The Intercolor 8000 color video terminal is used in conjunction with a timesharing computer system for applications in thematic cartography. The version of the terminal discussed can resolve the screen into a matrix of 25 rows by 80 columns with colored characters on colored backgrounds. Using the plot mode, the screen can be further resolved into single-color cells of 100 rows by 160 columns. The value and limitations of the terminal are discussed in terms of the selection and brightness of the eight colors, the dimensions of the cells and the ability to mix colors in small cells. The possibilities of using the terminal for dot, choropleth and isarithmic maps are explored. Acetate overlays can be used to add base lines such as boundaries and rivers and the composite images can be recorded on standard slide film.
{"title":"The application of the intercolor 8000 terminal to thematic cartography","authors":"J. Carter, David Icove","doi":"10.1145/563274.563305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563305","url":null,"abstract":"The Intercolor 8000 color video terminal is used in conjunction with a timesharing computer system for applications in thematic cartography. The version of the terminal discussed can resolve the screen into a matrix of 25 rows by 80 columns with colored characters on colored backgrounds. Using the plot mode, the screen can be further resolved into single-color cells of 100 rows by 160 columns. The value and limitations of the terminal are discussed in terms of the selection and brightness of the eight colors, the dimensions of the cells and the ability to mix colors in small cells. The possibilities of using the terminal for dot, choropleth and isarithmic maps are explored. Acetate overlays can be used to add base lines such as boundaries and rivers and the composite images can be recorded on standard slide film.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125981313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a group of computer programs developed for contouring vertical sections of oceanographic parameters. The vertical profiles can be constructed from data collected in a variety of ways. The input data for the driver subroutine need not be equally spaced horizontally or vertically. The routines are written in Fortran for a UNIVAC 1108 with an offline Gould Plotter, but can easily be adapted to any computer with a Fortran compiler and a plotter which accepts Calcomp-like commands. The routines are of modular construction.
{"title":"Automated contouring of vertical oceanographic sections using an objective analysis","authors":"A. Herman","doi":"10.1145/563274.563314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563314","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a group of computer programs developed for contouring vertical sections of oceanographic parameters. The vertical profiles can be constructed from data collected in a variety of ways. The input data for the driver subroutine need not be equally spaced horizontally or vertically. The routines are written in Fortran for a UNIVAC 1108 with an offline Gould Plotter, but can easily be adapted to any computer with a Fortran compiler and a plotter which accepts Calcomp-like commands. The routines are of modular construction.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130529449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The discovery of stereopsis in the mid-nineteenth century presented the opportunity to simulate the visual impact of a three-dimensional entity through a pair of two-dimensional, perspective images. Modern image processing techniques now permit the extensive exploration of abstract stereograms, but most recent investigations have focused on scientific rather than aesthetic compositions. This paper describes a complete svstem for the creation of stereo artwork and discusses the implications of using stereoscopy for artistic, "three-dimensional expression.
{"title":"Computer-generated stereograms: a new dimension for the graphic arts","authors":"D. Morland","doi":"10.1145/563274.563279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563279","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of stereopsis in the mid-nineteenth century presented the opportunity to simulate the visual impact of a three-dimensional entity through a pair of two-dimensional, perspective images. Modern image processing techniques now permit the extensive exploration of abstract stereograms, but most recent investigations have focused on scientific rather than aesthetic compositions. This paper describes a complete svstem for the creation of stereo artwork and discusses the implications of using stereoscopy for artistic, \"three-dimensional expression.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115538272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is concerned with the development of a computer-based graphics system for interactive simulation of pumping policies on water supply networks. The method evaluates various strategies which are input to the computer via a light-pen graphics facility, and displays to the operator the cost of the input strategy based on a mathematical model of the pumping tariff which is developed. The method has been used for policy analysis on a pressure zone of a network in the United Kingdom, and the calculations implemented on a Fortran-based minicomputer graphics system.
{"title":"Interactive simulation of network pumping policies on a computer-based graphics system","authors":"P. F. Perry, J. Keenan","doi":"10.1145/563274.563292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563292","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is concerned with the development of a computer-based graphics system for interactive simulation of pumping policies on water supply networks. The method evaluates various strategies which are input to the computer via a light-pen graphics facility, and displays to the operator the cost of the input strategy based on a mathematical model of the pumping tariff which is developed. The method has been used for policy analysis on a pressure zone of a network in the United Kingdom, and the calculations implemented on a Fortran-based minicomputer graphics system.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129573038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A low cost intelligent graphics terminal for developmental work consisting of a Tektronix storage tube terminal and an ALTAIR 8800 microcomputer is described. The microcomputer system is used to develop and debug customized intelligent terminal configurations and features before a production model is finalized and fabricated. This allows flexibility in terminal design and allows changes to be tried easily before final versions are built. The customized terminal features that are described are the abilities to process a segmented display file, to provide refresh of up to 130 characters or vectors, to control accessory devices such as a flexible disk and a graphics tablet, to provide data compression of over 60% on large pictures, and to provide a local debugging utility.
