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Environmental analysis of returnable packaging systems in different eCommerce business and packaging management models 不同电子商务业务和包装管理模式下可退货包装系统的环境分析
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13537
Jonghun Park, Zuha Waqar, William Ralph Snyder
There is growing environmental concern regarding the increasing quantity of packages in retail eCommerce. This study investigated the environmental impact of two returnable packaging formats, performing life cycle assessment (LCA) case studies based on the Canadian apparel eCommerce market. In case study 1, the brand owner sold and shipped its products to final consumers using an expendable mailer and a returnable mailer that was managed and supplied via the centralized model. In case study 2, the brand owner rented its products to final consumers and shipped them using an expendable corrugated paperboard box and a returnable box that was managed and supplied via the decentralized model. Comparative, contribution, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to analyze and compare the environmental performance of these packaging options. For case study 1, the LCA revealed that the returnable mailer had greater impact than the expandable mailer in 9 of the 10 environmental impact categories, even if the returnable mailer was reused for 40 cycles and the final consumer was in the same city as the brand owner; this was primarily due to the length of transportation. For case study 2, the returnable box had smaller environmental impact than the expendable corrugated paperboard box in 6 of the 10 environmental impact categories, even though the brand owner shipped packages to final consumers a cumulative distance of 9000 km from its starting location. The overall results imply that the environmental burden of returnable packaging is primarily affected by total trip distance and the number of reuses.
随着零售电子商务中包装数量的不断增加,环境问题日益受到关注。本研究调查了两种可回收包装形式对环境的影响,并基于加拿大服装电子商务市场进行了生命周期评估(LCA)案例研究。在案例研究 1 中,品牌所有者使用消耗性邮寄器和可回收邮寄器向最终消费者销售和运送产品,消耗性邮寄器和可回收邮寄器通过集中模式进行管理和供应。在案例研究 2 中,品牌所有者向最终消费者出租产品,并使用消耗性瓦楞纸板箱和可回收箱运送产品,消耗性瓦楞纸板箱和可回收箱通过分散模式进行管理和供应。为了分析和比较这些包装方案的环境绩效,我们进行了比较分析、贡献分析和敏感性分析。对于案例研究 1,生命周期分析表明,在 10 个环境影响类别中,可回收邮袋在 9 个类别中的影响大于可膨胀邮袋,即使可回收邮袋被重复使用 40 次,且最终消费者与品牌所有者位于同一城市;这主要是由于运输长度造成的。就案例研究 2 而言,在 10 个环境影响类别中的 6 个类别中,可回收箱的环境影响小于消耗性瓦楞纸板箱,即使品牌所有者从起始地点向最终消费者运送包裹的累计距离为 9000 公里。总体结果表明,可回收包装的环境负担主要受总运输距离和重复使用次数的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Biodiversity impact assessment for finance 生物多样性对融资的影响评估
IF 4.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13515
Viktoras Kulionis, Stephan Pfister, Jeanne Fernandez

Biodiversity loss, driven by human activities, significantly affects the environment, human societies, and economies. Using the extended multi-regional input–output (EEMRIO) and life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques, we offer insights into how these methodologies can be used to inform financial decisions related to biodiversity focusing on two key aspects: biodiversity impacts and ecosystem service dependencies. Our method combines spatially explicit characterization factors from LC-IMPACT with the Global Resource Input-Output Assesment (GLORIA) database to estimate biodiversity impacts. As a case study we assess the biodiversity impact of the MSCI All Country World Index (MSCI ACWI)  which consist of about 3000 large- and mid-sized companies, from 23 developed and 24 emerging countries. The results demonstrate that most of the biodiversity impact is caused in the Americas, followed by Asia, despite its low representation in the index's country weight (6%). Europe shows the least impact. These results emphasize the need to account for global supply chain linkages as products sold in one country might have significant biodiversity impacts elsewhere due to sourcing of production inputs. Second, our results identify the main determinants of the index's impact: land use, followed by water stress and climate change. Although most of the impact is localized in few sectors, the distinct characteristics of these sectors require industry-specific mitigation approaches. Finally, double materiality results show both, the influence companies have on biodiversity and the reciprocal effects. Companies neglecting these impacts risk financial setbacks, making it a crucial concern for investors.

