This paper describes a simple idea for extending the use of display segment files in computer display systems. The extension is to provide manual control of segment files in a display terminal as well as program control from a host computer. The use of display segments local to the display makes it possible to speed up the rate at which pictures are displayed when the communications line to the host computer is slow or when the host machine is time-shared and heavily loaded. The manual control of segments are terminal functions that work for any program including old programs that knew nothing about display segments.
{"title":"Enhanced graphics performance with user controlled segment files","authors":"W. Little, Robin Williams","doi":"10.1145/563274.563308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563308","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a simple idea for extending the use of display segment files in computer display systems. The extension is to provide manual control of segment files in a display terminal as well as program control from a host computer. The use of display segments local to the display makes it possible to speed up the rate at which pictures are displayed when the communications line to the host computer is slow or when the host machine is time-shared and heavily loaded. The manual control of segments are terminal functions that work for any program including old programs that knew nothing about display segments.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132173946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A user-oriented Computer Graphics System (CGS) is described, which primarily has been designed to aid the application programmer, and not just the sophisticated computer graphics user. The system has been designed to provide a very simple interaction capability, where the interaction is based on a variety of input devices and a simple input/output graphics command language. The result of this system has been an increase in programming efficiency, reduction in span time from creations of design to actual implementation. Typical application developments have included such system as flowcharting systems, Computer Aided Architectural Space Planning, Animation, Vehicle-Pedestrian Interactions, Computer-aided designs, and the simulation of the NASA Space Shuttle.
{"title":"A user-oriented computer graphics system","authors":"U. Pooch","doi":"10.1145/563274.563280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563280","url":null,"abstract":"A user-oriented Computer Graphics System (CGS) is described, which primarily has been designed to aid the application programmer, and not just the sophisticated computer graphics user. The system has been designed to provide a very simple interaction capability, where the interaction is based on a variety of input devices and a simple input/output graphics command language. The result of this system has been an increase in programming efficiency, reduction in span time from creations of design to actual implementation. Typical application developments have included such system as flowcharting systems, Computer Aided Architectural Space Planning, Animation, Vehicle-Pedestrian Interactions, Computer-aided designs, and the simulation of the NASA Space Shuttle.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114075378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Computer graphics displays in the neurosciences are classified into three categories: anatomical structures, physiological waveforms, and statistical summaries. The capabilities required in a line drawing system to present neuroscience displays are smooth rotation and translation of 3D structures, simple line rejection, orthographic projection, and flexible interactive hard copy capable of drawing dots. The general purpose computer is available to refresh the CRT. A simple graphics processor with the necessary capabilities is defined and its unique features are discussed.
{"title":"Characteristics of neuroscience computer graphics displays and a proposed system to generate those displays","authors":"J. Capowski","doi":"10.1145/563274.563319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563319","url":null,"abstract":"Computer graphics displays in the neurosciences are classified into three categories: anatomical structures, physiological waveforms, and statistical summaries. The capabilities required in a line drawing system to present neuroscience displays are smooth rotation and translation of 3D structures, simple line rejection, orthographic projection, and flexible interactive hard copy capable of drawing dots. The general purpose computer is available to refresh the CRT. A simple graphics processor with the necessary capabilities is defined and its unique features are discussed.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128570041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A square chain of points is found that approximates a plane curve of the form F (x,y) =0. In case F (x,y) =0 represents a conic section, the method requires no multiplication or division, and so is well adapted to hardware or small computer software implementation. The algorithm may also be used to find approximate solutions of differential equations of the form F1dx + F2dy = 0.
{"title":"A method for plotting curves defined by implicit equations","authors":"E. Cohen","doi":"10.1145/563274.563321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563321","url":null,"abstract":"A square chain of points is found that approximates a plane curve of the form F (x,y) =0. In case F (x,y) =0 represents a conic section, the method requires no multiplication or division, and so is well adapted to hardware or small computer software implementation. The algorithm may also be used to find approximate solutions of differential equations of the form F1dx + F2dy = 0.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129384552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An algorithm for drawing pictures of three-dimensional objects, with surfaces made up of patches of quadric surfaces, is described.The emphasis of this algorithm is calculating the intersections of quadric surfaces. A parameterization scheme is used. Each quadric surface intersection curve (QSIC) is represented as a set of coefficients and parameter limits. Each value of the parameter represents at most two points, and these may easily be distinguished. This scheme can find the co-ordinates of points of even quartic (fourth-order) intersection curves, using equations of no more than second order.Methods of parameterization for each type of QSIC are discussed, as well as surface bounding and hidden surface removal.
