1193 strains and one shared by ST131 and ST205 strains.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The identification of megaplasmids carrying ARGs and shared by different strains highlights their potential role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance through horizontal gene transfer in Cambodia. This study also confirms the circulation of the high-risk multidrug-resistant (MDR) clones ST131 and ST1193 in Battambang province, Cambodia, and underscores the importance of hybrid genome assembly to study plasmid structure and identify their role in AMR spread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 115-124"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in hospital, municipal, and treated wastewater in Mbarara, Uganda","authors":"Claudia Stange ,&nbsp;Rogers Kalyetsi ,&nbsp;Judith Owokuhaisa ,&nbsp;Moses Ntaro ,&nbsp;Arthur Leon ,&nbsp;Paul R. Hunter ,&nbsp;Andreas Tiehm ,&nbsp;Edgar M. Mulogo","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in the population of Mbarara through analysis of wastewater and determine the effectiveness of wastewater treatment in reducing discharge of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes into the environment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Hospital, municipal, and treated wastewater (collected on 10 different dates) from Mbarara, Uganda, were analysed for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <em>Escherichia coli</em> using a culture-based method and selected clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes using quantitative PCR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The finding of this study demonstrated that 30.6% of the total <em>E. coli</em> were ESBL producers, constituting a high proportion compared to studies in other countries. Furthermore, the investigation revealed the widespread distribution of the carbapenemase gene <em>bla</em>_CMY-2 within the population. The comparative study of the inflow and outflow of the waste stabilisation pond system, which is used for wastewater treatment, demonstrated a log reduction of 1.9–2.4 for coliform bacteria and total as well as ESBL-producing <em>E. coli</em>. Conversely, the wastewater treatment was associated with an increase of the antibiotic resistance genes <em>sul1</em> and <em>tet</em>C.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study shows that the waste stabilisation pond system is releasing significant amounts of coliform bacteria, <em>E. coli</em>, ESBL-producing <em>E. coli</em>, somatic bacteriophages, and antibiotic resistance genes into the Rwizi River. We also demonstrated that wastewater-based surveillance is a cost-effective method of obtaining information on the prevalence of AMR in the population, especially in countries where clinical surveillance is limited due to a lack of resources and infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 100-106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro evaluation of Ibrexafungerp against clinical and environmental isolates of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii","authors":"Andrés Ceballos-Garzon,&nbsp;Carolina Firacative","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 84-85"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-existence of mcr-1 and blaCTX−M from porcine-derived Escherichia coli isolated in China and selection of mcr-1 under cephalosporins pressure","authors":"Zixian Wang ,&nbsp;Lin Zheng ,&nbsp;Lingwei Zhu ,&nbsp;Jingyi Guo ,&nbsp;Gejin Lu ,&nbsp;Jie Jing ,&nbsp;Shiwen Sun ,&nbsp;Yang Sun ,&nbsp;Xue Ji ,&nbsp;Bowen Jiang ,&nbsp;Bing Liang ,&nbsp;Chuanfang Zhao ,&nbsp;Xuejun Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.08.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.08.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The usage of cephalosporins (CEFs) and the co-existence of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene <em>bla</em>_CTX−M in the same host may promote the prevalence of the colistin (CST) resistance gene <em>mcr-1</em>. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of how the <em>mcr-1</em> and <em>bla</em>_CTX−M demonstrate significant co-occurrence in <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Conjugation assays were performed on 22 porcine-derived <em>mcr-1</em>-positive and <em>bla</em>_CTX−M-positive <em>E. coli</em> (MCRPEC::<em>bla</em>_CTX−<em>_M</em>⁺) isolates from China to assess co-transfer potential. Whole-genome sequencing characterized the genetic localization and context of <em>mcr-1</em> and <em>bla</em>_CTX−M. Fitness cost and genetic stability were evaluated through the growth curve and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene stability rates measurements. Additionally, we examined <em>mcr-1</em> selection during <em>bla</em>_CTX−M co-existence under CEFs’ pressure by monitoring fitness and stability variations in <em>mcr-1</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Successful co-transfer of <em>mcr-1</em> and <em>bla</em>_CTX−M occurred in 36% (8/22) of isolates, demonstrating co-transfer efficiency ranging from 1.3 × 10^–5 to 1.5 × 10^–3. Predominant plasmid combinations facilitating co-transfer were the IncI2(<em>mcr-1</em>) + IncI1(<em>bla</em>_CTX−M) combination. Notably, we report the first identification of <em>bla</em>_CTX−M-positive <em>E. coli</em> (CTX-M-EC) carrying dual <em>mcr-1</em> copies on plasmids. The <em>mcr-1</em> and <em>bla</em>_CTX−M did not exhibit fitness costs in 63% (5/8) of transconjugants, with 88% (7/8) maintaining over 70% stable rate in 10 d. CEFs’ pressure enhanced both the fitness and stability of <em>mcr-1</em> in <em>bla</em>_CTX−M co-harbouring transconjugants.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The observed high co-transfer efficiency, high stability rates, and low fitness costs of <em>mcr-1</em> and <em>bla</em>_CTX−M across distinct plasmid types and the <em>mcr-1</em> selection driven by CEFs support the co-existence of <em>mcr-1</em> and <em>bla</em>_CTX−M in <em>E. coli</em> hosts. Our findings support the suggestion that there is an urgent need for coordinated antibiotic stewardship targeting both drug classes to curb multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria spread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 164-172"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in community drug retail outlets of Bahir Dar City in Northwest Ethiopia: A simulated client visit before and after educational intervention","authors":"Masho Tigabe Tekle ,&nbsp;Faisel Dula Sema ,&nbsp;Minichil Chanie Worku ,&nbsp;Abdisa Gemedi Jara ,&nbsp;Worku Endalamaw Ayenew","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.08.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.08.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The non-prescription supply of antibiotics in community drug retail outlets (CDROs) significantly contributes to antibiotic resistance (ABR). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention for pharmacy practitioners (PPs) in reducing over-the-counter (OTC) antibiotic sales.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>From 1 August 2022, to 30 January 2023, a total of 80 simulated client (SC) visits (40 pre-intervention, 40:post-intervention) were made in 40 CDROs of Bahir Dar City, to determine the baseline and post-intervention extent of the OTC sale of antibiotics. Verbally a 30-minute one-time onsite education regarding antimicrobials, antibiotics, ABR, rational use of antibiotics, role of community PPs in ensuring rational use of antibiotics, and good antibiotic dispensing practice as an intervention was provided to 70 PPs who were working in the 40 CDROs. The education was guided by written informational material which was delivered to each PPs. Two months after the intervention, its effectiveness was tested using McNemar χ² test, and a <em>P</em> value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The intervention resulted in significant improvements in reducing non-prescription sale of antibiotics in CDROs (55 % pre-intervention vs. 20 % post-intervention), increasing the request for prescription paper (35 % vs. 75 %), insisting that antibiotics must be dispensed with prescription paper (33.3 % vs. 68.7 %), and reducing dispensing of antibiotics at level 1 demand (50 % vs. 25 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Educational intervention provided to PPs was effective in reducing the non-prescription sale of antibiotics, and it improved the practice of dispensing antibiotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 138-146"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}