Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/VTC.2002.1002668
L. Szczecinski, I. Soto
Turbo equalization (TEQ) is an iterative technique which lowers the transmission error rates allowing the equalizer and the decoder to exchange information. The objective of this work is to answer the question if turbo equalization may offer significant improvement and at what cost, in the EDGE systems. The simplified SISO MAP equalizer and decoder are used and various schemes of frame and block data processing are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn from simulations based on definition of the TCH/F43.2 EDGE channel.
{"title":"Is turbo equalization useful in EDGE systems?","authors":"L. Szczecinski, I. Soto","doi":"10.1109/VTC.2002.1002668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC.2002.1002668","url":null,"abstract":"Turbo equalization (TEQ) is an iterative technique which lowers the transmission error rates allowing the equalizer and the decoder to exchange information. The objective of this work is to answer the question if turbo equalization may offer significant improvement and at what cost, in the EDGE systems. The simplified SISO MAP equalizer and decoder are used and various schemes of frame and block data processing are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn from simulations based on definition of the TCH/F43.2 EDGE channel.","PeriodicalId":159750,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125438456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/VTC.2002.1002827
Sheng-Chung Chen, Kwang-Cheng Chen
In this paper we propose a novel multiuser detector for the synchronous CDMA system. Its BER performance approaches the optimum MMSE multiuser detector while the complexity only polynomially increases to the number of active users. We also demonstrate its complexity and performance against the optimum MMSE multiuser detector and decorrelator. In addition to the synchronous AWGN channel case, we also provide the mechanism for the asynchronous case, Rayleigh fading channel case, and frequency selective channel case.
{"title":"Near optimum low complexity MMSE multi-user detector","authors":"Sheng-Chung Chen, Kwang-Cheng Chen","doi":"10.1109/VTC.2002.1002827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC.2002.1002827","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we propose a novel multiuser detector for the synchronous CDMA system. Its BER performance approaches the optimum MMSE multiuser detector while the complexity only polynomially increases to the number of active users. We also demonstrate its complexity and performance against the optimum MMSE multiuser detector and decorrelator. In addition to the synchronous AWGN channel case, we also provide the mechanism for the asynchronous case, Rayleigh fading channel case, and frequency selective channel case.","PeriodicalId":159750,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126743411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/VTC.2002.1002933
Yang Ji, Yingyang Li, Ping Zhang, Jiandong Hu
One property, bandwidth uneven distributed with time slots (BUDTS) in the adaptive modulation wireless system destroys an implicit assumption of traditional traffic scheduling algorithm that the bandwidth is evenly distributed with time slots. Therefore, new scheme fit for such circumstance is needed. We propose a novel algorithm, named adaptive differentiated compensation fair queuing (ADCFQ), to provide basic QoS requirement and fair residual bandwidth sharing to all backlogged flows, as well as the compensation mechanism to the lagged flows due to burst channel error. Simulation shows that in ADCFQ, the effect of uneven bandwidth distribution is well considered.
{"title":"A novel scheduling algorithm for IP traffic in adaptive modulation system","authors":"Yang Ji, Yingyang Li, Ping Zhang, Jiandong Hu","doi":"10.1109/VTC.2002.1002933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC.2002.1002933","url":null,"abstract":"One property, bandwidth uneven distributed with time slots (BUDTS) in the adaptive modulation wireless system destroys an implicit assumption of traditional traffic scheduling algorithm that the bandwidth is evenly distributed with time slots. Therefore, new scheme fit for such circumstance is needed. We propose a novel algorithm, named adaptive differentiated compensation fair queuing (ADCFQ), to provide basic QoS requirement and fair residual bandwidth sharing to all backlogged flows, as well as the compensation mechanism to the lagged flows due to burst channel error. Simulation shows that in ADCFQ, the effect of uneven bandwidth distribution is well considered.","PeriodicalId":159750,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367)","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126779681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/VTC.2002.1002646
H. Futaki, T. Ohtsuki
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a very attractive technique to achieve the high-bit-rate transmission required for future mobile communications. To improve the error rate performance of OFDM, forward error correction coding is essential. Recently, low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, which can achieve the near Shannon limit performance, have attracted much attention. We proposed the LDPC coded OFDM (LDPC-COFDM) systems to improve the error rate performance of OFDM. We showed that LDPC codes are effective to improve the error rate performance of OFDM on a frequency-selective fading channel. In mobile communications high bandwidth efficiency is required, and thus multilevel modulation is preferred. We also proposed the decoding algorithm for the LDPC-COFDM systems with MPSK on an AWGN channel. In this paper, we evaluate the error rate performance of the LDPC-COFDM systems with M-PSK using the Gray and the natural mappings on an AWGN channel, and that of the systems with M-PSK using the Gray mapping on a flat Rayleigh fading channel. We show that the LDPC-COFDM systems with M-PSK using the Gray mapping have better error rate performance than the systems using the natural mapping on an AWGN channel. We also show that the LDPC-COFDM systems with QPSK is more effective than the other systems on a flat Rayleigh fading channel.
