PRIMS is an interactive system to be used in the layout of hybrid circuits. The layout involves positioning integrated circuit chips and resistors on a substrate surface. Conducting paths are then defined in order to make interconnections between chips, external connection pads positioned around the edge of the substrate, etc.PRIMS is actually a language which includes commands for defining regions corresponding to integrated circuit chips, and for causing the system to define a tree of conducting paths to interconnect a set of points. There are also commands for displaying a partial layout, for editing the layout, and for generating plotter code for the final layout.
{"title":"PRIMS: an interactive system for the design of hybrid circuit layout","authors":"F. Hadlock","doi":"10.1145/563274.563329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563329","url":null,"abstract":"PRIMS is an interactive system to be used in the layout of hybrid circuits. The layout involves positioning integrated circuit chips and resistors on a substrate surface. Conducting paths are then defined in order to make interconnections between chips, external connection pads positioned around the edge of the substrate, etc.PRIMS is actually a language which includes commands for defining regions corresponding to integrated circuit chips, and for causing the system to define a tree of conducting paths to interconnect a set of points. There are also commands for displaying a partial layout, for editing the layout, and for generating plotter code for the final layout.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128373031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The BGRAF2 language for interactive real-time 2D graphics was designed as a user-oriented language emphasizing ease of use rather than of implementation. Procedural statements allow straightforward computation while classlike characteristics encourage modular graphics programming. The clock and event data types facilitate creation of parallel and synchronous procedures automatically acting on structures and display files. A graphic procedure, which includes procedural, drawing and event-driven statements, is a graphic prototype. Such procedures may be nested and iteratively or recursively called. An individual invocation of a procedure, called a graphic object, shares code while commanding its own data structures and images.
{"title":"BGRAF2: a real-time graphics language with modular objects and implicit dynamics","authors":"S. Bergman, A. Kaufman","doi":"10.1145/563274.563300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563300","url":null,"abstract":"The BGRAF2 language for interactive real-time 2D graphics was designed as a user-oriented language emphasizing ease of use rather than of implementation. Procedural statements allow straightforward computation while classlike characteristics encourage modular graphics programming. The clock and event data types facilitate creation of parallel and synchronous procedures automatically acting on structures and display files. A graphic procedure, which includes procedural, drawing and event-driven statements, is a graphic prototype. Such procedures may be nested and iteratively or recursively called. An individual invocation of a procedure, called a graphic object, shares code while commanding its own data structures and images.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124717718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The geometrical definition of a highway alignment is the result of a compromise between two conflicting objectives: keeping within budget limits and providing the user with optimum safety, operating and aesthetic conditions. The interactive graphic console when used as a large computer system peripheral unit is a particularly well-adapted instrument, when properly programmed, to assist the designer in resolving this conflict. It presents him with the appropriate graphical displays representing his design choices and offers him the possibility of modifying these choices as the computer processing progresses. ARTES is such an interactive program. It displays the geometrical elements composing a highway alignment (horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, natural ground and highway cross sections), and displays composed elements such as perspective views and visibility diagrams. It prints out earthworks quantities, plots all graphical elements and enables the program user to modify the geometrical elements composing the alignment thus enabling him to study multiple alternatives affecting construction costs and user conditions.
{"title":"ARTES: an interactive highway design program","authors":"M. Gonin, T. Moffett","doi":"10.1145/563274.563324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563324","url":null,"abstract":"The geometrical definition of a highway alignment is the result of a compromise between two conflicting objectives: keeping within budget limits and providing the user with optimum safety, operating and aesthetic conditions. The interactive graphic console when used as a large computer system peripheral unit is a particularly well-adapted instrument, when properly programmed, to assist the designer in resolving this conflict. It presents him with the appropriate graphical displays representing his design choices and offers him the possibility of modifying these choices as the computer processing progresses. ARTES is such an interactive program. It displays the geometrical elements composing a highway alignment (horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, natural ground and highway cross sections), and displays composed elements such as perspective views and visibility diagrams. It prints out earthworks quantities, plots all graphical elements and enables the program user to modify the geometrical elements composing the alignment thus enabling him to study multiple alternatives affecting construction costs and user conditions.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125365981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the concept of treating graphical data as a data type in its own right with associated language parts and constructs such as graphical constants, graphical variables and graphical expressions, the semantics of the assignment statement of a high-level graphical programming language are investigated in some detail.It is assumed that the graphical data are defined by the areal external representation model. In addition, the semantics of binary operators, the superposition and the deletion operators, are considered.