{"title":"A developmental system for microcomputer based intelligent graphics terminals","authors":"R. Kellner, L. D. Maas","doi":"10.1145/563274.563301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563301","url":null,"abstract":"A low cost intelligent graphics terminal for developmental work consisting of a Tektronix storage tube terminal and an ALTAIR 8800 microcomputer is described. The microcomputer system is used to develop and debug customized intelligent terminal configurations and features before a production model is finalized and fabricated. This allows flexibility in terminal design and allows changes to be tried easily before final versions are built. The customized terminal features that are described are the abilities to process a segmented display file, to provide refresh of up to 130 characters or vectors, to control accessory devices such as a flexible disk and a graphics tablet, to provide data compression of over 60% on large pictures, and to provide a local debugging utility.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128032651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The film accompanied by this paper illustrates an experimental system for real-time Computer-Aided Geometric Design of three-dimensional parametric surfaces. A detailed description of the system is given in another paper by the author(1). Its principle features are that it operates in real-time, all geometric interaction with the surfaces is accomplished with a 3-D Wand, the surfaces are viewed in 3-D using a head-mounted display, and the surfaces are mathematically represented using parametric spline surface patches.The two principle computing components of the system are a PDP-10 computer and an LDS-1 display computer. The PDP-10 acts as a host to the LDS-1. Its main tasks each 1/30 second are to compute the 3-D Wand and head-mounted display positions and to incrementally update the geometries of the surface patches being designed by the user. During the same time period, the LDS-1 loads its digital matrix multiplier with the room-to-head transformation matrix provided to it by the PDP-10, displays on the head-mounted display's CRT's a line drawn rendering of all of the parametric surface patches that are within the 40 degree field-of-view of the display and displays a small cube to represent the current position of the Wand.The user of the system initiates a design sequence by selecting a patch description file from the PDP-10's file system. He then puts on the head-mounted display and uses the 3-D Wand with its control buttons to grasp the patches, which appear to float before him in the room, and make appropriate changes to their geometry. After a design sequence he may save the new surfaces on the PDP-10 file system and select certain views of the surfaces to be rendered as a continuous-tone shaded picture with hidden-surfaces removed.The first part of the film described here shows the system in real-time operation. During this part, several free-form surfaces are manipulated as the camera records the action on a line-drawing monitor. The second part of the film illustrates a continuous-tone, shaded rendering of a design sequence. The continuous-tone rendering was produced "off-line" using pertinent viewpoint information that was saved during the design sequence. The final few minutes of the film depict the construction of a Klein-Bottle.
{"title":"Three-dimensional man-machine interaction","authors":"James H. Clark","doi":"10.1145/563274.563327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563327","url":null,"abstract":"The film accompanied by this paper illustrates an experimental system for real-time Computer-Aided Geometric Design of three-dimensional parametric surfaces. A detailed description of the system is given in another paper by the author(1). Its principle features are that it operates in real-time, all geometric interaction with the surfaces is accomplished with a 3-D Wand, the surfaces are viewed in 3-D using a head-mounted display, and the surfaces are mathematically represented using parametric spline surface patches.The two principle computing components of the system are a PDP-10 computer and an LDS-1 display computer. The PDP-10 acts as a host to the LDS-1. Its main tasks each 1/30 second are to compute the 3-D Wand and head-mounted display positions and to incrementally update the geometries of the surface patches being designed by the user. During the same time period, the LDS-1 loads its digital matrix multiplier with the room-to-head transformation matrix provided to it by the PDP-10, displays on the head-mounted display's CRT's a line drawn rendering of all of the parametric surface patches that are within the 40 degree field-of-view of the display and displays a small cube to represent the current position of the Wand.The user of the system initiates a design sequence by selecting a patch description file from the PDP-10's file system. He then puts on the head-mounted display and uses the 3-D Wand with its control buttons to grasp the patches, which appear to float before him in the room, and make appropriate changes to their geometry. After a design sequence he may save the new surfaces on the PDP-10 file system and select certain views of the surfaces to be rendered as a continuous-tone shaded picture with hidden-surfaces removed.The first part of the film described here shows the system in real-time operation. During this part, several free-form surfaces are manipulated as the camera records the action on a line-drawing monitor. The second part of the film illustrates a continuous-tone, shaded rendering of a design sequence. The continuous-tone rendering was produced \"off-line\" using pertinent viewpoint information that was saved during the design sequence. The final few minutes of the film depict the construction of a Klein-Bottle.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121470533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of silicon integrated circuits requires a broad spectrum of computer aids for simulation, physical design, and testing. A CAD approach is described which is both integrated and distributed in nature. The various functions required by circuit designers for simulation, layout, and testing are integrated into a single system, based on a minicomputer (HP21MX) with a storage scope (Tektronix 4014) display. These systems are distributed to provide the design aids in close proximity to users. Approximately forty systems are now employed for the various steps in the design process.