{"title":"A parametric algorithm for drawing pictures of solid objects bounded by quadric surfaces","authors":"Joshua Z. Levin","doi":"10.1145/563274.563320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563320","url":null,"abstract":"An algorithm for drawing pictures of three-dimensional objects, with surfaces made up of patches of quadric surfaces, is described.The emphasis of this algorithm is calculating the intersections of quadric surfaces. A parameterization scheme is used. Each quadric surface intersection curve (QSIC) is represented as a set of coefficients and parameter limits. Each value of the parameter represents at most two points, and these may easily be distinguished. This scheme can find the co-ordinates of points of even quartic (fourth-order) intersection curves, using equations of no more than second order.Methods of parameterization for each type of QSIC are discussed, as well as surface bounding and hidden surface removal.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116131635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a general purpose 'picture building system'. The main purpose of the system is to provide an environment wherein an application programmer can interactively create and modify applications. In addition to a graphics software package the picture building system provides high-level application building tools and a relational data base as integral parts of the system. An interpreter is provided to draw pictures from data stored in relations. A correlation handler is provided to allow a user to identify and manipulate displayed items. A relations editor is provided to interactively create, edit, and display relations. The picture building system works on a variety of graphic and nongraphic terminals.
{"title":"Graphic and relational data base support for problem solving","authors":"Daniel L. Weller, Robin Williams","doi":"10.1145/563274.563309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563309","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a general purpose 'picture building system'. The main purpose of the system is to provide an environment wherein an application programmer can interactively create and modify applications. In addition to a graphics software package the picture building system provides high-level application building tools and a relational data base as integral parts of the system. An interpreter is provided to draw pictures from data stored in relations. A correlation handler is provided to allow a user to identify and manipulate displayed items. A relations editor is provided to interactively create, edit, and display relations. The picture building system works on a variety of graphic and nongraphic terminals.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125137449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three generally accepted facts are:1. Computers are getting cheap and fast enough to do cost-effective graphics on line and in real time;2. The future of computer graphics is in raster scan;3. Computer animation is emerging as a volatile art form and as a medium for scientific communication.Concurrently, we find computer animation somewhat polluted and distorted by1. The illusionary immediacies of analog techniques;2. The line gestalt of computer output microfilm;3. The transformational paradigm of the 4 by 4 matrix.In contrast, this paper dwells on on-line, real-time, color rasterscan, digital techniques and associated videotapes. Accompanying illustrations present the specific application of a "veridical memory" approach to computer graphics, distinguished from other similar efforts by:1. A 90 nano-second, writable control store;2. Noncontiguous and variable bits per pixel;3. Minicomputer support of PL/1, LISP, and LOGO;4. Advanced graphical input techniques;5. Hardware priorities indigenous to cell animation;6. Production of color hard copy.Results indicate an opportunity for complex descriptions and displays1. In which the message is not the medium;2. Through which color assumes a new role;3. With which the user works without a typeable genre;4. About which our wildest fantasies offer only modest extrapolation.Inasmuch as our work on animation is just beginning, this paper does not take a rigorous posture. Instead, we submit a collage of output, classify some of our errors, and outline likely solutions.
{"title":"Experiments with computer animation","authors":"N. Negroponte, P. Pangaro","doi":"10.1145/563274.563282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563282","url":null,"abstract":"Three generally accepted facts are:1. Computers are getting cheap and fast enough to do cost-effective graphics on line and in real time;2. The future of computer graphics is in raster scan;3. Computer animation is emerging as a volatile art form and as a medium for scientific communication.Concurrently, we find computer animation somewhat polluted and distorted by1. The illusionary immediacies of analog techniques;2. The line gestalt of computer output microfilm;3. The transformational paradigm of the 4 by 4 matrix.In contrast, this paper dwells on on-line, real-time, color rasterscan, digital techniques and associated videotapes. Accompanying illustrations present the specific application of a \"veridical memory\" approach to computer graphics, distinguished from other similar efforts by:1. A 90 nano-second, writable control store;2. Noncontiguous and variable bits per pixel;3. Minicomputer support of PL/1, LISP, and LOGO;4. Advanced graphical input techniques;5. Hardware priorities indigenous to cell animation;6. Production of color hard copy.Results indicate an opportunity for complex descriptions and displays1. In which the message is not the medium;2. Through which color assumes a new role;3. With which the user works without a typeable genre;4. About which our wildest fantasies offer only modest extrapolation.Inasmuch as our work on animation is just beginning, this paper does not take a rigorous posture. Instead, we submit a collage of output, classify some of our errors, and outline likely solutions.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128954970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Architecture-by-Yourself is an experiment in computer aided design that applies the medium of computer graphics, used by a general populace. The research program confronts the delicate balance between insightfulness and paternalism toward a user who ultimately bares the risk. The paper reports on a case study, on the underlying philosophy's of the French architect Yona Friedman, and on a computer implementation called YONA. As part of a larger research effort, Machine Recognition and Inference Making in Computer Aids to Design, we postulate further developments that will exercise input and visualization techniques in a relentless setting, relentless in the sense that the user is demanding, the problem is hard, and the product is a personal, one-of-a-kind design.