人类活动导致的生物多样性丧失严重影响了环境、人类社会和经济。利用扩展的多区域投入产出(EEMRIO)和生命周期评估(LCA)技术,我们深入探讨了如何利用这些方法为生物多样性相关的财务决策提供信息,重点关注两个关键方面:生物多样性影响和生态系统服务依赖性。我们的方法结合了 LC-IMPACT 与全球资源投入产出评估 (GLORIA) 数据库中的空间明确表征因子,以估算生物多样性的影响。作为案例研究,我们评估了 MSCI 所有国家世界指数(MSCI ACWI)对生物多样性的影响,该指数由来自 23 个发达国家和 24 个新兴国家的约 3000 家大型和中型公司组成。结果表明,对生物多样性影响最大的是美洲,其次是亚洲,尽管亚洲在该指数中的国家权重较低(6%)。欧洲受到的影响最小。这些结果强调了考虑全球供应链联系的必要性,因为在一个国家销售的产品可能会由于生产投入的来源而对其他地方的生物多样性产生重大影响。其次,我们的结果确定了指数影响的主要决定因素:土地利用,其次是水资源压力和气候变化。虽然大部分影响都集中在少数几个行业,但这些行业的独特性要求采取针对特定行业的减缓方法。最后,双重重要性结果显示了公司对生物多样性的影响和相互影响。忽视这些影响的公司有可能在财务上遭受挫折,这也是投资者极为关注的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Product lifetimes and industrial ecology 产品寿命和工业生态学
IF 5.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13489
Jessika Luth Richter, Tamar Makov, Keshav Parajuly, Conny Bakker, Colin Fitzpatrick
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引用次数: 0
Book review of Material matters: Developing business for a circular economy by Thomas Rau and Sabine Oberhuber, Routledge 材料问题》书评:ThomasRau 和 SabineOberhuber 著,Routledge 出版社。
IF 4.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13514
Bart Claus
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引用次数: 0
Issue Information, Cover, and Table of Contents 发行信息、封面和目录
IF 4.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13420
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引用次数: 0
Analyzing network flows of used EEE and e-waste with platform data: Adding reuse into the EPR system for WEEE recycling in China 利用平台数据分析废旧电子电气设备和电子废物的网络流动:将再利用纳入中国废旧电子电器产品回收的 EPR 系统
IF 4.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13519
Tao Wang, Xin Tong, Jinling Li, Xuejun Wang

China has established a nationwide formal e-waste disassembly system based on the extended producer responsibility principle. However, the system mainly focuses on material recycling while excluding the reuse of used electrical and electronic equipment (used EEE) due to the complexity of flows and transactions during the reuse stage. Recently, emerging online platforms have played an increasingly crucial role in the value chain of reuse and recycling, significantly improving the visibility of flows in these activities. This paper aims to depict the spatial structure of the used EEE and e-waste flow networks using a multi-scale analysis framework. Using spatial analysis tools in complex network analysis, we characterize cross-city reuse flows in China. A clear regional pattern of a hierarchical reuse network of notable regional hubs in certain regions in China is revealed in this analysis. The role of regulation is demonstrated in the comparison of the spatial flows in reuse and recycling. In conclusion, it is proposed that reuse should be included and emphasized in the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment in China to maximize the value of circularity.

