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Issue Information, Cover, and Table of Contents 发行信息、封面和目录
IF 4.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13421
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引用次数: 0
Unpacking the path toward a sustainable circular economy through industrial ecology 通过工业生态学探索可持续循环经济之路
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13499
Magnus Fröhling, Chika Aoki‐Suzuki, Bhavik Bakshi, Sina Leipold, Xin Tong, Hannah Su‐Han Wang, Dominik Wiedenhofer
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引用次数: 0
Additive inclusion in plastic life cycle assessments part I: Review of mechanical recycling studies 将添加剂纳入塑料生命周期评估第一部分:机械回收研究综述
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13542
H. Logan, T. F. Astrup, A. Damgaard
As the European Union transitions to the circular use of plastics, robust life cycle assessments are crucial in understanding and preparing for this new economy. Additives are essential to the production of all plastics but were reported as missing from life cycle assessments (LCAs) of plastic materials a decade ago. This study expands upon previous research by investigating if plastic additive impacts are now included in LCAs of recycled plastic materials or if they are still absent. In part I, we conduct a systematic literature review of 93 LCAs on plastics, including mechanical recycling pathways, and distinguish if plastic additive impacts are considered in (i) in‐text discussions and (ii) the life cycle inventories (LCIs) of each study. We then compare the types of additive inclusion within the corpus to ascertain whether author knowledge or data availability dictates additive inclusion in plastic LCAs. We find that data disclosure and detailed discussions of specific additive impacts are missing across the corpus due to poor transparency in LCI disclosure or overly generic disclosures of additives. The lack of detailed and transparent discussions and disclosure indicates that additive impacts are missing from LCAs of recycled plastic materials, leading to incomplete analyses of their impacts. Until addressed, such a gap may lead to inaccurate or incomplete circular plastic material LCAs. In part II, we assess the quality of generic disclosures and explore how database quality and transparency have contributed to additive omissions in LCAs.
随着欧盟向循环使用塑料过渡,强有力的生命周期评估对于了解这种新经济并为其做好准备至关重要。添加剂对所有塑料的生产都至关重要,但据报道,十年前的塑料材料生命周期评估(LCAs)中却没有添加添加剂。本研究通过调查塑料添加剂的影响是否已被纳入再生塑料材料的生命周期评估中,或是否仍未被纳入,对之前的研究进行了拓展。在第一部分中,我们对包括机械回收途径在内的 93 项塑料生命周期评估进行了系统性文献综述,并区分了(i)文中讨论和(ii)每项研究的生命周期清单(LCI)中是否考虑了塑料添加剂的影响。然后,我们比较了语料库中包含添加剂的类型,以确定是作者的知识还是数据的可用性决定了塑料生命周期评估中是否包含添加剂。我们发现,由于 LCI 披露透明度低或对添加剂的披露过于笼统,整个语料库中缺少对具体添加剂影响的数据披露和详细讨论。缺乏详细、透明的讨论和披露表明,再生塑料材料的生命周期评估中缺少对添加剂影响的分析,导致对其影响的分析不完整。如果不加以解决,这种缺失可能会导致不准确或不完整的循环塑料材料生命周期评估。在第二部分中,我们将评估一般性披露的质量,并探讨数据库质量和透明度如何导致生命周期评估中的添加剂遗漏。
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引用次数: 0
Prospective life cycle assessment of climate and biodiversity impacts of meat‐based and plant‐forward meals: A case study of Indonesian and German meal options 基于肉类和植物的膳食对气候和生物多样性影响的前瞻性生命周期评估:印度尼西亚和德国膳食选择案例研究
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13549
Sandra G. Marquardt, P. James Joyce, Giles Rigarlsford, Mariska Dötsch‐Klerk, Kathelijn van Elk, Jonathan Doelman, Vassilis Daioglou, Mark A. J. Huijbregts, Sarah Sim
The emerging field of prospective life cycle assessment (pLCA) offers opportunities for evaluating the environmental impacts of possible future consumption shifts. One such shift involves a transition from meat‐based to plant‐forward diets, acknowledged to mitigate environmental impacts of the food system under present day conditions. Current diets are often meat intensive (“meat‐based”), whilst “plant‐forward” diets include mainly plant‐based foods, encompassing flexitarian, vegetarian, and vegan diets. Here we illustrate the application of pLCA in a case study of meal options, implementing shared socio‐economic pathway scenarios in the LCA background system to represent future production conditions. We assess the climate footprints and land‐based biodiversity footprints of a typical meat‐based meal in Germany and Indonesia compared to a plant‐forward meal in both countries (i.e., four meals), now and in 2050. Our findings show that the plant‐forward alternative maintains a lower impact per serving in all future scenarios. At the same time, the reduction in impact for the meat‐based meals is more pronounced in future scenarios due to shifts in the agricultural system. Our findings highlight the importance of supply‐side measures to produce lower‐impact ingredients, complementing demand‐side interventions to reshape food consumption. Results are further evaluated in cultural and nutritional contexts, highlighting the practical decision‐making constraints faced by consumers. We find potential “leakage” effects in calories and nutrition when choosing a lower‐impact, plant‐forward meal. These leakage effects should be considered in future studies seeking to evaluate the environmental implications of meal substitutions in the context of broader dietary requirements.