{"title":"Architecture-by-yourself: an experiment with computer graphics for house design","authors":"G. Weinzapfel, N. Negroponte","doi":"10.1145/563274.563290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563290","url":null,"abstract":"Architecture-by-Yourself is an experiment in computer aided design that applies the medium of computer graphics, used by a general populace. The research program confronts the delicate balance between insightfulness and paternalism toward a user who ultimately bares the risk. The paper reports on a case study, on the underlying philosophy's of the French architect Yona Friedman, and on a computer implementation called YONA. As part of a larger research effort, Machine Recognition and Inference Making in Computer Aids to Design, we postulate further developments that will exercise input and visualization techniques in a relentless setting, relentless in the sense that the user is demanding, the problem is hard, and the product is a personal, one-of-a-kind design.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132532933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A family of programs has been developed to allow graphical input through continuous digitizing. Drawing data, sampled at a high and constant rate, is compressed and mapped into lines and splines, in two and three dimensions. This is achieved by inferring a particular user's intentions from measures of speed and pressure.Recent experiments have shown that even the most basic inference making cannot rely solely upon knowledge of the user's drawing style, but needs additional knowledge of the subject being drawn, the protocols of its domain, and the stage of development of the user's design. This requirement implies a higher level of machine intelligence than currently exists. An alternate approach is to increase the user's involvement in the recognition process.Contrary to previous efforts to move from sketch to mechanical drawing without human intervention, this paper reports on an interactive system for graphical input in which the user overtly partakes in training the machine and massaging the data at all levels of interpretation. The initial routines for data compression employ parallel functions for extracting such features as bentness, straightness, and endness. These are planned for implementation in microprocessors.Results offer a system for rapid (and enjoyable) graphical input with real-time interpretation, the beginnings of an intelligent tablet.
{"title":"Graphical input through machine recognition of sketches","authors":"Christopher F. Herot","doi":"10.1145/563274.563294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563294","url":null,"abstract":"A family of programs has been developed to allow graphical input through continuous digitizing. Drawing data, sampled at a high and constant rate, is compressed and mapped into lines and splines, in two and three dimensions. This is achieved by inferring a particular user's intentions from measures of speed and pressure.Recent experiments have shown that even the most basic inference making cannot rely solely upon knowledge of the user's drawing style, but needs additional knowledge of the subject being drawn, the protocols of its domain, and the stage of development of the user's design. This requirement implies a higher level of machine intelligence than currently exists. An alternate approach is to increase the user's involvement in the recognition process.Contrary to previous efforts to move from sketch to mechanical drawing without human intervention, this paper reports on an interactive system for graphical input in which the user overtly partakes in training the machine and massaging the data at all levels of interpretation. The initial routines for data compression employ parallel functions for extracting such features as bentness, straightness, and endness. These are planned for implementation in microprocessors.Results offer a system for rapid (and enjoyable) graphical input with real-time interpretation, the beginnings of an intelligent tablet.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117013161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews and compares the uses of dimensioning in the instance and dimensioning in the master to specify instances of symbol definitions in general-purpose graphics programming languages. The processing required to each case is described and compared. Dimensioning in the master is easier to implement, can allow faster display of images because of simpler processing, and semantically is a bit less powerful than dimensioning in the instance. When appropriate, both can gracefully coexist in a graphics language, but the great majority of graphics applications only need the semantic power of dimensioning in the master.
{"title":"Specifying symbol instances","authors":"J. Foley","doi":"10.1145/563274.563299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563299","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews and compares the uses of dimensioning in the instance and dimensioning in the master to specify instances of symbol definitions in general-purpose graphics programming languages. The processing required to each case is described and compared. Dimensioning in the master is easier to implement, can allow faster display of images because of simpler processing, and semantically is a bit less powerful than dimensioning in the instance. When appropriate, both can gracefully coexist in a graphics language, but the great majority of graphics applications only need the semantic power of dimensioning in the master.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127047687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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