{"title":"On the semantics of the assignment statement of high-level graphical languages","authors":"G. Schrack","doi":"10.1145/563274.563307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563307","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the concept of treating graphical data as a data type in its own right with associated language parts and constructs such as graphical constants, graphical variables and graphical expressions, the semantics of the assignment statement of a high-level graphical programming language are investigated in some detail.It is assumed that the graphical data are defined by the areal external representation model. In addition, the semantics of binary operators, the superposition and the deletion operators, are considered.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117328912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Means of capturing and encoding cartographic data for machine processing is a major issue in the design and the development of geographic information systems. The available and potential technology constitutes a bewildering array of choices for system designers from which to select formats and processing capabilities to meet user applications. Designers are not provided a very precise statement of data requirements (or fidelity requirements for the data capture and processing system); therefore, the tolerable distortion rates and tolerable information losses are not well expressed so as to assess coding efficiencies. Nor is there substantial agreement as to the appropriate breadth of comparative tests, as some systems can replicate coverages well for cartographic purposes, while other systems may provide stronger analytical capabilities for processing encoded geographic data.One of the major problems in encoding cartographic data is the lack of measures by which to assess the effectiveness of the coding. One set of effectiveness measures relates to the ability to replicate the source document in map form, while a second set of effectiveness measures relates to the use of the map or coverage data. There are a number of effectiveness measures that need developing in order to compare and test the effectiveness of alternative system approaches. A source document constructed to possess features that will test the effectiveness of alternative systems fairly and equitably needs development. This would result in the ability to establish benchmark tests by which systems could be compared.
{"title":"Cartographic data structures: alternatives for geographic information systems","authors":"K. Dueker","doi":"10.1145/563274.563306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563306","url":null,"abstract":"Means of capturing and encoding cartographic data for machine processing is a major issue in the design and the development of geographic information systems. The available and potential technology constitutes a bewildering array of choices for system designers from which to select formats and processing capabilities to meet user applications. Designers are not provided a very precise statement of data requirements (or fidelity requirements for the data capture and processing system); therefore, the tolerable distortion rates and tolerable information losses are not well expressed so as to assess coding efficiencies. Nor is there substantial agreement as to the appropriate breadth of comparative tests, as some systems can replicate coverages well for cartographic purposes, while other systems may provide stronger analytical capabilities for processing encoded geographic data.One of the major problems in encoding cartographic data is the lack of measures by which to assess the effectiveness of the coding. One set of effectiveness measures relates to the ability to replicate the source document in map form, while a second set of effectiveness measures relates to the use of the map or coverage data. There are a number of effectiveness measures that need developing in order to compare and test the effectiveness of alternative system approaches. A source document constructed to possess features that will test the effectiveness of alternative systems fairly and equitably needs development. This would result in the ability to establish benchmark tests by which systems could be compared.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129674664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The accompanying film shows some general sessions of working with an interactive graphics system to design free-form curves and surfaces. In particular, it demonstrates the use of a very general B-spline curve package that allows the user to specify desired attributes like degree, shape, type of parametrization, and periodicity. Other schemes that show the use of "tension" as a parameter in design will ge presented.
{"title":"A film on schemes for interactive curve design","authors":"R. Riesenfeld","doi":"10.1145/563274.563287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563287","url":null,"abstract":"The accompanying film shows some general sessions of working with an interactive graphics system to design free-form curves and surfaces. In particular, it demonstrates the use of a very general B-spline curve package that allows the user to specify desired attributes like degree, shape, type of parametrization, and periodicity. Other schemes that show the use of \"tension\" as a parameter in design will ge presented.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131184657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An interactive computer graphics program has been developed to dissect mixtures of normal (or lognormal) distributions. The program incorporates both graphical and analytical techniques to obtain a more satisfactory solution to the problem of dissection. Within a matter of minutes, a mixed frequency curve can be decomposed into its normal (or lognormal) components. A statistical summary following dissection makes it possible to evaluate the goodness-of-fit and the separability of the inferred subpopulations. Individual components can be added or subtracted and adjustments can be made to individual parameters of components. An example of dissection is given in geology and in sports.