前瞻性生命周期评估(pLCA)这一新兴领域为评估未来可能的消费转变对环境的影响提供了机会。其中一个转变涉及从肉类饮食向植物饮食的过渡,这被认为是为了减轻食品系统在当今条件下对环境的影响。目前的饮食通常是肉类密集型的("肉食"),而 "植物前向型 "饮食则主要包括植物性食物,包括柔性饮食、素食和纯素饮食。在这里,我们通过在生命周期评估背景系统中实施共享的社会经济路径情景来代表未来的生产条件,说明了 pLCA 在膳食选择案例研究中的应用。我们评估了德国和印度尼西亚典型的肉类膳食与植物膳食(即四种膳食)在现在和 2050 年的气候足迹和陆地生物多样性足迹。我们的研究结果表明,在所有未来情景中,植物替代品对每份食物的影响都较低。同时,由于农业系统的变化,肉类膳食在未来情景中的影响下降更为明显。我们的研究结果凸显了供应方采取措施生产影响较低的食材的重要性,并与需求方干预措施相辅相成,重塑食品消费。我们在文化和营养背景下对结果进行了进一步评估,强调了消费者面临的实际决策限制。我们发现,在选择影响较低、以植物为主的膳食时,可能会产生热量和营养方面的 "泄漏 "效应。在未来的研究中,如果要评估在更广泛的膳食要求背景下膳食替代对环境的影响,就应该考虑这些 "泄漏 "效应。
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引用次数: 0
An integrated urban metabolism and ecosystem service assessment: The case study of Lima, Peru 综合城市代谢和生态系统服务评估:秘鲁利马案例研究
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13532
Úrsula Cárdenas‐Mamani, Daniela Perrotti
Against the backdrop of urbanization and its environmental impacts, this study expands urban metabolism research by integrating knowledge from the ecosystem service (ES) concept. A framework was put forward to capitalize on ES knowledge in metabolic studies and material flow analysis in particular while supporting dynamic analysis of ES supply and demand flows through factors such as pressure, state, and drivers. This framework is tested in the city of Lima, Peru, to evaluate six ESs and express their contribution in a standard economy‐wide material flow analysis of the city. Moreover, simulations were deployed to forecast spatiotemporal variations of resource flows and emissions until the year 2050. Findings indicate a gap between the city's ES demand and the availability of its local natural resources. Demand exceeds local supply ES flows in Lima, with the exception of surface water provision and cane‐mats for construction materials, representing 141% and 128% of the total supply, respectively. However, they are projected to reduce by the year 2050: 19% and 22% respectively. Carbon sequestration supply represents 0.01% of the total demand (carbon emissions). Peri‐urban agriculture production represents 4.3% of the total food consumption. Our findings offer a new perspective on the role of nature in cities and highlight the need to implement urban sustainability policies that can help overcome metabolic deficiencies while prioritizing resource efficiency, decarbonization, and conservation/generation of green infrastructure in the city.