中国已根据生产者责任延伸原则建立了全国范围的正规电子废物拆解系统。然而,由于再利用阶段的流动和交易的复杂性,该体系主要侧重于材料回收,而不包括废旧电子电气设备(废旧 EEE)的再利用。最近,新兴的在线平台在再利用和再循环价值链中发挥了越来越重要的作用,极大地提高了这些活动中流动的可见性。本文旨在利用多尺度分析框架描述废旧电子电气设备和电子废物流动网络的空间结构。利用复杂网络分析中的空间分析工具,我们描述了中国跨城市再利用流动的特征。该分析揭示了一个清晰的区域模式,即在中国的某些地区存在一个由显著的区域中心组成的分层再利用网络。通过比较再利用和回收利用的空间流动,证明了监管的作用。总之,建议在中国废弃电子电气设备管理中纳入并强调再利用,以实现循环价值的最大化。
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引用次数: 0
Where is my footprint located? Estimating the geographical variance of hybrid LCA footprints 我的足迹位于何处?估算混合生命周期评估足迹的地理差异
IF 4.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13467
Arthur Jakobs, Simon Schulte, Stefan Pauliuk
<p>Current implementations of hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) mostly do not fully exploit valuable information from multi-regional input–output databases by aggregating regional supply chains to the lower geographical resolution of process LCA databases. We propose a method for sampling the various individual regions within the aggregated regional scope of LCA processes. This sampling maximizes the information content of hybrid LCA footprint results by preserving the regional variance, and it allows for regional price distributions from BACI/UN-COMTRADE international trade statistics to be used to simultaneously improve the accuracy of the hybrid model. This work makes the previously hidden regional and price variance explicit and analyzes uncertainty of the hybrid carbon (global warming potential 100, GWP100) and land use footprints arising from these variances, both separately and in combination. We find that the median process footprint intensity increases by <span></span><math> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mn>7</mn> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>18</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> <annotation>$7^{+18}_{-3}%$</annotation> </semantics></math> for the GWP100 due to hybridization, and <span></span><math> <semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mn>90</mn> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>23</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>143</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> <annotation>$90^{+143}_{-23}%$</annotation> </semantics></math> for the land use footprint. Results show that the magnitude of the footprint uncertainty strongly depends on the product sector of the LCA process and environmental impact considered. In a case study of Swiss household consumption, we find truncation error estimates of <span></span><math> <semantics> <mrow> <mn>8</mn> <mo>.</mo> <msubsup> <mn>4</mn> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.7</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>9.2</mn> </mrow>
目前实施的混合生命周期评估(LCA)大多没有充分利用多区域投入产出数据库中的宝贵信息,将区域供应链汇总到较低地理分辨率的流程 LCA 数据库中。我们提出了一种在生命周期评估流程的汇总区域范围内对各个地区进行采样的方法。这种取样方法通过保留区域差异,最大限度地提高了混合 LCA 足迹结果的信息含量,并允许使用 BACI/UN-COMTRADE 国际贸易统计中的区域价格分布,以同时提高混合模型的准确性。这项工作将以前隐藏的区域和价格差异显性化,并分析了由这些差异单独或组合而成的混合碳足迹(全球升温潜能值 100,GWP100)和土地利用足迹的不确定性。我们发现,混合碳足迹(全球升温潜能值 100)和土地利用足迹的过程足迹强度中值会增加。结果表明,足迹不确定性的大小在很大程度上取决于生命周期评估流程的产品部门和所考虑的环境影响。在对瑞士家庭消费的案例研究中,我们发现 GWP100 和土地利用足迹的截断误差估计值。我们的研究结果凸显了生命周期评估流程数据库区域化的重要性,因为它有可能显著提高衍生的混合生命周期评估模型的精确度和准确性。这篇文章符合 http://jie.click/badges 上描述的金/金级 JIE 数据开放徽章的要求。
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引用次数: 0
Pathways to zero plastic waste landfill: Progress toward plastic circularity in South Africa 实现塑料垃圾零填埋的途径:南非塑料循环利用的进展
IF 4.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13533
Kunle Ibukun Olatayo, Paul T. Mativenga, Annlizé L. Marnewick

The accumulation of waste in landfill is currently a challenge globally and in South Africa. The primary motivation of this research was to contribute to identifying and evaluating pathways for diverting plastic waste from landfill and advancing the plastics circular economy. This study assessed, for South Africa, key measures implemented by selected countries to promote recycling in order to divert waste from the landfill. The National Waste Management Strategy of 2020 for South Africa mandates successive waste reduction targets toward zero waste landfill by 2050. Material flow analysis (MFA) was extended from previous studies and used to map plastic flows over three successive intervals to assess progress made toward diversion of plastic waste from landfill. The percentage of plastic materials sent to landfill for South Africa were 74%, 78%, and 39% in 2017, 2019, and 2021, respectively. Potential pathways were identified as strategies for the South African to accelerate the reduction of plastic waste to landfill. These were modeled as single and as combined actions, through sensitivity analysis on the MFA-derived Sankey diagram and used to assess their impact on waste to landfill reduction. The scenario analysis highlighted improved waste collection and waste sorting as key measures and enablers that should be developed and a priority for reduction of plastic waste to landfill before the 2050 target year. The paper presents a new generic approach that combines MFA, Sankey diagrams, and scenario analysis to explore and evaluate solution spaces for transition to a circular economy.

目前,垃圾填埋场中的废物堆积是全球和南非面临的一项挑战。这项研究的主要动机是帮助确定和评估从垃圾填埋场转移塑料废物的途径,推动塑料循环经济的发展。本研究为南非评估了部分国家为促进回收利用而实施的主要措施,以便从垃圾填埋场转移废物。南非 2020 年国家废物管理战略》规定了到 2050 年实现零废物填埋的连续性减废目标。材料流分析(MFA)是在以往研究的基础上扩展而来的,用于绘制连续三个时期的塑料流图,以评估塑料垃圾从填埋场分流的进展情况。2017 年、2019 年和 2021 年,南非送往垃圾填埋场的塑料材料比例分别为 74%、78% 和 39%。为南非加快减少填埋塑料垃圾的战略确定了潜在的途径。通过对 MFA 衍生的 Sankey 图表进行敏感性分析,将这些途径作为单一行动和综合行动进行建模,并用于评估其对减少填埋废物的影响。情景分析强调,改进废物收集和废物分类是在 2050 目标年之前减少填埋塑料废物的关键措施和优先事项。本文介绍了一种新的通用方法,该方法结合了 MFA、桑基图和情景分析,用于探索和评估向循环经济过渡的解决方案空间。
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引用次数: 0
Industrial Chain Leader System for green governance: Evidence from a Chinese resource-based city 促进绿色治理的产业链领导者制度:来自中国资源型城市的证据
IF 4.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13540
Yingbo Li, Zhisheng Hong, Ziqiu Lin, Tianyi Zhao

