Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.2307/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.1.1.0061
D. Mcmanus
Abstract:This paper examines the very considerable flexibility available to the poet in the rigid framework of the Classical Modern Irish Dán Díreach metre, Deibhidhe, and focuses particular attention on the urlann. It introduces the concept of ‘the urlann space’ and ‘available syllable balance’ and argues that the urlann-friendliness of different metres is related to these criteria. Giolla Brighde ó hEódhasa's statement that there should be ‘one word only’ in the urlann space in Deibhidhe is examined and several exceptions in the form of double-urlann couplets from all periods of Bardic poetry are presented, though it is acknowledged that the phenomenon is rare. A survey of the double urlann in Séadnadh is also carried out and reveals similar results, though one poem is found to contain more examples of this phenomenon than all others examined put together. The paper reaches the conclusion that ó hEódhasa's statement should be interpreted as being descriptive of the majority of Deibhidhe final-couplets, but not as a rule.
摘要:本文考察了古典现代爱尔兰语Dán Díreach韵律Deibhidhe的刚性框架中诗人所具有的相当大的灵活性，并特别关注城市。它引入了“城市空间”和“可用音节平衡”的概念，并认为不同米的城市友好性与这些标准有关。Giolla Brighde ó hEódhasa关于Deibhidhe的urlann空格中应该“只有一个词”的说法被研究，并提出了几个例外，即在所有时期的Bardic诗歌中，双urlann对联的形式，尽管承认这种现象很少见。对ssamadnadh的双urlann也进行了调查，并揭示了类似的结果，尽管发现一首诗包含的这种现象的例子比所有其他被调查的例子加在一起还要多。本文的结论是，ó hEódhasa的说法应该被解释为描述了大部分的Deibhidhe最后的对联，而不是作为一个规则。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.1.2.0189
Jessica Hemming
Abstract:This paper analyses the polysemy of the colour terms blawr, can, glas, gwelw, and gwyrdd in early Welsh poetry. It uses recent theoretical work on the historical semantics of colour terms in conjunction with cross-cultural anthropological colour studies to argue for a multisensory approach to understanding the Middle Welsh colour system.
{"title":"Pale horses and green dawns. Elusive colour terms in early Welsh heroic poetry","authors":"Jessica Hemming","doi":"10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.1.2.0189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.1.2.0189","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper analyses the polysemy of the colour terms blawr, can, glas, gwelw, and gwyrdd in early Welsh poetry. It uses recent theoretical work on the historical semantics of colour terms in conjunction with cross-cultural anthropological colour studies to argue for a multisensory approach to understanding the Middle Welsh colour system.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133720333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.2.2.0085
Patrick Wadden
Abstract:The Middle Gaelic poem Cumtach na nIudaide n-aird belongs to a medieval tradition of listing national characteristics. Its composition reflects interest among the Gaelic learned classes in the diversity of humankind. The poet drew heavily on the Latin tract De proprietatibus gentium, but adapted its form and, possibly, content to reflect local concerns. In this way, the poem represents Gaelic scholars' engagement with the learned culture of medieval Europe. The same impression of Gaelic scholarship—that it was a local manifestation of a broader, European tradition in which widely held ideas were given local currency through adaptation—is apparent in the ways in which Gaelic scholars down to the seventeenth century conceptualised national characteristics, which was influenced by both international trends and local learning.
摘要:中古盖尔语诗歌《Cumtach na nIudaide n-aird》属于中世纪列举民族特色的传统。它的组成反映了盖尔人对人类多样性的兴趣。诗人大量引用了拉丁语的《De proprietatibus gentium》，但改编了它的形式和内容，以反映当地的关注。通过这种方式，这首诗代表了盖尔学者与中世纪欧洲学术文化的接触。盖尔学术给人的同样印象是，它是更广泛的欧洲传统的一种地方表现，在这种传统中，广泛持有的思想通过适应而在当地流通。这种印象在17世纪盖尔学者概念化民族特征的方式中很明显，这种民族特征受到国际趋势和当地学习的影响。
{"title":"‘The beauty and lust of the Gaels’. National characteristics and medieval Gaelic learned culture","authors":"Patrick Wadden","doi":"10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.2.2.0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.2.2.0085","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Middle Gaelic poem Cumtach na nIudaide n-aird belongs to a medieval tradition of listing national characteristics. Its composition reflects interest among the Gaelic learned classes in the diversity of humankind. The poet drew heavily on the Latin tract De proprietatibus gentium, but adapted its form and, possibly, content to reflect local concerns. In this way, the poem represents Gaelic scholars' engagement with the learned culture of medieval Europe. The same impression of Gaelic scholarship—that it was a local manifestation of a broader, European tradition in which widely held ideas were given local currency through adaptation—is apparent in the ways in which Gaelic scholars down to the seventeenth century conceptualised national characteristics, which was influenced by both international trends and local learning.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124349337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.26818/nortamerceltstud.2.1.0079
C. Eska
Abstract:The sixteenth-century manuscript in the National Library of Sweden, Stockholm, Vitterhet Engelsk II, consists of five vellum folios. The MS contains three main items written in Irish, the first two of which are literary, and a number of later notes on f. 5. The contents and provenance of the MS have been thoroughly described by Stern 1897 and Flower 1926: 323–325, the latter as a result of the fact that a photograph of the MS was made for Whitley Stokes in 1875. Stokes in turn gave the reproduction of the MS to the British Museum in 1897, where it is now BL MS Additional 35090. The purpose of this note is to comment on the scribe of the two literary texts, the glossator of the first literary text, and the legal judgment given at the end of the MS.