在城市化及其环境影响的背景下,本研究通过整合生态系统服务(ES)概念的知识,拓展了城市新陈代谢研究。研究提出了一个框架,以便在新陈代谢研究和物质流分析中利用生态系统服务知识,同时通过压力、状态和驱动力等因素支持生态系统服务供需流的动态分析。该框架在秘鲁利马市进行了测试,评估了六种环境服务,并表达了它们在该市标准经济范围物质流分析中的贡献。此外,还进行了模拟,以预测 2050 年前资源流动和排放的时空变化。研究结果表明,该市对环境服务的需求与当地自然资源的可用性之间存在差距。在利马,除了地表水供应和用于建筑材料的甘蔗垫(分别占总供应量的 141% 和 128%)之外,ES 流量均供不应求。然而,预计到 2050 年,这两项将分别减少 19% 和 22%。碳封存供应量占总需求量(碳排放量)的 0.01%。城郊农业生产占粮食消费总量的 4.3%。我们的研究结果为自然在城市中的作用提供了一个新的视角,并强调了实施城市可持续发展政策的必要性,这些政策有助于克服新陈代谢不足的问题,同时优先考虑资源效率、去碳化以及城市绿色基础设施的保护/生成。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing robustness of consequential LCA: Insights from a multiregional economic model tailored to the cement industrial symbiosis 评估后果性生命周期评估的稳健性:针对水泥工业共生体的多区域经济模型的启示
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13546
Jean‐Martin Lessard, Guillaume Habert, Arezki Tagnit‐Hamou, Ben Amor
One of the key challenges in conducting consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) is to identify and quantify what is likely to be affected by changes in market behavior—so‐called marginal effects. Although the critical importance of uncertainty and sensitivity assessments in attributional LCA is recognized, they are rarely conducted in consequential studies. Thus, this paper aims to address two objectives: first, to examine the uncertainty and robustness of marginal effects in consequential LCA and second, to identify the most influential group of inputs contributing to the overall variance in climate change impact scores. To accomplish this, the study employs an enhanced consequential LCA framework that integrates a multiregional economic optimization model with consequential LCA tools. The framework is applied to assess the climate implications of a 6% increase in clinker substitution within average Eastern North American cement production by 2030, relative to 2020 levels. Through this framework, a Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to evaluate the dispersion of the results. Subsequently, a variance‐based one‐at‐a‐time sensitivity analysis is performed to rank the most influential groups of inputs affecting the robustness of result across macroeconomic, material flow, economic, transport, and consequential life cycle inventory databases. Afterward, a conceptual framework is proposed to guide practitioners in prioritizing areas for testing consequential LCA results based on region‐specific information. This work aims to contribute to decision‐makers' access to more reliable information to support the development of effective environmental regulatory measures.
进行后果性生命周期评估(LCA)的主要挑战之一是确定和量化可能受到市场行为变化影响的因素,即所谓的边际效应。虽然不确定性和敏感性评估在归因式生命周期评估中的重要性已得到认可,但在后果性研究中却很少进行。因此,本文旨在实现两个目标:首先,研究后果性生命周期评估中边际效应的不确定性和稳健性;其次,确定对气候变化影响评分总体差异影响最大的一组投入。为实现这一目标,本研究采用了增强型后果性生命周期评估框架,该框架将多区域经济优化模型与后果性生命周期评估工具相结合。该框架用于评估到 2030 年北美东部平均水泥生产中熟料替代率相对于 2020 年水平提高 6% 对气候的影响。通过该框架,进行了蒙特卡罗模拟,以评估结果的分散性。随后,进行了基于方差的一次性敏感性分析,对影响宏观经济、材料流、经济、运输和相应生命周期库存数据库结果稳健性的最有影响力的输入组进行排序。随后,提出了一个概念框架,以指导从业人员根据特定地区的信息,确定测试相应生命周期评估结果的优先领域。这项工作旨在帮助决策者获得更可靠的信息,以支持制定有效的环境监管措施。
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引用次数: 0
Additive inclusion in plastic life cycle assessments, part II: Review of additive inventory data trends and availability 将添加剂纳入塑料生命周期评估,第二部分:审查添加剂清单数据的趋势和可用性
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13534
H. Logan, S. DeMeester, T. F. Astrup, A. Damgaard
Plastic additives are as essential as polymers to the production and performance of plastic materials. Additive content can vary in composition and functionality depending on the product, producer, application, and production method. Such variation may be a barrier to achieving high‐quality recycling and planning for plastic circular economy futures. Yet, as found in Part I, although there is increasing awareness of the importance of additives in plastics, they are often poorly disclosed or only briefly discussed in life cycle assessments (LCAs). In part II, we focus on the inclusion of additives in plastic processes in the database most used in plastic LCAs to date (Ecoinvent) and find that additives have historically been omitted from plastic granulate data and in production processes in the evaluated database. Thus, many practitioners will need to separately include additives in their models of plastic life cycles. To support practitioners in this endeavor, we then assess the availability of the 13,587 additives identified in the recent UN Chemicals in Plastics Report across the three major LCI databases (CarbonMinds, Ecoinvent, and LCA for Experts [GaBi]). We find that databases currently cover only 1,209 of these additives. Moreover, we assert that transparency regarding additive inclusion in plastics datasets, availability of additive datasets, and additive data completeness are major barriers to additive inclusion in plastic LCAs. Thus, we recommend focusing on the development of additive datasets, and we provide a tool for the identification of additive dataset availability and data gaps to improve the quality of plastic LCAs.