The Chain Leader System (CLS) is a novel concept of industrial development proposed by the Chinese local government. Initially, it was aimed at chain extension, supplementation, and advancement to address the impact of external uncertainties. However, there has been debate about whether political power from CLS will lead to inefficiencies in green governance. This study aims to formalize industrial CLS for green governance. A survey was conducted to assess public acceptance and the validity of CLS in a resource-based city. The results indicate that CLS, when aligned with green governance goals, effectively corresponds with market rationality and public value. It is evident that CLS represents a collective effort toward effective governance rather than simply extending industrial chains or enhancing resilience. The efficiency of green governance within CLS is influenced by the factors including communication platform, enterprises' carbon sinks and green clustering, citizens' adoption of green transportation, and communication among different stakeholders. This study provides valuable insights for the governments seeking to establish an efficient CLS that aligns with both market principles and well-functioning government.

产业链领导者制度(CLS)是中国地方政府提出的一种新的产业发展理念。最初,它旨在通过产业链的延伸、补充和提升来应对外部不确定因素的影响。然而,CLS 带来的政治权力是否会导致绿色治理效率低下,一直存在争议。本研究旨在将工业 CLS 正式化,以促进绿色治理。我们在一个资源型城市开展了一项调查,以评估公众的接受程度和 CLS 的有效性。结果表明,当 CLS 与绿色治理目标相一致时,它能有效地符合市场理性和公共价值。很明显,CLS 代表了为实现有效治理而做出的集体努力,而不仅仅是延长产业链或提高抗灾能力。中国沿海地区绿色治理的效率受到沟通平台、企业碳汇和绿色集群、公民采用绿色交通以及不同利益相关者之间沟通等因素的影响。本研究为政府提供了宝贵的启示,帮助其建立高效的加勒比海战略,既符合市场原则,又能使政府良好运作。
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引用次数: 0
Material metabolism and associated environmental impacts in Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration 珠江三角洲城市群的物质代谢及相关环境影响
IF 4.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13531
Guochun Huang, Lulu Song, Yizhuo Wen, Wei-Qiang Chen

Rapid urbanization has resulted in significant bulk materials use, raising concerns over associated environmental impacts and sustainability challenges. However, a significant gap remains in the city-level analysis of bulk materials production, use, and associated environmental impacts in China. This study calculated the stocks and flows of 13 bulk materials and their associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across nine cities in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration (PRDUA) of China during 2000–2020. Results showed that total and per-capita material stocks within the PRDUA experienced a continuous increase, with an average annual growth rate of 0.5 Gt/year and 4.4 t/cap/year, respectively. Both material stocks and flows exhibited similar spatial distribution patterns that gradually decreased from the center to the perimeter. As stocks continuously increase, GHG emissions from material production were rising annually, reaching 187.2 Mt CO2e in 2020. While recycling end-of-life materials contributes to reducing GHG emissions, the current limited mass of recycling curtails its broader impacts. This situation highlights a significant untapped potential within the city to meet decarbonization goals. To maximize the carbon reduction benefits, it is essential to enhance recycling efforts. Moreover, it is crucial that recycling strategies are specifically tailored to suit the timing, location, and types of materials involved.

快速城市化带来了大量散装材料的使用,引发了人们对相关环境影响和可持续发展挑战的关注。然而,中国城市层面的大宗材料生产、使用及相关环境影响分析仍存在巨大差距。本研究计算了 2000-2020 年间中国珠江三角洲城市群(PRDUA)九个城市 13 种大宗材料的存量和流量及其相关温室气体(GHG)排放量。结果表明,珠三角城市群的总物质存量和人均物质存量持续增长,年均增长率分别为 0.5 千兆吨/年和 4.4 吨/人/年。物质存量和流量都呈现出类似的空间分布模式,即从中心向周边逐渐减少。随着存量的不断增加,材料生产产生的温室气体排放量也在逐年上升,到 2020 年将达到 1.872 亿吨 CO2e。虽然回收利用报废材料有助于减少温室气体排放,但目前有限的回收利用量限制了其更广泛的影响。这种情况凸显了城市在实现脱碳目标方面尚未开发的巨大潜力。为了最大限度地实现减碳效益,必须加强回收利用工作。此外,根据时间、地点和所涉及材料的类型专门制定回收战略也至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
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