{"title":"An interactive computer graphics approach for dissecting a mixture of normal (or lognormal) distributions","authors":"R. McCammon","doi":"10.1145/563274.563277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563277","url":null,"abstract":"An interactive computer graphics program has been developed to dissect mixtures of normal (or lognormal) distributions. The program incorporates both graphical and analytical techniques to obtain a more satisfactory solution to the problem of dissection. Within a matter of minutes, a mixed frequency curve can be decomposed into its normal (or lognormal) components. A statistical summary following dissection makes it possible to evaluate the goodness-of-fit and the separability of the inferred subpopulations. Individual components can be added or subtracted and adjustments can be made to individual parameters of components. An example of dissection is given in geology and in sports.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127020701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper advocates a configurable approach to software for satellite graphics in which the division of labor between the host and satellite computers can be easily changed after an application program has been written. A software system, CAGES (Configurable Applications for Graphics Employing Satellites), implements this approach. CAGES can substantially simplify the application programmer's task of programming a host and satellite computer by making the intercomputer interface relatively invisible to him, while at the same time allowing him the efficiency and flexibility that can result from direct application programming of the satellite computer.Proper design of configurable programs is facilitated by a mathematical model defining a pairwise measure of program module inter-dependence. Experience with this model has resulted in a set of programming guidelines that further aid the application programmer in producing a suitable program structure.
{"title":"Configurable applications for satellite graphics","authors":"G. Hamlin","doi":"10.1145/563274.563311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563311","url":null,"abstract":"This paper advocates a configurable approach to software for satellite graphics in which the division of labor between the host and satellite computers can be easily changed after an application program has been written. A software system, CAGES (Configurable Applications for Graphics Employing Satellites), implements this approach. CAGES can substantially simplify the application programmer's task of programming a host and satellite computer by making the intercomputer interface relatively invisible to him, while at the same time allowing him the efficiency and flexibility that can result from direct application programming of the satellite computer.Proper design of configurable programs is facilitated by a mathematical model defining a pairwise measure of program module inter-dependence. Experience with this model has resulted in a set of programming guidelines that further aid the application programmer in producing a suitable program structure.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116153526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the remote programmability of graphic-oriented interactions in a large, time-shared host/multiple-satellite configuration. The philosophy and architecture of a pseudo machine -- the Programmable Graphics Processor (PGP) -- is presented along with a description of the higher-level language used in the host to specify programs for execution in the satellite. These programs are first compiled into PGP machine language in the host and then transmitted to the satellite where they are executed in response to asynchronous interrupts (attentions) originating from various types of interactive graphic input devices. In this manner, fairly complex and tailored interactions such as multiple line rubberbanding and limited area tracking are specified conveniently by applications programs in the host computer.
{"title":"Remote programmability of graphic interactions in a host/satellite configuration","authors":"Samuel D. Moulton, Philip J. Corman","doi":"10.1145/563274.563312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563312","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the remote programmability of graphic-oriented interactions in a large, time-shared host/multiple-satellite configuration. The philosophy and architecture of a pseudo machine -- the Programmable Graphics Processor (PGP) -- is presented along with a description of the higher-level language used in the host to specify programs for execution in the satellite. These programs are first compiled into PGP machine language in the host and then transmitted to the satellite where they are executed in response to asynchronous interrupts (attentions) originating from various types of interactive graphic input devices. In this manner, fairly complex and tailored interactions such as multiple line rubberbanding and limited area tracking are specified conveniently by applications programs in the host computer.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115089301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a need for a simple mechanized way to design, update and produce final copies of scores of Labanotation, a symbolic, graphical language for the recording of body movement used by choreographers, anthropologists, psychologists and therapists. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a machine-independent data structure for Labanotation and its application in an interactive storage, retrieval and editing system.
{"title":"A graphics editor for labanotation","authors":"Maxine D. Brown, S. Smoliar","doi":"10.1145/563274.563286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563286","url":null,"abstract":"There is a need for a simple mechanized way to design, update and produce final copies of scores of Labanotation, a symbolic, graphical language for the recording of body movement used by choreographers, anthropologists, psychologists and therapists. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a machine-independent data structure for Labanotation and its application in an interactive storage, retrieval and editing system.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125922208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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