塑料添加剂与聚合物一样,对塑料材料的生产和性能至关重要。根据产品、生产商、应用和生产方法的不同,添加剂的成分和功能也会有所不同。这种差异可能成为实现高质量回收利用和规划塑料循环经济未来的障碍。然而,正如第一部分所述,尽管人们越来越意识到塑料中添加剂的重要性,但在生命周期评估(LCAs)中,这些添加剂的披露程度往往很低,或仅作简要讨论。在第二部分中,我们重点讨论了迄今为止在塑料生命周期评估中使用最多的数据库(Ecoinvent)中是否包含了塑料加工过程中的添加剂,并发现添加剂在塑料颗粒数据和评估数据库中的生产过程中一直被忽略。因此,许多从业人员需要将添加剂单独纳入其塑料生命周期模型中。为了支持从业人员开展这项工作,我们随后评估了三大 LCI 数据库(CarbonMinds、Ecoinvent 和 LCA for Experts [GaBi])中最近的《联合国塑料中的化学品报告》中确定的 13,587 种添加剂的可用性。我们发现,这些数据库目前仅涵盖了其中的 1209 种添加剂。此外,我们认为,塑料数据集中添加剂的透明度、添加剂数据集的可用性以及添加剂数据的完整性是塑料 LCA 中添加剂的主要障碍。因此,我们建议将重点放在添加剂数据集的开发上,并提供了一种工具,用于确定添加剂数据集的可用性和数据缺口,以提高塑料生命周期评估的质量。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of European emissions trading on the transformation of primary steelmaking: Assessment of economic and climate impacts in a case study from Germany 欧洲排放交易对初级炼钢转型的影响:德国案例研究中的经济和气候影响评估
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13544
Yannik Graupner, Christian Weckenborg, Thomas S. Spengler
Due to climate change and the urgent need to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of industrial processes, decarbonizing energy‐intensive industries is highly important. In Europe, emissions trading is the main regulatory instrument providing incentives to replace conventional production facilities with low‐carbon alternatives. Using the example of primary steelmaking, this study aims to evaluate the impacts of product benchmark revisions on the transformation of integrated steel mills. To this end, an optimization model for the strategic planning of economically favorable transformation pathways is developed. The model is combined with a prospective assessment of economic and climate impacts from steelmaking processes. By applying the model to a case study from Germany, legislative conditions in which steel manufacturers are encouraged to transform their production infrastructure are identified. Based on current regulations on product benchmarks for steelmaking, investments into low‐carbon technologies are slowed down until allocations of emissions allowances expire. However, benchmark revisions have the potential to speed up transformation plans significantly. In the analyzed scenarios, the greenhouse gas emissions of primary steelmaking between 2024 and 2034 decreased by up to 15%. These results are further strengthened by sensitivity analyses on the main market influences. Hence, this study provides policy recommendations on favorable revisions of product benchmarks for primary steelmaking.
由于气候变化和减少工业生产过程中温室气体排放的迫切需要,能源密集型工业的去碳化非常重要。在欧洲,排污权交易是激励企业用低碳替代品取代传统生产设施的主要监管手段。本研究以初级炼钢为例,旨在评估产品基准修订对综合钢厂转型的影响。为此,我们开发了一个优化模型,用于对经济上有利的转型途径进行战略规划。该模型与炼钢工艺对经济和气候影响的前瞻性评估相结合。通过将该模型应用于德国的案例研究,确定了鼓励钢铁制造商改造其生产基础设施的立法条件。根据现行的炼钢产品基准法规,在排放配额分配到期之前,对低碳技术的投资会放缓。然而,基准修订有可能大大加快转型计划。在分析的方案中,2024 年至 2034 年间初级炼钢的温室气体排放量最多可减少 15%。对主要市场影响因素的敏感性分析进一步加强了这些结果。因此,本研究为初级炼钢产品基准的有利修订提供了政策建议。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial optimization of industrial symbiosis for heat supply of agricultural greenhouses 工业共生为农业温室供热的空间优化
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13543
Farzaneh Rezaei, Vanessa Burg, Stephan Pfister, Stefanie Hellweg, Ramin Roshandel
Despite the many benefits of greenhouses, it is challenging to meet their heating demand, as greenhouses belong to the most energy‐intensive production systems in the agriculture sector. Industrial symbiosis can bring an effective solution by utilizing waste heat from other industries to meet the greenhouse heat demand. This study proposes an optimization framework by which optimum symbiotic relationships can be identified. For this aim, the spatial analysis is integrated into an optimization model, in which geographical, technical, and economic parameters are considered simultaneously to identify the optimal location for developing new agricultural greenhouses. The objective function is to minimize the heating costs, that is, the investment cost of piping and electricity cost for pumping heat‐carrying fluid from supplier to demand. The model is applied to the case study of Switzerland, and currently existing municipal solid waste incinerators, cement production plants, and biogas plants are considered potential waste heat sources. Results show that the import of tomato, cucumber, and lettuce to Switzerland can theoretically be replaced by vegetable production in new waste‐heat supplied greenhouses (zero import scenarios). Accounting for the economy of scale for pipeline investment costs leads to selecting large‐scale greenhouses with a cost reduction of 37%. The optimization results suggest that 10% of the greenhouses needed to satisfy the total domestic demand for lettuce, tomato, and cucumber could be placed on a suitable land plot in the direct vicinity of a waste heat source, with low costs of waste heat supply.