{"title":"Low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded OFDM systems with M-PSK","authors":"H. Futaki, T. Ohtsuki","doi":"10.1109/VTC.2002.1002646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC.2002.1002646","url":null,"abstract":"Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a very attractive technique to achieve the high-bit-rate transmission required for future mobile communications. To improve the error rate performance of OFDM, forward error correction coding is essential. Recently, low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, which can achieve the near Shannon limit performance, have attracted much attention. We proposed the LDPC coded OFDM (LDPC-COFDM) systems to improve the error rate performance of OFDM. We showed that LDPC codes are effective to improve the error rate performance of OFDM on a frequency-selective fading channel. In mobile communications high bandwidth efficiency is required, and thus multilevel modulation is preferred. We also proposed the decoding algorithm for the LDPC-COFDM systems with MPSK on an AWGN channel. In this paper, we evaluate the error rate performance of the LDPC-COFDM systems with M-PSK using the Gray and the natural mappings on an AWGN channel, and that of the systems with M-PSK using the Gray mapping on a flat Rayleigh fading channel. We show that the LDPC-COFDM systems with M-PSK using the Gray mapping have better error rate performance than the systems using the natural mapping on an AWGN channel. We also show that the LDPC-COFDM systems with QPSK is more effective than the other systems on a flat Rayleigh fading channel.","PeriodicalId":159750,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367)","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126214429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/VTC.2002.1002666
Wen-Tsuen Chen, Bo-Bin Jian, Shou-Chih Lo
The medium access control (MAC) protocol of the IEEE 802.11 standard is based on carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). The basic retransmission mechanism, binary exponential backoff, may cause large packet delay and jitter values that are not suitable for real-time traffic. In this paper, we first investigate some MAC enhancement mechanisms discussed in the IEEE 802.11 task group E, which was formed for enhancing the current 802.11 MAC protocol to support for applications with quality of service (QoS) requirements. Then, we propose a jamming-based retransmission mechanism that is compatible with the 802.11 standard and could reduce the packet delay of real-time traffic. Besides, this mechanism performs stably when the traffic load is heavy. The optimal setting of our proposed mechanism is discussed analytically. We perform simulated experiments by comparing our proposed retransmission mechanism with the other two mechanisms discussed in the 802.11 task group E. We show that the jamming-based retransmission mechanism can reduce the packet delay and the packet dropping rate.