摘要:瑞典斯德哥尔摩国家图书馆收藏的16世纪手稿Vitterhet Engelsk II由5张牛皮纸对开本组成。MS包含三个用爱尔兰语写的主要项目，其中前两个是文学的，以及f. 5后面的一些注释。Stern(1897)和Flower(1926: 323-325)对MS的内容和来源进行了详尽的描述，后者是因为MS的照片是1875年为Whitley Stokes拍摄的。1897年，斯托克斯把MS的复制品送给了大英博物馆，现在它是BL MS Additional 35090。本注释的目的是对两个文学文本的抄写员、第一个文学文本的注释员以及MS结束时给出的法律判决进行评论。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.2.2.0105
Alice R. Taylor-Griffiths
Abstract:Gúbretha Caratniad ‘The false judgements of Caratnia’ is an unusual and understudied early Irish legal text. In its fullest form, it is divided into two distinct sections: a short, but complex, prologue, which establishes Caratnia as judge to Conn of the Hundred Battles; and a collection of 51 exchanges between Caratnia and Conn. The prologue describes Caratnia as a liability who would be redundant as a judge. In the second section of the text, however, Caratnia's ingenuity as a judge becomes clear. In every exchange, Caratnia begins by giving a judgement which is ostensibly incorrect; he is challenged by Conn, who accuses him of judging falsely. In each case, Caratnia proves why he is correct by citing exceptions to established legal rules. It is rare to make exceptions the focus of a text, yet the comprehensive nature of the glossing reflects a text which was used alongside the wider corpus of early Irish legal material. It is one of a handful of extant Irish law texts, such as Anfuigell and Recholl breth, to cover a broad range of topics which appear to have no connection to one another, other than being an exception to the rule. The aim of this paper is to explore Gúbretha Caratniad as a text for teaching, and, in particular, for teaching how a law student should think about the law, rather than simply know the law.
{"title":"Gúbretha Caratniad. Agreement and disagreement in the classroom","authors":"Alice R. Taylor-Griffiths","doi":"10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.2.2.0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.2.2.0105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Gúbretha Caratniad ‘The false judgements of Caratnia’ is an unusual and understudied early Irish legal text. In its fullest form, it is divided into two distinct sections: a short, but complex, prologue, which establishes Caratnia as judge to Conn of the Hundred Battles; and a collection of 51 exchanges between Caratnia and Conn. The prologue describes Caratnia as a liability who would be redundant as a judge. In the second section of the text, however, Caratnia's ingenuity as a judge becomes clear. In every exchange, Caratnia begins by giving a judgement which is ostensibly incorrect; he is challenged by Conn, who accuses him of judging falsely. In each case, Caratnia proves why he is correct by citing exceptions to established legal rules. It is rare to make exceptions the focus of a text, yet the comprehensive nature of the glossing reflects a text which was used alongside the wider corpus of early Irish legal material. It is one of a handful of extant Irish law texts, such as Anfuigell and Recholl breth, to cover a broad range of topics which appear to have no connection to one another, other than being an exception to the rule. The aim of this paper is to explore Gúbretha Caratniad as a text for teaching, and, in particular, for teaching how a law student should think about the law, rather than simply know the law.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115625894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.1.2.0107
C. McKenna
Abstract:On two occasions in the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi, the figure of Gwydion presents himself in a court as a poet and provides entertainment, presumably in prose, in the form of cyfarwyddyd, a term that has been variously interpreted as ‘stories’ and ‘lore’. Little attention has been paid, however, to the episode in which Gwydion actually composes and recites poetry, the three englynion that he addresses to his nephew Lleu. This article examines those englynion—their vocabulary, function, and effect—and discusses the possible intentions of the Fourth Branch author in representing the magician Gwydion as an accomplished poet.