尽管温室有许多好处,但要满足其供热需求却具有挑战性,因为温室属于农业部门中能源最密集的生产系统。产业共生可以通过利用其他产业的余热来满足温室的供热需求,从而带来有效的解决方案。本研究提出了一个优化框架,通过该框架可以确定最佳的共生关系。为此,将空间分析纳入优化模型,同时考虑地理、技术和经济参数,以确定开发新农业温室的最佳地点。目标函数是最大限度地降低供热成本,即从供方到需方输送载热液体的管道投资成本和电力成本。该模型应用于瑞士的案例研究,目前现有的城市固体废物焚化炉、水泥生产厂和沼气厂被视为潜在的废热源。结果表明,从理论上讲,瑞士的番茄、黄瓜和莴苣进口量可以被新的余热供应温室的蔬菜生产量所取代(零进口情景)。考虑到管道投资成本的规模经济性,选择大型温室的成本可降低 37%。优化结果表明,满足国内莴苣、西红柿和黄瓜总需求所需的 10%温室可建在直接靠近余热源的合适地块上,且余热供应成本较低。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental analysis of returnable packaging systems in different eCommerce business and packaging management models 不同电子商务业务和包装管理模式下可退货包装系统的环境分析
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13537
Jonghun Park, Zuha Waqar, William Ralph Snyder
There is growing environmental concern regarding the increasing quantity of packages in retail eCommerce. This study investigated the environmental impact of two returnable packaging formats, performing life cycle assessment (LCA) case studies based on the Canadian apparel eCommerce market. In case study 1, the brand owner sold and shipped its products to final consumers using an expendable mailer and a returnable mailer that was managed and supplied via the centralized model. In case study 2, the brand owner rented its products to final consumers and shipped them using an expendable corrugated paperboard box and a returnable box that was managed and supplied via the decentralized model. Comparative, contribution, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to analyze and compare the environmental performance of these packaging options. For case study 1, the LCA revealed that the returnable mailer had greater impact than the expandable mailer in 9 of the 10 environmental impact categories, even if the returnable mailer was reused for 40 cycles and the final consumer was in the same city as the brand owner; this was primarily due to the length of transportation. For case study 2, the returnable box had smaller environmental impact than the expendable corrugated paperboard box in 6 of the 10 environmental impact categories, even though the brand owner shipped packages to final consumers a cumulative distance of 9000 km from its starting location. The overall results imply that the environmental burden of returnable packaging is primarily affected by total trip distance and the number of reuses.
随着零售电子商务中包装数量的不断增加,环境问题日益受到关注。本研究调查了两种可回收包装形式对环境的影响,并基于加拿大服装电子商务市场进行了生命周期评估(LCA)案例研究。在案例研究 1 中,品牌所有者使用消耗性邮寄器和可回收邮寄器向最终消费者销售和运送产品,消耗性邮寄器和可回收邮寄器通过集中模式进行管理和供应。在案例研究 2 中,品牌所有者向最终消费者出租产品,并使用消耗性瓦楞纸板箱和可回收箱运送产品,消耗性瓦楞纸板箱和可回收箱通过分散模式进行管理和供应。为了分析和比较这些包装方案的环境绩效,我们进行了比较分析、贡献分析和敏感性分析。对于案例研究 1,生命周期分析表明,在 10 个环境影响类别中,可回收邮袋在 9 个类别中的影响大于可膨胀邮袋,即使可回收邮袋被重复使用 40 次,且最终消费者与品牌所有者位于同一城市;这主要是由于运输长度造成的。就案例研究 2 而言,在 10 个环境影响类别中的 6 个类别中,可回收箱的环境影响小于消耗性瓦楞纸板箱,即使品牌所有者从起始地点向最终消费者运送包裹的累计距离为 9000 公里。总体结果表明,可回收包装的环境负担主要受总运输距离和重复使用次数的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Industrial Ecology
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