IEEE 802.11标准中的介质访问控制(MAC)协议是基于CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance)的。基本的重传机制，二进制指数回退，可能会导致较大的数据包延迟和抖动值，不适合实时流量。在本文中，我们首先研究了IEEE 802.11任务组E中讨论的一些MAC增强机制，该任务组的成立是为了增强当前的802.11 MAC协议，以支持具有服务质量(QoS)要求的应用程序。然后，我们提出了一种基于干扰的重传机制，该机制与802.11标准兼容，可以减少实时流量的分组延迟。此外，该机制在业务量大的情况下性能稳定。对所提机制的最优设置进行了分析讨论。我们进行了模拟实验，将我们提出的重传机制与802.11 e任务组中讨论的其他两种机制进行了比较。结果表明，基于干扰的重传机制可以减少数据包延迟和丢包率。
{"title":"An adaptive retransmission scheme with QoS support for the IEEE 802.11 MAC enhancement","authors":"Wen-Tsuen Chen, Bo-Bin Jian, Shou-Chih Lo","doi":"10.1109/VTC.2002.1002666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC.2002.1002666","url":null,"abstract":"The medium access control (MAC) protocol of the IEEE 802.11 standard is based on carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). The basic retransmission mechanism, binary exponential backoff, may cause large packet delay and jitter values that are not suitable for real-time traffic. In this paper, we first investigate some MAC enhancement mechanisms discussed in the IEEE 802.11 task group E, which was formed for enhancing the current 802.11 MAC protocol to support for applications with quality of service (QoS) requirements. Then, we propose a jamming-based retransmission mechanism that is compatible with the 802.11 standard and could reduce the packet delay of real-time traffic. Besides, this mechanism performs stably when the traffic load is heavy. The optimal setting of our proposed mechanism is discussed analytically. We perform simulated experiments by comparing our proposed retransmission mechanism with the other two mechanisms discussed in the 802.11 task group E. We show that the jamming-based retransmission mechanism can reduce the packet delay and the packet dropping rate.","PeriodicalId":159750,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126416307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/VTC.2002.1002607
Hong-Chuan Yang, Mohamed-Slim Alouini
We investigate the performance of both switch and stay combining (SSC) and switch and examine combining (SEC) multi-branch diversity schemes. We first derive generic formulas for the cumulative distribution function, probability density function, and moment generating function of the combiner output signal for both schemes. We then capitalize on these expressions to obtain closed-form expressions for the outage probability and average error rate for various communication scenarios of interest. As a byproduct of our analysis we prove that for SSC with identically distributed and uniformly correlated branches, increasing the number of branches to more than two does not improve the performance but the performance can be different in the case the branches are not identically distributed. We also show that, in general, the SEC performance improves with additional branches. The mathematical formalism is illustrated with a number of selected numerical examples.
{"title":"Performance analysis of multi-branch switched diversity systems","authors":"Hong-Chuan Yang, Mohamed-Slim Alouini","doi":"10.1109/VTC.2002.1002607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC.2002.1002607","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the performance of both switch and stay combining (SSC) and switch and examine combining (SEC) multi-branch diversity schemes. We first derive generic formulas for the cumulative distribution function, probability density function, and moment generating function of the combiner output signal for both schemes. We then capitalize on these expressions to obtain closed-form expressions for the outage probability and average error rate for various communication scenarios of interest. As a byproduct of our analysis we prove that for SSC with identically distributed and uniformly correlated branches, increasing the number of branches to more than two does not improve the performance but the performance can be different in the case the branches are not identically distributed. We also show that, in general, the SEC performance improves with additional branches. The mathematical formalism is illustrated with a number of selected numerical examples.","PeriodicalId":159750,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122563721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/VTC.2002.1002539
J. Hicks, J. Tsai, Jeffrey H. Reed, W. Tranter, B. Woerner
This paper considers the application of minimum mean squared error linear space-time processing in tandem with successive interference cancellation (MMSE-SIC) to the extraction of symbol-asynchronous /spl pi//4-DQPSK signals with RRCOS pulse shaping (35%-75% rolloff) in overloaded environments. The performance is analyzed through simulation in terms of the symbol error rate ranked by cancellation order. The effect of signal excess-bandwidth, adjacent channel interference, the number of users, SNR, and array type are considered. The channel statistics of all users are assumed known.
{"title":"Overloaded array processing with MMSE-SIC","authors":"J. Hicks, J. Tsai, Jeffrey H. Reed, W. Tranter, B. Woerner","doi":"10.1109/VTC.2002.1002539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC.2002.1002539","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the application of minimum mean squared error linear space-time processing in tandem with successive interference cancellation (MMSE-SIC) to the extraction of symbol-asynchronous /spl pi//4-DQPSK signals with RRCOS pulse shaping (35%-75% rolloff) in overloaded environments. The performance is analyzed through simulation in terms of the symbol error rate ranked by cancellation order. The effect of signal excess-bandwidth, adjacent channel interference, the number of users, SNR, and array type are considered. The channel statistics of all users are assumed known.","PeriodicalId":159750,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367)","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123017954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/VTC.2002.1002681
Zhiqiang Liu, Yan Xin, G. Giannakis
A novel space-time-frequency (STF) trellis coding scheme is developed for multi-antenna OFDM transmissions over frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. Incorporating subcarrier grouping and choosing appropriate system parameters, we first convert our system into a set of group STF (GSTF) systems. This enables simplification of STF block coding within each GSTF system. We derive design criteria for STF trellis coding, and exploit existing ST trellis coding techniques to construct STF trellis codes. The resulting codes are shown capable of achieving maximum diversity gains, while affording low-complexity decoding. The performance merits of our design is confirmed by corroborating simulations, and compared with existing alternatives.