{"title":"Cyfarwydd as poet in the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi","authors":"C. McKenna","doi":"10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.1.2.0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.1.2.0107","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:On two occasions in the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi, the figure of Gwydion presents himself in a court as a poet and provides entertainment, presumably in prose, in the form of cyfarwyddyd, a term that has been variously interpreted as ‘stories’ and ‘lore’. Little attention has been paid, however, to the episode in which Gwydion actually composes and recites poetry, the three englynion that he addresses to his nephew Lleu. This article examines those englynion—their vocabulary, function, and effect—and discusses the possible intentions of the Fourth Branch author in representing the magician Gwydion as an accomplished poet.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124849824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.26818/nortamerceltstud.4.1.0048
P. Russell
{"title":"Three notes on Canu Urien","authors":"P. Russell","doi":"10.26818/nortamerceltstud.4.1.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26818/nortamerceltstud.4.1.0048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126215605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.3.1.0055
P. Russell
The medieval Welsh tale Culhwch ac Olwen has usually been regarded as a romp, full of slapstick humour, and irony. The darker elements of the tale have largely been ignored. This paper argues that for a proper appreciation of the tale its darker sub-text has to be acknowledged: not only does it sharpen the humour, but it allows us to view the depiction of Arthur in a darker light; for all his pomp and glory, he, too, will fall.
{"title":"Brenhin uu. Reading the death of kings in Culhwch ac Olwen","authors":"P. Russell","doi":"10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.3.1.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26818/NORTAMERCELTSTUD.3.1.0055","url":null,"abstract":"The medieval Welsh tale Culhwch ac Olwen has usually been regarded as a romp, full of slapstick humour, and irony. The darker elements of the tale have largely been ignored. This paper argues that for a proper appreciation of the tale its darker sub-text has to be acknowledged: not only does it sharpen the humour, but it allows us to view the depiction of Arthur in a darker light; for all his pomp and glory, he, too, will fall.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117284847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.26818/nortamerceltstud.2.2.0155
Aideen O'leary
Abstract:This article investigates two comparable crises of leadership in Gaelic Christendom which occurred around the same time, in 1120–1121; these culminated in failed episcopal appointments for St. Andrews and Dublin. The article is based on accounts from Scotland and Ireland which shed light on the developments in both countries and on Historia nouorum in Anglia ‘History of recent events in England’ by Eadmer, who was biographer and confidant of Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 until his death in 1109. Eadmer was the principal contemporary first-hand witness to events in this period, but his evidence is somewhat problematic. There are few substantial comparative discussions of Scottish and Irish ecclesiastical developments in the 1120s; in addition, the work of Eadmer needs fuller consideration regarding Canterbury's relationships with Gaelic churches. Eadmer's depiction of the St. Andrews situation is especially significant because he himself was the bishop-elect. I assess how these crises arose and how they caused the relationships between Gaelic churches and Canterbury to become highly strained. I aim to show that leaders in Scotland and Ireland undertook the pursuit of ecclesiastical independence in very different ways and that both failed appointments, though eventually prompting a degree of independence, resulted in short-term stagnation.
{"title":"Contested consecrations and the pursuit of ecclesiastical independence in Scotland and Ireland in the early 1120s","authors":"Aideen O'leary","doi":"10.26818/nortamerceltstud.2.2.0155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26818/nortamerceltstud.2.2.0155","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article investigates two comparable crises of leadership in Gaelic Christendom which occurred around the same time, in 1120–1121; these culminated in failed episcopal appointments for St. Andrews and Dublin. The article is based on accounts from Scotland and Ireland which shed light on the developments in both countries and on Historia nouorum in Anglia ‘History of recent events in England’ by Eadmer, who was biographer and confidant of Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 until his death in 1109. Eadmer was the principal contemporary first-hand witness to events in this period, but his evidence is somewhat problematic. There are few substantial comparative discussions of Scottish and Irish ecclesiastical developments in the 1120s; in addition, the work of Eadmer needs fuller consideration regarding Canterbury's relationships with Gaelic churches. Eadmer's depiction of the St. Andrews situation is especially significant because he himself was the bishop-elect. I assess how these crises arose and how they caused the relationships between Gaelic churches and Canterbury to become highly strained. I aim to show that leaders in Scotland and Ireland undertook the pursuit of ecclesiastical independence in very different ways and that both failed appointments, though eventually prompting a degree of independence, resulted in short-term stagnation.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129120462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:It is conventional to divide the manuscript tradition of the Blegywryd redaction of the Welsh laws into two groups depending on whether they contain the Laws of Court and where the triads are positioned. It has long been recognised that Gwilym Wasta (working ca. 1300) was the scribe of the three manuscripts which do not contain the Laws of Court and that in three of the manuscripts he replaced them with a colophon in which he seems to claim that he has omitted them because they were no longer in use. This paper argues that matters might be rather more complicated and that the omission of the Laws of Court may have been more by accident than design.
{"title":"Canyt oes aruer. Gwilym Wasta and the laws of court in Welsh law","authors":"P. Russell","doi":"10.17863/CAM.11337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.11337","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:It is conventional to divide the manuscript tradition of the Blegywryd redaction of the Welsh laws into two groups depending on whether they contain the Laws of Court and where the triads are positioned. It has long been recognised that Gwilym Wasta (working ca. 1300) was the scribe of the three manuscripts which do not contain the Laws of Court and that in three of the manuscripts he replaced them with a colophon in which he seems to claim that he has omitted them because they were no longer in use. This paper argues that matters might be rather more complicated and that the omission of the Laws of Court may have been more by accident than design.","PeriodicalId":160851,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of Celtic studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130439886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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