{"title":"Computer aided integrated circuit design: a distributed integrated approach","authors":"E. Kozemchak","doi":"10.1145/563274.563325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563325","url":null,"abstract":"The design of silicon integrated circuits requires a broad spectrum of computer aids for simulation, physical design, and testing. A CAD approach is described which is both integrated and distributed in nature. The various functions required by circuit designers for simulation, layout, and testing are integrated into a single system, based on a minicomputer (HP21MX) with a storage scope (Tektronix 4014) display. These systems are distributed to provide the design aids in close proximity to users. Approximately forty systems are now employed for the various steps in the design process.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130516041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a program interpreting orthographic drawings input through a digitizing tablet into three-dimensional (3-D) objects. Ambiguity arises in such a task not only in the case of two views but also with three-view inputs, due to coinciding projections of vertices. The main effort consists in heuristically reducing this ambiguity. The general strategy is a bottom-up identification of the objects starting with the tablet-coordinates and aggregating them into vertices, then faces and finally polyhedra. The program does not contain any high level geometrical concepts or probable properties of 3-D objects but only some basic definitions of polyhedra (as expressed by Euler and Mobius). By applying these definitions to different parts of the scene to recognize, it defines local sets of alternatives and then chooses the right ones by running a mini theorem prover over these sets. A major issue in writing this program has been to limit the drawing constraints imposed on the user. In case that it gets blocked in the recognition process, however, the program can require the user's help.
{"title":"Recognition of three-dimensional objects from orthographic views","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/563274.563295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563295","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a program interpreting orthographic drawings input through a digitizing tablet into three-dimensional (3-D) objects. Ambiguity arises in such a task not only in the case of two views but also with three-view inputs, due to coinciding projections of vertices. The main effort consists in heuristically reducing this ambiguity. The general strategy is a bottom-up identification of the objects starting with the tablet-coordinates and aggregating them into vertices, then faces and finally polyhedra. The program does not contain any high level geometrical concepts or probable properties of 3-D objects but only some basic definitions of polyhedra (as expressed by Euler and Mobius). By applying these definitions to different parts of the scene to recognize, it defines local sets of alternatives and then chooses the right ones by running a mini theorem prover over these sets. A major issue in writing this program has been to limit the drawing constraints imposed on the user. In case that it gets blocked in the recognition process, however, the program can require the user's help.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132680541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At Carnegie Mellon University, the PDP-10 and PDP-11 computers have been used to trace thin sections of stained neurons in a lobster swimmeret ganglion, and to reconstruct the global structure of the neuron from the sections. This paper will present two sorts of graphic pictures of the final reconstructed neuron; vector drawings with hidden lines, and shaded raster drawings of the neuron inside a transparent shell representing the outer surface of the ganglion. The hidden line program handles curving cylindrical tubes of varying radii, and shows only the visible contours. The raster program is a modification of Sproul's version of the Watkins Algorithm, and applies Phong shading to both opaque and semi-transparent surfaces. The shaded output is rendered on the Carnegie-Mellon video system.
{"title":"Computer rendering of lobster neurons","authors":"N. Max","doi":"10.1145/563274.563317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563317","url":null,"abstract":"At Carnegie Mellon University, the PDP-10 and PDP-11 computers have been used to trace thin sections of stained neurons in a lobster swimmeret ganglion, and to reconstruct the global structure of the neuron from the sections. This paper will present two sorts of graphic pictures of the final reconstructed neuron; vector drawings with hidden lines, and shaded raster drawings of the neuron inside a transparent shell representing the outer surface of the ganglion. The hidden line program handles curving cylindrical tubes of varying radii, and shows only the visible contours. The raster program is a modification of Sproul's version of the Watkins Algorithm, and applies Phong shading to both opaque and semi-transparent surfaces. The shaded output is rendered on the Carnegie-Mellon video system.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133787584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A primary advantage of computer graphics is that a comfortable environment can be created for an individual to communicate with a computer. A properly people-designed automatic drafting system is an excellent example of such an environment.
{"title":"Automatic drafting systems: an effective person-machine interface","authors":"C. Machover","doi":"10.1145/563274.563291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/563274.563291","url":null,"abstract":"A primary advantage of computer graphics is that a comfortable environment can be created for an individual to communicate with a computer. A properly people-designed automatic drafting system is an excellent example of such an environment.","PeriodicalId":160433,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116291460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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