{"title":"Space-time-frequency trellis coding for frequency-selective fading channels","authors":"Zhiqiang Liu, Yan Xin, G. Giannakis","doi":"10.1109/VTC.2002.1002681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC.2002.1002681","url":null,"abstract":"A novel space-time-frequency (STF) trellis coding scheme is developed for multi-antenna OFDM transmissions over frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. Incorporating subcarrier grouping and choosing appropriate system parameters, we first convert our system into a set of group STF (GSTF) systems. This enables simplification of STF block coding within each GSTF system. We derive design criteria for STF trellis coding, and exploit existing ST trellis coding techniques to construct STF trellis codes. The resulting codes are shown capable of achieving maximum diversity gains, while affording low-complexity decoding. The performance merits of our design is confirmed by corroborating simulations, and compared with existing alternatives.","PeriodicalId":159750,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123119286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/VTC.2002.1002842
Marcus Pendergrass
A class of multiple position modulation schemes is presented and analyzed. These modulation schemes generalize m-ary bi-orthogonal signaling by allowing exactly k binary (/spl plusmn/1) pulses to appear in any of m possible positions. Such modulation schemes have been implemented in time-modulated ultra wide band communications systems. In high signal-to-noise ratio environments, these schemes offer the possibility of more efficient communications than ordinary BPSK-type modulation provides. In this paper we define these modulation schemes, and derive their symbol and bit error rates in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel as a function of E/sub b//N/sub o/.
{"title":"Error rates for a class of multiple position modulation schemes","authors":"Marcus Pendergrass","doi":"10.1109/VTC.2002.1002842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC.2002.1002842","url":null,"abstract":"A class of multiple position modulation schemes is presented and analyzed. These modulation schemes generalize m-ary bi-orthogonal signaling by allowing exactly k binary (/spl plusmn/1) pulses to appear in any of m possible positions. Such modulation schemes have been implemented in time-modulated ultra wide band communications systems. In high signal-to-noise ratio environments, these schemes offer the possibility of more efficient communications than ordinary BPSK-type modulation provides. In this paper we define these modulation schemes, and derive their symbol and bit error rates in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel as a function of E/sub b//N/sub o/.","PeriodicalId":159750,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367)","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122213909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-07DOI: 10.1109/VTC.2002.1002968
L. Szczecinski, F. J. Piera
Space-time processing is often used to eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple access interference (MAI) which are main sources of transmission errors in communication systems. This paper carries out an analysis of applicability of the decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for multi-user detection in multiple antennas commercial TDMA standards: IS-136 and GSM/EDGE. The principal feature of the studied algorithm is a feedback connection among all detected users. The algorithm is implemented using indirect reduced-order adaptation and bootstrap processing. Its advantages and drawbacks are shown through simulations.
{"title":"Multi-user detection in TDMA systems using decision feedback equalizers: case of IS-136 and GSM","authors":"L. Szczecinski, F. J. Piera","doi":"10.1109/VTC.2002.1002968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC.2002.1002968","url":null,"abstract":"Space-time processing is often used to eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple access interference (MAI) which are main sources of transmission errors in communication systems. This paper carries out an analysis of applicability of the decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for multi-user detection in multiple antennas commercial TDMA standards: IS-136 and GSM/EDGE. The principal feature of the studied algorithm is a feedback connection among all detected users. The algorithm is implemented using indirect reduced-order adaptation and bootstrap processing. Its advantages and drawbacks are shown through simulations.","PeriodicalId":159750,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367)","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114078479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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